导读： 英语 范文 教案 1 阅读，写作以及翻译方面的训练2 文化背景知识3 文章的结构，文体以及修辞...
高级英语教案
Teaching Plan
for Advanced English
江西师范大学外国语学院
课程名称：高级英语
教学对象：英语本科三年级学生
教学内容：ADVANCED ENGLISH (Book One & Book Two)
教学重点：
1. 阅读，写作以及翻译方面的训练
2. 文化背景知识
3 文章的结构，文体以及修辞
4 文章中的难句的分析以及生动的表达法的学习
5 对文章的观点见解的讨论
教学目标：
1. 提高学生理解能力和欣赏水平
2. 提高学生的写作水平
3. 加深学生对文化背景的了解
4 培养学生独立，批判地思考问题的习惯以及能力
5 培养学生自主学习的能力
每周学时：4节(每班)
考试方式：形成性评价与终结性评价相结合
教学方法：学生为中心，任务教学
教学形式：教师讲授，学生讨论相结合
Unit One The Middle Eastern Bazaar
Part I: Pre-reading Questions
1) What is a bazaar? Can you name some of the Middle Eastern Bazaar?
2) Name all the markets in the bazaar.
3) Pick out from the text the words used to describe:
Light and heat/sound and movement
Part II: Background Information
The Middle East: The Middle East (or, formerly more common, the Near East[1]) is a region that spans southwestern Asia, southeastern Europe, and northeastern Africa. It has no clear boundaries, often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.
The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, and throughout its history the Middle East has been a major centre of world affairs. The Middle East is also the historical origin of three of the world’s major religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The Middle East generally has an arid and hot climate, with several major rivers providing for irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas. Many countries located around the Persian Gulf have large quantities of crude oil. In modern times the Middle East remains a strategically, economically, politically, culturally and religiously sensitive region.
Some of the countries in the Middle East : Turkey, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Yemen, Israel, Lebanon….
Bazaar：
A bazaar is a permanent merchandising area, marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold. The word derives from the Persian word bāzār, the etymology of which goes back to the Middle Persian word baha-char, meaning "the place of prices".[1]
The Bazaar of Isfahan is one of the oldest and largest bazaars of the Middle East, dating back to the 17th century A.D. The bazaar is a vaulted two kilometer street linking the old city with the new.[
The Grand Bazaar (Turkish: Kapalıçarşı, meaning Covered Bazaar) in Istanbul is one of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world, with more than 58 covered streets and over 1,200 shops which attract between 250,000 and 400,000 visitors daily.
Chandni Chowk originally meaning moonlit square or market, is one of the oldest and busiest markets in central north Delhi, India.
Part III Writing Workshop
Brainstorming
1 What type of writing is it? Why (back your answer with reasons, the characteristics of the type of writing in question and some examples from the text)
Descriptive Writing
2 What is/ the characteristics of descriptive writing?
Suggested answer
1) Goal: Descriptive writing vividly portrays a person, place, or thing in such a way that the reader can visualize the topic and enter into the writer’s experience.
2)The general characteristics of descriptive writing include:
• elaborate use of sensory language (Paragraph 1,din,tinkling…)(pre-modified nouns; exciting and active verbs, suitable vocabulary)
• rich, vivid, and lively detail (p2-3, paragraph 5)
• figurative language such as simile, hyperbole, metaphor, symbolism and personification (p1 goods of every conceivable kind)
• showing, rather than telling through the use of active verbs and precise modifiers (paragraph 1 the din of ..crying their wares..)
3)Use : Descriptive writing appears almost everywhere and is often included in other genre, such as in a descriptive introduction of a character in a narrative.
4) Two types: objective description (observer-suspend judgment) and subjective description (commentator or critics-to judge, comment or criticize-strong personal flavor and preference)
5) Good Descriptive Writing
1. Good descriptive writing includes many vivid sensory details that
paint a picture and appeals to all of the reader's senses of sight,
hearing, touch, smell and taste when appropriate. Descriptive writing
may also paint pictures of the feelings the person, place or thing
invokes in the writer.
2. Good descriptive writing often makes use of figurative language
such as analogies, similes and metaphors to help paint the picture in
the reader's mind.
3. Good descriptive writing uses precise language. General
adjectives, nouns, and passive verbs do not have a place in good
descriptive writing. Use specific adjectives and nouns and strong
action verbs to give life to the picture you are painting in the reader's
mind.
4. Good descriptive writing is organized. Some ways to organize
descriptive writing include: chronological (time), spatial (location), and
order of importance. When describing a person, you might begin with
a physical description, followed by how that person thinks, feels and
acts.
How to write a descriptive writing
Exercise one: chocolate
Think of at least five words to describe a piece of chocolate; (soft, smooth, rich, divine,) (wrapped, swathed, draped, buried, enrobed)…
think of ways to describe how it tastes.
Examples:
Vanilla Flourish: rich dark chocolate covers a luxurious vanilla flavor fudge (软糖)center
Hazelnut in Gold：Soft caramel elegantly enrobes a whole hazelnut(榛子)
Roasted Nut Harvest: Smooth hazelnut praline draped in rich dark chocolate
Honeycomb Jewel: Honeycomb flavor pieces, buried little treasures, within an island of dark chocolate
Exercise Two: Instructions:
Here is an effective topic sentence for a descriptive paragraph:
My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped, blond guitar--the first instrument that I ever taught myself how to play.
This sentence not only identifies the prized belonging ("an old, slightly warped, blond guitar") but also suggests why the writer values it ("the first instrument that I ever taught myself how to play"). Some of the sentences below support this topic sentence with specific descriptive details. Others, however, offer information that would be inappropriate in a unified descriptive paragraph. Read the sentences carefully, and then pick out only those that support the topic sentence with precise descriptive details. When you're done, compare your responses with the suggested answers at the bottom of this page.
1. It is a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed.
2. My grandparents gave it to me on my thirteenth birthday.
3. I think they bought it at the Music Lovers Shop in Rochester where they used to live.
4. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key.
5. Although copper strings are much harder on the fingers than nylon strings, they sound much better than the nylon ones.
6. The strings are stretched down a long slim neck.
7. The frets on the neck are tarnished, and the wood has been worn down by years of fingers pressing chords.
8. It was three months before I could even tune the guitar properly, and another few months before I could manage the basic chords.
9. You have to be very patient when first learning how to play the guitar.
10. You should set aside a certain time each day for practice.
11. The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that has been slightly damaged in shipping.
12. A guitar can be awkward to hold, particularly if it seems bigger than you are, but you need to learn how to hold it properly if you're ever going to play it right.
13. I usually play sitting down because it's more comfortable that way.
14. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago.
15. I have a Gibson now and hardly ever play the Madeira any more.
Suggested Answers:
The following sentences support the topic sentence with precise descriptive details: 1, 4, 6, 7, 11, and 14.
Exercise Three
Here's the topic sentence of a descriptive paragraph titled "The Candle":
I treasure my candle not for its beauty, its sentimental value, or even its usefulness, but for its simple, stark ugliness.
The rest of the paragraph appears below. However, the sentences have been rearranged so that the descriptions appear in no logical order. Reorder the sentences to create a clear, well-organized paragraph.
1. Rising crookedly out of the cup and collar is the candle, a pitifully short, stubby object.
2. Abandoned by a previous occupant of my room, the candle squats on the window sill, anchored by cobwebs and surrounded by dead flies.
3. This ugly little memorial consists of three parts: the base, the reflector, and the candle itself.
4. This aluminum flower is actually a wrinkled old Christmas light collar.
5. The base is a white, coffee-stained Styrofoam cup, its wide mouth pressed to the sill.
6. And by lighting the wick, any time I choose, I can melt this ugly candle away.
7. From the bottom of the cup (which is the top of the base) sprouts a space-age daisy: red, green, and silver petals intended to collect wax and reflect candle light.
8. The candle is about the same size and color as a man's thumb, beaded with little warts of wax down the sides and topped by a tiny bent wick.
Suggested Rearrangement of Sentences:
2, 3, 5, 7, 4, 1, 8, 6
Home work:
1. Select one of your belongings and then drafting a list of details that describe it. Next, you will put these details into sentences and organize the sentences into a paragraph. Finally, you will revise the paragraph to make sure that it is unified and clearly organized.
2. Pick 10-20 words (sensory words or action verbs) in the passage and use them to write a paragraph of description.
Part IV General Structure
Question: How many parts will you divide the passage into? Give a subtitle to each part.
Part One: ( para. 1) General atmosphere and the entrance
Topic Sentence: The Middle Eastern...takes you ...years.
antiquity, ancientness, liveliness,
self-sufficient, simple, not sophisticated, vigorous,
Part II (para2) the cloth market
Part III (Paras3-4) one of the peculiarities---the way business (negotiation) is done
Part IV (One of the most picturesque) the coppersmith market and etc.
Part V (Perhaps the most unforgettable) the mill where linseed oil is made
Part V Detailed Discussion
1. Middle East: Southeast Asia and Northeast Africa, including the Near East and Iran and Afghanistan.
Near Ease: the Arabian Peninsula ( Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrein, and Kuwait), Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt and Sudan.1. Middle East: Southeast Asia and Northeast Africa, including the Near East and Iran and Afghanistan.
Near Ease: the Arabian Peninsula ( Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrein, and Kuwait), Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt and Sudan.
Far East: China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and East Siberia
2. particular: special, single and different from others. When sth. is particular, we mean it is the single or an example of the whole under consideration. the term is clearly opposed to general and that it is a close synonym of "single".
Particular is also often used in the sense of special.
I have sth. very particular (special) to say to Mr. Clinton.
She always took particular (special) notice of me.
On this particular (single) day we had to be at school early.
I don't like this particular (single) hat, but the others are quite nice.
3. Gothic-arched: a type of architecture (see. ALD, church picture)
Goth: one of the German tribes
Arch: a curved top sometimes with a central point resting on 2 supports as above a door.
aged: a. [d d]
My son is aged 10.
When he was aged 6, he went to school.
a middle aged couple
b. [d id] ancient
He is aged; her aged grandfather
medicare for the sick & aged
4. glare: shining intensely, harshly, uncomfortably, and too strong; in a way unpleasant to the eyes
5. cavern: a large deep cave (hollow place in the side of a cliff or hill, or underground), closed roofed place. Here in the text we can see that it is a long, narrow, dark street or workshops and stores with some sort of roof over them.
6. losing itself in the shadowy distance: in the farthest distance everything becomes obscure, unclear, or only dimly visible in the dark surroundings.
lose: come to be without
shadow: greater darkness where direct light, esp. sunlight, is blocked by sth.; a dark shape
shadowy: hard to see or know about clearly, not distinct, dim
Here shadowy suggests the changing of having and not having light, the shifting of lightness and darkness. There may be some spots of brightness in the dark.
7. harmonious:
harmony: musical notes combined together in a pleasant sounding way
tinkle: to make light metallic sound
cf:
jingle: light tinkling sound
The rain tinkled on the metal roof.
She laughed heartily, a sound as cool as ice tinkling in the glass.
to tinkle coins together
8. throng: large crowd of people or things, a crowd of people busy doing sth. searching up and down, engaging in some kind of activity
cf: crowd: general term, large number of people together, but without order or organization.
Crowd basically implies a close gathering and pressing together.
The boulevard was crammed with gay, laughing crowds.
Throng varies so little in meaning from crowd that the two words are often used interchangeably without loss. Throng sometimes carries the stronger implication of movement and of pushing and the weaker implication of density.
Throngs circulating through the streets.
The pre-Xmas sale attracted a throng of shoppers.
9. thread: make one's way carefully, implies zigzag, roundabouts
The river threads between the mountains.
10. roadway:
a. central part used by wheeled traffic, the middle part of a road where vehicles drive
b. a strip of land over which a road passes
11. narrow:
In the bright sunlight she had to narrow her eyes.
The river narrows at this point.
They narrowed the search for the missing boy down to five streets near the school.
She looked far into the shadowy distance, her eyes narrowed, a hand on the eyebrows to prevent the glare.
The aircraft carrier was too big to pass through the narrows (narrow passage between two large stretches of water).
12. stall: BrE. a table or small open-fronted shop in a public place, sth. not permanent, often can be put together and taken away, on which wares are set up for sale.
13. din: specific word of noise, loud, confused, continuous noise, low roar which can not be distinguished exactly until you get close, often suggests unpleasant. disordered mixture of confusing and disturbing sounds, stress prolonged, deafening, ear-splitting metallic sounds
The children were making so much din that I could not make myself heard.
They kicked up such a din at the party.
The din stopped when the curtain was raised.
the din of the cheerful crowd
14. wares (always-pl.) articles offered for sale, usu. not in a shop. The word gives the impression of traditional commodity, items, goods, more likely to be sold in free-markets.
to advertise / hawk / peddle one's wares
Goods: articles for sale, possessions that can be moved or carried by train, road; not house, land,
There is a variety of goods in the shops.
goods train / freight train, canned goods, half-finished goods, clearance goods, textile goods, high-quality goods
ware: (lit.) articles for sale, usu. not in a shop
The silversmith showed us his wares.
The baker travelled round the town selling his wares.
kitchenware, tableware, hardware, software
earthenware, tinware, ironware, silverware
commodity: an article of trade or commerce, esp. a farm or mineral product
Wheat is a valuable commodity.
Wine is one of the many commodities that France sells abroad.
a commodity fair
merchandise: (U.) things for sale, a general term for all the specific goods or wares.
The store has the best merchandise in town.
We call these goods merchandise.
15. would-be: likely, possible, which one wishes to be but is not
a would-be musician / football player
16. purchase (fml. or tech.) to buy
You buy some eggs, but purchase a house.
17. bargain: to talk about the condition of a sale, agreement, or contract
18. dizzy: feeling as if everything were turning round , mentally confused
If you suffer from anaemia, you often feel dizzy.
Every night, when my head touches the pillows, I felt a wave of dizziness.
The two-day journey on the bus makes me dizzy.
19. penetrate: to enter, pass, cut, or force a way into or through. The word suggests force, a compelling power to make entrance and also resistance in the medium.
The bullet can penetrate a wall.
The scud missile can penetrate a concrete works of 1 metre thick.
Rainwater has penetrated through the roof of my house.
20. fade: to lose strength, colour, freshness, etc.
fade away: go slowly out of hearing, gradually disappearing
The farther you push / force your way into the bazaar, the lower and softer the noise becomes until finally it disappears. Then you arrive at the cloth market where the sound is hardly audible.
Colour cloth often fades when it is washed.
The light faded as the sun went down.
The sound of the footsteps faded away.
The noise of the airplane faded away.
21. mute:
adj.
a. silent, without speech
The boy has been mute since birth.
b. not pronounced:
The word "debt" contains a mute letter.
noun:
a. a person who cannot speak
The boy was born a deaf mute.( has healthy speech organs but never has heard speech sounds, can be trained to speak)
{cf: He is deaf and dumb (unable to speak).}
b. an object that makes a musical instrument give softer sound when placed against the strings or in the stream of air
verb: to reduce the sound of, to make a sound softer than usual
to mute a musical instrument
Here in the text the word "muted" is used to suggest the compelling circumstances, forcing you to lower your sound.
22. beaten: (of a path, track, etc.) that is given shape by the feet of those who pass along it, suggesting ancientness, timelessness. The path becomes flat due to the treading of countless people through thousands of years.
We followed a well-beaten path through the forest.
23. deaden: to cause to lose strength, force, feeling, and brightness
to deaden the pain
Two of these pills will deaden the ache.
24. measured: steady, careful, slow, suggesting lack of speed, paying attention to what to say
25. overwhelm: overcome, control completely and usu. suddenly
The enemy were overwhelmed by superior forces.
Sorrow overwhelmed the family.
She was overwhelmed with grief
They won an overwhelming victory / majority.
26. sepulchral: related to grave, gloomy, dismal
sepulchre / er : old and bibl. use, a burial place; a tomb, esp. one cut in rock or built of stone
27. follow suit: to do the same as one else has, to play / to deal the cards of the same suits (in poker, there two red suits, and two black suits. They are hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs, jokers, aces, kings, queens and jacks (knaves).
When the others went swimming, I followed suit.
He went to bed and I followed suit after a few minutes.
28. peculiarity: a distinguishing characteristic, special feature, suggesting difference from normal or usual, strangeness. One of his peculiarities is that his two eyes are not the same colour.
The large fantail is a peculiarity of the peacock.
The peculiarity of her behaviour puzzled everyone.
29. deal in: sell and buy, trade in
This merchant deals in silk goods.
Most foreign trading companies in West Africa deal in rubber, cocoa and vegetable oils.
30. scatter: to cause (a group) to separate widely, to spread widely in all directions as if by throwing
The frightened people scattered about in all directions.
One of the special features / characteristics of the M.E. bazaar is that shopkeepers in the same trade always gather together in the same place to do their business.
31. knit: to make things to wear by uniting threads into a kind of close network. Here, to unite or join closely
32. guild / gild: an association for businessmen or skilled workers who joined together in former times to help one another and to make rules for training new members
33. persecution: cruel treatment
persecute: to treat cruelly, cause to suffer, esp. for religious or political beliefs
The first immigrants came to American mainly because they wanted to avoid religious persecution / after being persecuted for their religious beliefs.
be persecuted by sb. for sth.
bloody / terrible /relentless persecution
suffer from / be subjected to political / religious persecution
34. line: form rows along
35. trestle: wooden beam fixed at each end to a pair of spreading legs, used, usu. in pairs, as a removable support of a table or other flat surface.
36. order of the day: the characteristic or dominant feather or activity, the prevailing state of things
If sth. is the order of the day, it is very common among a particular group of people
Confusion became the order of the day in the Iraqi headquarters due to the electronic interference from the Allied forces. Learning from Lei Feng and Jiao Yulu has become the order of the day recently.
Jeans and mini-skirts are no longer the order of the day now.
During that period, the Gulf War became the order of the day.
37. veil: covering of fine net or other material to protect or hide a woman's face
38. leisure: time free from work, having plenty of free time, not in a hurry to do sth.
39. pace: rate or speed in walking, marching, running or developing
40. preliminary: coming before sth. introducing or preparing for sth. more important, preparatory
There were several preliminary meetings before the general assembly.
A physical examination is a preliminary to joining the army.
41. beat down: to reduce by argument or other influence, to persuade sb. to reduce a price
The man asked $5 for the dress, but I beat him down to $4.50.
42. a point of honour: sth. considered important for one's self-respect
It's a point of honour with me to keep my promise = I made it a point of honour to keep my promise.
In our country, it is a point of honour with a boy to pay the bill when he is dining with a girl / when he dines a girl; but on the other hand, a western girl would regard it a point of honour (with her) to pay the bill herself.
43. make a point of / make it a point to: do sth because one considers it important or necessary, to take particular care of, make extraordinary efforts in, regard or treat as necessary
I always make a point of checking that all the windows are shut before I go out.
I always made a point of being on time.
I always make a point of remembering my wife's birthday.
He made a point of thanking his hostess before he left the party.
The rush-hour commute to my job is often nerve-racking, so I make it a point to be a careful and considerate motorist.
Some American people make it a point of conscience to have no social distinctions between whites and blacks.
44. what it is: used to stress
What is it she really likes?
What is it you do?
What is it you really want?
45. protest: to express one's disagreement, feeling of unfairness
Here: insist firmly, a firming strongly
46. deprive of: take away from, prevent from using
to deprive sb. of political rights / of his power / civil rights
The misfortunes almost deprived him of his reason.
The accident deprived him of his sight / hearing.
47. sacrifice: to give up or lose, esp. for some good purpose or belief
The ancient Greeks sacrificed lambs or calves before engaging in a battle.
(infml) to sell sth. at less than its cost or value
I need the money and I have to sacrifice (on the price of) my car.
48. regard: regard, respect, esteem, admire and their corresponding nouns are comparable when they mean a feeling for sb. or sth.
Regard is the most colourless as well as the most formal. It usu. requires a modifier to reinforce its meaning
I hold her in high / low / the greatest regard.
to have a high / low regard for sb's opinion.
Steve was not highly regarded in his hometown.
It is proper to use respect from junior to senior or inferior to superior. It also implies a considered and carefulevaluation or estimation. Sometimes it suggests recognition of sth. as sacred.
He respected their views even though he could not agree with them.
to have respect for one's privacy, rights...
Esteem implies greater warmth of feeling accompanying a high valuation.
Einstein's theory of relativity won for his universal esteem.
Admiration and Admire, like esteem, imply a recognition of superiority, but they usually connote more enthusiastic appreciation, and sometimes suggest genuine affection. Sometimes the words stress the personal attractiveness of the object of admiration, and weaken the implication of esteem.
I have long felt the deepest esteem for you, and your present courageous attitude has added admiration to esteem.
regard:
to regard sb's wishes / advice / what... (but not sb.)
respect:
to respect sb.
to respect sb.'s courage / opinion /
esteem:
to esteem sb.
to esteem sb. for his honesty / courage
admire:
to admire sb.
to admire the flowers / sb.' poem
49. the customer coming and going at intervals.
A customer buys things from a shop; a client get services from a lawyer, a bank or a hairdresser; One who get medical services is a patient and a guest is served in a hotel.
at intervals: happening regularly after equal periods of time
Trains leave at short intervals.
The trees were planted beside the road at 50-meters intervals.
50. picturesque: charming or interesting enough to be made into a picture, striking, vivid
51. -smith: a worker in metal, a maker
copper- / gold- / tin- / black- / gun-smith
52. clash: a noisy, usu. metallic sound of collision
swords clash
The dustbins clashed as the men emptied them.
bang: to hit violently, to make a loud noise
The door banged open / shut.
He banged the window shut.
53. impinge on (upon): to strike or dash esp. with a sharp collision
I heard the rain impinge upon the earth.
The strong light impinge on his eyes.
The noise of the aeroplane overhead impinged on our ears.
to have effect on
The need to see that justice is done impinges on every decision made in the courts.
54. distinct: clearly seen, heard, understood, etc. plane, noticeable, and distinguishable to the eye or ear or mind
Anything clearly noticed is distinct
There is a distinct smell of beer in this room.
A thing or quality that is clearly different from others of its kind is distinctive or distinct from
Beer has a very distinctive smell. It is quite distinct from the smell of wine.
55. round:
Please round your lips to say "oo".
Stones rounded by the action of water are called cobbles.
The ship rounded the cape / the tip of the peninsula.
56. burnish: to polish, esp. metal, usu. with sth. hard and smooth, polish by friction, make smooth and shiny
57. brazier: open metal framework like a basket, usu. on leg, for holding a charcoal or coal fire (see picture in ALD)
58. youth: often derog. a young person, esp. a young male
a group of youths
the friends of my youth
collective noun: the youth (young men and women) of the nation
59. incredible: This word comes from credit, which means belief, trust, and faith
credit card
We place full credit in the government's ability.
We gave credit to his story.
credible: deserving or worthy of belief, trustworthy
Is the witness's story credible?
After this latest affair he hardly seems credible as a politician.
incredible: too strange to be believed, unbelievable
60. hammer away at:
away: continuously, constantly
So little Hans worked away in his garden.
He was laughing (grumbling) away all afternoon.
61. vessel:
a. usu. round container, such as a glass, pot, bottle, bucket or barrel, used for holding liquids
b. (fml) a ship or large boat
c. a tube that carries blood or other liquid through the body, or plant juice through a plant: blood vessel
62. bellows: an instrument for blowing air into a fire to make it burn quickly
63. the red of the live...
The light of the burning coal becomes alternately bright and dim (by turns, one follows the other) as the coal burns and dies down, burns again, along with the repeated movements of the bellows.
64. glow: send out brightness or warmth, heat or light without flame or smoke
When you draws a deep mouthful, the cigarette tip glows.
65. rhythmically: happening at regular periods of time, alternately; by turns
66. stroke: single movement, which is repeated (esp. in a sport or game)
She can't swim but has made a few strokes with her arms.
67. engrave: to cut (words, pictures, etc.) on wood, stone, or metal
The terrible memory was engraved on his mind.
cf.: carve: to cut (usu. wood or stone) in order to make a special shape
68. delicate: finely made, needing careful handling, easily broken or hurt, delightful. The word stresses fineness, subtlety and fragility rather than smallness. It implies an appeal not only to the eye but also to any of the senses or spirit.
as delicate as silk / the delicate skin of a young girl
Do you see the delicate workmanship on the bronze doors?
delicate feelings
n. delicacy
69. intricate: containing many detailed parts and thus difficult to understand.
Here: a specific word meaning the designs are of interwinding or interlacing parts. Just because of these, it is hard to follow.
70. functional: completely and exactly of practical use. Not ornamental not with many decoration
71. profuse: plenty, great or too great amount, abundance
to make promises in profusion
Seldom have seen food and drink served in such profusion.
72. rich: (of colour) deep, strong, beautiful
73. texture: the arrangement of the threads in a textile fabric / in any material made by weaving, the way n which the threads of a cloth have been woven
a carpet of loose / firm / uneven texture
74. bold: clearly formed, strongly formed
words printed in bold type / printed in bold letters
May I make so bold as to ask your name, sir?
He was bold enough to say that he was a strictly honest man.
75. pungent: (often neg.) having a strong, sharp, stinging, burning taste or smell that may or may not seem unpleasant Onions, garlic and Chinese prickly ash give out pungent smell. (An onion a day keeps everybody away.)
76. exotic: (always positive, sth pleasing) not native to the place where found, alien, strikingly or excitingly different or unusual, out of ordinary, introduced from another country Kebab gives exotic smell.
77. sumptuous: costly, rich, suggesting lavish expenditure, showing great value, generosity, grand.
A sumptuous meal was served to the visiting guests.
The king wore sumptuous robes.
A sumptuous meal / flat / etc. is one on which a great deal of money has been spent.
78. humble: (of people) low in rank or position
(of things) poor, mean
Your humble servant (very fml letter ending)
humble pie: submission, obedience, apology made under pressure
A boy with a stepfather has to eat humble pie.
Tom told a lie about George, and when he was found out, he had to eat humble pie.
79. pottery: earthenware
80. maze: a confusing intricate network of passages,
as set of twisted passages which is very difficult to pass through
81. honeycomb: a container made of beeswax and consisting of 6-sided cells in which honey is stored
to fill with holes, tunnels, hollow passages like honeycomb
The streets that pierce the bazaar from all directio sections ns and lead towards all directions cut the bazaar into small like a honeycomb.
82. glimpse: a quick, incomplete look or view of sth. out of the corner of one's eye
glance: It may denote sth. which is seen as a sudden flash, or the presence or movement of sth. which is recognized by a swift sudden flash.
throw / steal / take a glance at...
glimpse: It also may apply to sth. seen as a flash. But more commonly it implies a brief view of a thing, or even more often, so much of it as may be taken in at a glance
get a glimpse of glance: vi.
glance at ...
glance about / around / round / back
glance up / down the list of names
glance over one' shoulder
glimpse: vt.
glimpse the field / her among the crowd
83. mosque: Moslem temple or place of worship (where there are wells, fountain, space for assemble, a niche showing the direction of Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed
84. caravanserai: an inn surrounding a court in eastern countries where caravans rest at night
caravan: a company of travellers on a journey through desert of hostile regions
85. disdainful: scornful, contemptuous, showing lack of respect, regard sb. or sth. as low and worthless Here, arrogant, in a superior manner, suggesting that the camels are all stately, strong, heads holding high
cf:
Contempt (n.) suggests very strong sense of condemnation of the person as a low rank and undesirable
Scorn (vt. & n.) implies quick, indignant or profound contempt
Disdain (n. & vt.)suggests a visible manifestation of pride and arrogance
86. bale: large bundle of goods
cf:
A Bundle is a collection of articles bound or rolled together, fastened, tied, held across the middle
A Bunch is a collection of things usually of the same sort, fastened closely together in orderly fashion, fastened, held, or growing together at one point
a bunch of rice
A Bale is a large bundle of goods bound up for storage or transportation and esp. one composed of materials (as rags, hay, straw, cotton or wool) which are closely pressed together so as to form a mass, usu. rectangular, tightly bound with stout cord or wire
87. merchandise: (fml) things that you buy, sell or trade with
88. huge, vast
huge: rather general term indicating extreme largeness, usu. in size, shape, or capacity
A whale or an elephant is a huge animal.
The huge rocket towered high above the buildings around it.
She spent a huge amount of money on that coat.
vast: denotes extreme largeness or broadness, esp. of extent or range
The Sahara is a vast desert.
The vast plans of the country spread for hundreds of miles.
The camel caravan crossed the vast expanse of the Sahara.
A billion dollars is a vast amount of money.
89. vast, sombre cavern of a room
sombre: dark-coloured, gloomy, dismal, solemn, very serious atmosphere
When sb. dies, there is a sombre mood.
She was dressed in sombre black for the funeral.
His sombre expression bespeaks the bad news.
cavern of a room: apposition
Who is to blame but her tyrant of a father.
He had to work in the hell of a fertilizer factory.
She lives in a palace of a house / a match-box of a house.
Before his stood a little shrimp of a fellow.
90. revolve: to (cause to) spin round (on a central point), to go around in a circle
a revolving door / stage
revolver: a pistol containing several shots in a barrel that turns round after each one is fire
cf: turn, revolve, rotate, spin, and circle
Turn is a general, rather colourless word implying movement in circle after circle, or in a single full circle or through an arc of a circle
a wheel turning on its axle
He turned to speak to his friend.
Revolve may suggest regular circular motion on an orbit around sth. outside to it.
The earth revolves around the sun.
Rotate is likely to suggest a circular motion on an interior axis (the imaginary axle)
The earth rotates on its axis while it revolves in its orbit.
Spin implies rapid sustained, continuous, constant rotation on an inner axis or fast circling around an exterior point A wheel spinning on its axle
The dance spun on her toes.
To spin strands of cotton or wool, etc, is to twist them into thread.
Circle basically applies to a movement around in a more or less circular pattern, but it can also be used to convey a lack of straight directness in a winding course.
Our plane circled the airport for an hour before landing.
The fence circles the yard.
91. motive: causing movement. Motive power (a common collocation) provides energy that can be used to operate machinery
Electricity is just one form of motive power.
92. circular: round, not direct, being shaped like or nearly like a circle
93. channel: the bed of a stream of water, narrow passage, passage for liquid
94. constantly: unchanged, fixed, continuous, without break, the stress is laid on lack of change, firmness, and steadiness
cf:
Endless connotes weariness, tediousness and monotony.
95. attendant: a person who attends another to perform a service, esp. an employee; a person who goes with and serves or looks after; a person who is employed to look after and help visitors to a public place
a museum / parking lot / library attendant; but a shop assistant
cf:
Waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in restaurant
96. crush: to press with great power so as to break, destroy, the natural shape into power, to break by pounding or grinding Several people were crushed to death as they tried to escape from the burning theatre.
The machine crushes wheat grain to make flour.
The sugar cane is taken to the factory where the juice is crushed out.
The army quickly crushed the uprising.
97. pulp: the soft almost liquid mass of plant or animal material, such as the soft inside part of many fruits or vegetable
98. extract: to pull or take out, often with difficulty
to extract one tooth / a bullet from a wound
The policemen extracted secret information from a criminal.
99. superb: perfect in form, quality, etc. wonderful, marked to the highest degree by excellence, brilliance or competence.
This word describes sth. that reaches the highest conceivable point.
100. muscular: having well-developed muscles, strong, implying great physical strength
101. stately: grand in style, noble, dignified; Here implies that the camels walk in a constant, unhurried way with their heads holding high, seemingly dignified.
102. ramshackle: of a building or vehicle, badly made or needing repair, shaky, unsteady, likely to go to pieces, as from age or neglect, carelessly or loosely constructed.
a ramshackle house a ramshackle bike, which produces a sound at every part except the bell.
103. apparatus: a set of machines, instruments, tools, etc. that work together for a particular purpose
104: beam: a large long heavy piece of wood, (usu. square)- esp. one of the main ones used to support a building.
cf:
pole (usu. round)
the main bar of a weighing scales
105. pulley: an apparatus consisting of a wheel over which a rope or chain can be moved, sued for lifting heavy things
106. tower: to be very tall, esp. in relation to the height of the surroundings.
The mountain towers into the sky.
The monument to the People's Heroes towers aloft on Tian’anmen.
The Statue of Liberty towers above the harbour of New York.
He towers above his contemporaries.
107. dwarf: to cause to appear small by comparison
Snow-white & the 7 dwarfs
The building dwarfs all the other buildings in the town.
Most basketball players dwarfs other men.
The brilliance of his poetry dwarfed the accomplishments of his contemporaries.
108. shovel: used for moving or lifting loose material such as sand, snow, coal
cf:
spade: used for digging earth, with a blade, often pressed with one foot
109. nimble: quick-moving, moving or acting quickly and lightly; quick. light and neat in movement, agile, as nimble as a goat / a squirrel
a nimble climber
Madame Defarge knitted with nimble fingers
nimble: suggesting surpassing lightness and swiftness of movement or action, it often implies darting here and there
110. trickle: a slow, small flow of liquid
111. ooze: (of thick liquids) pass slowly through small openings
Blood was still oozing from the wound
Tiny drops of oil are pressed out to form a small flow down the runnel.
If you squeeze the tube of toothpaste, it oozes out of the tube.
112. runnel: a small, narrow channel, an open passage, a brook, or a passage dug beside the road to carry away water
113. glisten: (esp. of wet of polished surface, tear-filled eyes) shine brightly, sparkle
His eyes glistened with tears.
Her hair glistens with oil.
glistening dew-drops
cf:
flash: It implies a sudden outburst of light or a sudden display of sth. that brilliantly reflects light.
Lightening flashed in the sky.
The light on top of the police car was flashing.
A brilliant idea flashed through his mind.
a flash of hope / genius
glitter: connotes greater brilliancy or showiness than sparkle, sometimes with the implication of sth. sinister All is not gold that glitters.
114. taut: tightly drawn
115. girder: large horizontal beam, usu. made of iron or steel, which supports the smaller beams in a floor or room I-shaped girder
116. blend: the equivalent of mix, but usu. it implies a mixing of harmonious things, a union of intimate as to obscure the individuality of the component parts
Part VI
Ⅰ. Word explanation
1. conceivable
A. reasonable
B. imaginable
C. considerable
D. credible
2. din
A. muted noise
B. loud distinct noise
C. tinkling sound
D. continuous, confusing noise
3. penetrate
A. make a round about way into
B. force a way into
C. get into easily
D. dash into
4. deaden
A. to die
B. of, or related to death
C. to lessen
D. no longer alive
5. sepulchral
A. overwhelmed
B. pleasant
C. picturesque
D. grave-like
6. persecution
A. cruel treatment
B. bringing a case to the law court
C. violation of one's right
D. unfairness
7. preliminary
A. previous
B. prospective
C. would-be
D. preparatory
8. burnished
A. polish
B. smooth and shiny
C. having been burned
D. something made of copper
9. delicate
A. complicated
B. fine and fragile
C. beautiful and intricate
D. tiny and easily broken
10. girder
A. an I-shaped iron beam
B. closely organized association
C. ancient trade union
D. a tree trunk
11. particular
A. partly
B. generally
C. special
D. participant
12. extend
A. stretch out
B. intent
C. intend
D. trend
13. purchase
A. perch
B. chase
C. buy
D. pay
14. bargain
A. negotiate
B. barge
C. boat
D. gain
15. peculiarity
A. particular
B. characteristic
C. specific
D. species
16. customer
A. custom
B. tradition
C. convention
D. purchaser
17. deprive
A. depict
B. take away
C. rub
D. rob
18. distinct
A. distinguish
B. distance
C. clear
D. distract
19. engrave
A. cut
B. tomb
C. gloom
D. grave
20. humble
A. hunch
B. hump
C. respect
D. lowly
Ⅱ. Replace each underlined part with one word learnt in the text, the first letter of which is given:
1. Stepping out of the dark room, I felt the strong bright light of the sun hurting my eyes. g
2. Watching the ballet-dancer spinning on her toes, I felt everything turning around me. d
3. The sharp, biting smell of the food makes you sneeze time and again. p
4. The pressing of the linseed pulp to get out the oil is done by a vast machine operated by one man. e
5. The Chinese people will never be forced to yield to foreign economic blockade. o by
6. The busiest men have the most free time. l
7. A mother will give up her life for her children. s
8. She fastened a chain to the dog's collar. a
9. The earth goes around the sun. r
Unit Two Hiroshima---the “liveliest” City in Japan
Part I Pre-reading Questions
1) Can you guess the writer’s occupation and his nationality?
2) What do you think was the aim of his visit?
Part II Background Information
1)Hiroshima, city on southwestern Honshû Island(本州), Japan, capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, at the head of Hiroshima Bay. The city was founded in 1594 on six islands in the Ôta River delta. Hiroshima grew rapidly as a castle town and commercial city, and after 1868 it was developed into a military center. By the beginning of world war II, it was the 7th largest city inJapan, with a population of 350,000. During World War II, the Second Army and Chugoku Regional Army were headquartered in Hiroshima. The city also had large depots of military supplies, and was a key center for shipping.[7]
The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at the executive order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman on August 6 and August 9, 1945, respectively. After six months of intense fire-bombing of 67 other Japanese cities, followed by an ultimatum which was ignored by the Shōwa regime, the nuclear weapon "Little Boy" was dropped on the city of Hiroshima on Monday,[1] August 6, 1945, [2] followed on August 9 by the detonation of the "Fat Man" nuclear bomb over Nagasaki. These are to date the only attacks with nuclear weapons in the history of warfare.[3]
The bombs killed as many as 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945,[4] with roughly half of those deaths occurring on the days of the bombings. Amongst these, 15–20% died from injuries or the combined effects of flash burns, trauma, and radiation burns, compounded by illness, malnutrition and radiation sickness.[5] Since then, more have died from leukemia (231 observed) and solid cancers (334 observed) attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs.[6] In both cities, most of the dead were civilians.[7][8][9]
Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific War and therefore World War II. (Germany had signed its unavoidable[2] Instrument of Surrender on May 7, ending the war in Europe.) The bombings led, in part, to post-war Japan adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, forbidding that nation from nuclear armament.[10]
2)The Bombing of Hiroshima
At 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, by order of President Truman, the first Atomic bomb, nicknamed Little Boy was exploded over a point near the centre of Hiroshima, destroying almost everything with a radius of 830-1,450 meters. The damage beyond this area was considerable, and over 71,000 people were killed instantly. Many more later died of injuries and the effects of radiation. Casualties numbered nearly 130,000. Survivors are still dying of leukaemia, pernicious anaemia and other diseases induced by radiation. Almost 68% of the buildings were completely destroyed and another 7% severely damaged.
The Japanese dedicated post-war Hiroshima to peace. A destroyed area named "Peace City" has been set aside as a memorial. A peace Park was build. A special hospital built here treats people suffering from exposure to radiation and conducts research into its effects.
Every August 6 since 1947, thousands participate in interfaith services in the Peace Memorial Park built on the site where the bomb exploded. In 1949 the Japanese dedicated Hiroshima as an international shrine of peace. After the war, the city was largely rebuilt, and commercial activities were resumed. Machinery, automobiles, food processing, and the brewing of sake are the main industries. The surrounding area, although mountainous, has fertile valleys where silk, rice, and wheat are produced. Population (1990) 1,085,705.
Hiroshima Was Burnt To Ashes
The building was the former Hiroshima Prefecture Industrial Promotion Hall, Where special products of Hiroshima were exhibited and various gatherings were held until the A-bomb was dropped. Since it was located just under thehypocenter, blast pressure was vertically exerted on the bulding and only the dome-shaped framework and part of the outer wall remained. It has come to be called "the A-bomb Dome", and it has come to symbolize to the people of the world "No More Hiroshimas". As years passed, however, the ruin has deteriorated further due to winds and rain. A civic movement was started calling for permanent preservation of the A-bomb Dome, and money was contributed from all over Japan, not to mention from Hiroshima. Within a year after the fund-raising campaign was started, the restoration funds had been collected. In August 1967, the reinforcing construction was completed. That is why the present A-bomb Dome gives a different impression from that in the photograph.
3)The Manhanttan Project: The United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom and Canada, with their respective secret projects Tube Alloys and Chalk River Laboratories,[11][12] designed and built the first atomic bombs under what was called the Manhattan Project. The scientific research was directed by American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The Hiroshima bomb, a gun-type bomb called "Little Boy", was made with uranium-235, a rare isotope of uranium. The atomic bomb was first tested at Trinity Site, on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, New Mexico. The test weapon, "the gadget," and the Nagasaki bomb, "Fat Man," were both implosion-type devices made primarily of plutonium-239, a synthetic element.[13]
4)Choice of targets :On May 10–11, 1945 The Target Committee at Los Alamos, led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, recommended Kyoto, Hiroshima, Yokohama横滨, and the arsenal at Kokura as possible targets. The target selection was subject to the following criteria:
• The target was larger than three miles in diameter and was an important target in a large urban area.
• The blast would create effective damage.
• The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945. "Any small and strictly military objective should be located in a much larger area subject to blast damage in order to avoid undue risks of the weapon being lost due to bad placing of the bomb."[14]
These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Force agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the weapon could be made. Hiroshima was described as "an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area. It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged. There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focussing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage. Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target."[14] The goal of the weapon was to convince Japan to surrender unconditionally in accordance with the terms of the Potsdam Declaration. The Target Committee stated that "It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance. Two aspects of this are (1) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and (2) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released. In this respect Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon. Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed. The Emperor's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value."[14]
During World War II, Edwin O. Reischauer was the Japan expert for the US Army Intelligence Service, in which role he is incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto(京都).[15] In his autobiography, Reischauer specifically refuted the validity of this broadly-accepted claim:
"...the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson, the Secretary of War at the time, who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier."[16]
5)The Potsdam ultimatum
On July 26, Truman and other allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration outlining terms of surrender for Japan. It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan, resulting in "the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland". The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communique. On July 28, Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government. That afternoon, Prime Minister Kantaro Suzuki declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash (yakinaoshi) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it (mokusatsu lit. "kill by silence").[17] The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration. Emperor Hirohito, who was waiting for a Soviet reply to noncommittal Japanese peace feelers, made no move to change the government position.[18] On July 31, he made clear to his advisor Kōichi Kido that the Imperial Regalia of Japan had to be defended at all costs.[19]
In early July, on his way to Potsdam, Truman had re-examined the decision to use the bomb. In the end, Truman made the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan. His stated intention in ordering the bombings was to bring about a quick resolution of the war by inflicting destruction and instilling fear of further destruction in sufficient strength to cause Japan to surrender.
6)National Name: Nippon
Geography: Four main islands: Honshu (本州), Hokkaido (北海道), Kyushu (九州), and Shikoku (四国)
Area: 371,857 sq.km.
Population: 122,700,000 (1988).
Capital: Tokyo
Monetary unit: Yen
Government: Diet (parliament) consists of a house of Representatives of 511 members elected for four years, and a house of Councillors of 252 members, half of whom elected every three years for six-year terms. Executive power is vested in the Cabinet, which is headed by a Prime Minister, nominated by the Diet from its members.
Assignment：Think about the following questions, do some research on them and write up a short essay about them. (Preparing for free discussion after the detailed analysis of the text)
1. Why did President Truman decide to drop the atomic bombs on Japanese soil?
2. Was it necessary to do so?
Part III Writing Workshop
One of the basic and most frequently adopted way of writing. Simply defined, narration is the telling of a story. A good narration has a beginning, a middle and an end.
Narration is concerned with action, with life in motion, with a meaningful series of action.
A narrative writing usually tells the time, the background of an event, or the cause and result of it.
In a narrative writing, the actions or the incidents, events are generally presented in order of their occurrence, following the natural time sequence of the happenings, It is called to be in Chronological order.
But it can also start in the middle or at some other point in the action and move backward to the earlier happenings. This is called flashback.
There are three basic components of a narration:
a. Plot: the whole story, the frame of the writing, which consists of a series of events, with the development of the actions, or accidents. There are usu. one or several climaxes, the highest point of the story, with suspensions, conflicts, to arouse the interest of the audience. After the climax is reached, the story quickly moves to a conclusion.
b. Characters: the leading character is called the hero or protagonist.
c. Background: the time and place of the story
The plot / action usually dominates narration, however, some narratives focus on character or theme or atmosphere.
Narrative writing appears in and is not limited to novels, short stories, biographies, autobiographies, historical accounts, essays, poems, and plays.
The general characteristics of narrative writing include: plot structure (introduction ,rising action climax ,falling action ,resolution) ,conflict ,characterization ,setting ,theme ,point of view , sequencing ,transitions.
Part IV General Structure
1-2 beginning (setting, general impression)
3-7 taxi ride
8-27 meeting the mayor
28-38 interviewing patients in the atomic ward
39 the theme
Part V
1. slip: to move slidingly, smoothly, secretly or unnoticed. it carries a stronger implication of a frictionless than slide.
2. lump: a mass of sth. solid without a special size of shape
a lump of lead, sugar
Black coffee, 2 lumps, please!
a hard swelling on the body
She was afraid when she felt a lump in her left breast
to have a lump in one's throat:
to have a tight feeling in the throat because strong emotion, such as sorrow or gratitude, to have one's throat choked, to have a feeling of pressure, being unable to breath, a tight sensation in the throat caused by unexpressed pity, sorrow, excitement, etc.
All during her husband's funeral, she had ...
John's mother had a ... at his college graduation.
The strong sensation of excitement and sorrow made me unable to breathe or to speak as if my throat was choked, as if my throat got blocked by sth. solid.
3. on my mind: troubling one's thoughts, causing anxiety, unhappiness. When you have sth on your mind, you can't get rid of it, you are completely preoccupied, and obsessed.
His failure weighs heavily on him mind.
He has got too much on his mind to worry about your problem.
I am glad you want to talk about this. It's been on my mind for weeks.
cf:
in one's mind: think about, think of
I think I know what's in your mind.
Her mother was always in her mind.
4. the very act of stepping on this soil:
act and action:
Action refers primarily to the process of acting; act to the result, the things done. An action is usually regarded as occupying some time and involving more than one step; an act is more frequently thought of as momentary of instantaneous and as individual.
The rescue of a shipwrecked crew is a heroic action while the launching of the lifeboat, a brave act.
a course of action
on this soil: on this land, on this earth, ground
The word SOIL conveys a strong emotion, it is an emotive word.
A person in exile comes back to his motherland, he kneels down to kiss the soil.
Here is suggests the emotion of the author. He thinks his country is responsible for the A-bomb destruction. He is preoccupied. He has the feeling of atoning (making repayment) for the crime.
5. adventure: a journey that is strange and exciting and often dangerous, sth. you do or a situation you become involved in that is rather unusual, exciting and dangerous. From the text itself one can clearly see that the meaning is “trip” since it is followed by this word.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn
6. reportorial: (not in Longman or ALD)
belonging to, of, about a reporter. the adj. form of reporter
7. crime: an offence which is punishable by law
Here: an immoral act
8. appear
Appear, Look, and Seem can mean to be as stated in one's view or judgement, but not necessarily in fact.
Seem suggests an opinion based on subjective impression rather than objective signs.
He seems tired.
My other visits to Beijing were twenty years ago. How would it seem after such a long time?
Look implies that the opinion is based on a general visual impression.
His lips looked unnatural.
He looks nervous.
Appear suggests a distorted impression, such as can be produced by a restricted point of view.
His tongue could make the worse appear the better reason.
He appeared not to have heard what had been said about him.
He appears / seems / looks to be / like an honest man.
9. preoccupy: to fill the thoughts or hold the interest of, to fill one's mind completely so that not enough attention is given to other present matters
When he is preoccupied with his hobby, he has no idea of what is going on around him.
I was too preoccupied to hear the bell.
He had a preoccupied look on his face, as if sth. was troubling him.
preoccupation: extreme concern for sth.
Reading is his main preoccupation.
It seemed to me that the Japanese did not have the same extreme concern which is bothering me.
I was totally absorbed in the consideration of the crime, but the Japanese did not appear to be so.
My mind was completely filled with sad thoughts ...
10. rub shoulders with: to meet and mix with (people)
This is not the sort of club where the great rub shoulders with the humble.
A person in my position rubs shoulders with all kinds of people.
In our class, people of all trades (porter, carpenter, coppersmith, etc.) rubber shoulders with each other.
11. oblivious: be unaware of, not noticing, unconscious of, lacking mindful attention
Their government is oblivious of the rights of the governed.
I am oblivious of my former failure.
I was so preoccupied with the book that I was oblivious of the surroundings.
I was so preoccupied with the beautiful woman I met on the bus that I was oblivious of the pickpocket beside me / of what the conductress was yelling when the bus came to a stop.
12. bob: to move up and down quickly and repeatedly
The cork on the fishing line bobbed up and down on the water.
13. rite: form of behaviour with a fixed pattern. A rite is a series of words and actions which as a fixed order and which is used for a special religious purpose.
I don't know much about the rites of that church.
Secret society has their special rites.
ceremonial / burial / funeral rites
the rites of hospitality
the marriage rite of the church
Ritual actions are always done in exactly the same way whenever a particular situation arises, (a slightly humorous use). On Sunday we make our ritual visit to the pub at lunchtime.
14. formula: an expression which is often used in a particular situation, esp. one that has come to sound stupid and meaningless
They exchange the set of conventionally / customarily fixed pattern of daily greetings.
15. facade: front or face of a building towards a street or open place
16. grin: broad smile that shows the teeth, it intends to imply naive cheerfulness
17. rear-view mirror: a mirror (as in an automobile) that gives a view of the area behind the vehicle
18. martyr: person who is put to death or caused to suffer for his beliefs or for the sake of a great cause or principle a martyr to a cause / love (殉情) / duty (殉职)
Eternal life to the revolutionary martyrs! (革命英雄永垂不朽)
v.: to put to death, cause to suffer, to torture, out of cruelty
19. lurch: to move with irregular sudden movements, to move unsteadily, clumsily, with heavy rolling and swaying back and forth
20. in response to: as an answer to
In response to your inquiries, we regret to inform you that we cannot help you in this matter.
Twice I put the request to him but he said nothing in response.
21. twist: to wind a number of threads, etc. together
to make a rope by twisting threads
to twist the hair to make it curl
to turn, to change direction abruptly
to twist the cap of a tube of tooth paste
He twisted my arm.
Give the handle a twist, that will open the box.
22. screech: make a harsh, piercing sound, to make a sharp, high-pitched noise
23. halt: to stop or pause, mainly used in the phrase "come to a halt"
24. ignorance: lack of knowledge
Please forgive our ignorance.
Poverty, disease and ignorance remain major world problems.
We are in complete ignorance of his plan.
ignorant: To be ignorant of sth. is not to know it.
He is quite ignorant of Latin.
She was ignorant of his presence.
cf:
disregard: to treat as not worthy of notice
He disregarded Tom , and spoke straight to me.
We disregarded the gossip and rumours.
neglect: to give no or too little attention or care to
You are neglecting your work / duty.
There is a factor which we must certainly not neglect.
neglect: fail to do sth. because of carelessness
He neglected to return the book to the library.
Don't neglect to lock (locking) the door when you leave.
To ignore sth. is to pretend not to know or see it.
She saw him coming but ignored him.
It is not a question that can be ignored.
Of these three words, ignore is the strongest and neglect is the weakest
It is a point of honour with the taxi driver to take the passenger to whichever destination he want to go.
25. intermezzo: short musical composition to be played between the acts of a drama or an opera, or one that connects the main divisions of a large musical work such as a symphony. This word is used very lighted-hearted here
26. I found myself in front of the gigantic city hall.
cf: I got to the front of...
The first sentence indicates suddenness, unconsciousness. I suddenly discovered that I was in front of the city hall.
gigantic: a close synonym of giant, from which it is derived, very likely to be used in metaphorical extensions.
giant: in fairy tales, a very big, strong creature in the form of a man, but often unfriendly to human beings and very cruel and stupid.
In some culture, eg. Greek, Scandinavian, American Indian, giants were believed to be the first race of people lived on earth.
gigantic: titanic, massive, huge
27. usher: official door keeper, a man who shows people to their seats on an important occasion, (or in a theatre, cinema)
28. heave: to give out (a sad sound) esp. in the phrase " to heave a sigh / groan"
We all heaved a sigh of relief when the work was done.
sigh: an act of letting out a deep breath slowly and with a sound, usu. expressing tiredness, sadness or satisfaction She nodded, sighed and went on cooking.
He gave another deep sigh.
29. sketch: to draw roughly and quickly with outlines but little detail
30. embankment: a wide wall of stones or earth, which is build to keep a river from overflowing its banks, or to carry a road or railway over low ground
cf:
bank: land long the side of a river, lake, etc.
shore: the land along the edge of a large stretch of water
beach: a shore of an ocean, sea, or lake or the bank of a river covered by sand, smooth stones or larger pieces of rock
coast: the land next to the sea
When meaning land bordering a body or stream of water, the four words are comparable.
Shore is the general word for the land immediately bordering on the sea, a lake, or a large stream.
Coast denotes the land along the sea regarded especially as a boundary.
Beach applies to the pebbly or sandy shore washed by the sea or a lake
a rocky shore with here and there a cove with a beach
Both shore and beach may denote a resort frequented for pleasure or vacation. In this use shore may specifically indicates proximity to the sea, and beach a place adapted to the use of swimmers or sunbathers.
spend the summer at the shore
spend a part of each day at the beach
Bank denotes the steep or sloping margin of a stream.
31. barge: a large low boat with a flat bottom, used mainly for carrying heavy goods on a canal or river
32. moor: to faster (a ship, boat) to land, to the bed of the sea, etc. by means of ropes, chains an anchor, etc.
33. arresting: striking, attracting and holding attention. This word adds to striking the suggestion of capturing attention arresting beauty / story
arrest: to seize in the name of law and usu. put in prison, to catch and fix (esp. sb.'s attention)
The bright lights arrest the boy's attention.
34. spectacle: sth. seen, sth. taking place before the eyes, esp. sth. fine, remarkable
The big army parade on national day is a grand spectacle.
The erupting volcano is a wonderful spectacle.
The opening ceremony of the exhibition was a fine spectacle.
35. adrift: afloat without control, driven about by the sea or wind
a has the meaning of "away, from, of, in, on, etc."
aboard: on the board, on the boat
afire: to set sth. on fire: The house was afire.
afloat: on water
afoot: on foot I came afoot.
36. beige
khaki / flannel / indanthrine
mohair / palace / melton / cashmere
37. amid: fml and lit. among, in the middle of
38. incessant: never stopping, it implies ceaseless or uninterrupted activity
39. stun: to make unconscious by hitting the head
The robbers stunned the guard by banging him on the head.
He was stunned by the news of his father's death.
stunning: very attractive, delightful, beautiful, making you become intoxicated
40. costume: the clothes worn by people at a particular time in history or in a particular country
a museum of costume
portraits of people dressed in 17th-century costume
a set of clothes worn by an actor or performer or by sb. at a fancy dress party
bathing / swimming / riding / hunting costume
He was in academic costume.
41. tread: to walk or step, to put the foot down on
(Notice: the mind is fixed on the feet)
42. cautious: having or showing great care, as if there might be some danger, esp. fear of failure or harm to oneself or others, act very carefully so as to avoid or to minimized the risks of disaster
The thief cautiously opened the door.
The troops advanced with great caution.
43. twinge: a sudden sharp pain
to feel a twinge in the region of heart
a twinge of toothache / conscience
44. embarrass: to feel ashamed or socially uncomfortable
45. prospect: reasonable hope, sth. which is expected or considered probable
She was quite excited by the prospect of seeing...soon.
He was in high spirits at the prospect.
The scandal ruined his prospects.
I see no prospect of his recovery.
prospect: a wide or distant view, esp. seen from a high place
From the top of the hill there's a beautiful prospect over the valley.
cf:
expectation: thing that is expected
The boy has great prospects / expectation.
We came here with the expectation of meeting the mayor, but I see no prospects of seeing him now since he is oblivious of us humbles.
46. emotion: any of the strong feelings of the human spirit
Love, hatred, and grief are emotions.
His speech has an effect on our emotions rather than our reason.
I was again overcome by the same sense of guilty as I had experienced when I first arrived at the station.
The overwhelming and strange feeling I had experienced at the station came back.
47. bombardment: attack, onslaught
bombard: to attack with artillery / shells, or bombers
48. slay (slew, slain): (lit.) kill or murder, to kill, esp. violently, put to death
cf:
kill: It is so general that it merely states the fact, doesn't have many connotations
to kill snails in the garden
to take medicine to kill the pain
What you have said killed my hope.
vegetable killed by the frost
to kill time
The president killed the project.
slay: v (fml. or US) kill (esp an enemy) in a violent way. It implies killing by force or wildly, in an uncontrolled way, irresponsibly, immorally, deliberately. It is rarely used in spoken English, but it often occurs in written English to convey a dramatic quality.
Cain slew his brother Abel.
murder: to kill with a motive, a plan in advance
T he bandits murdered the man for his money.
According to the historians he murdered his rival in cold blood.
slaughter: a. kill (an animal), usu for food b. kill (animals or people) in large numbers
butcher: a. kill and prepare (animals) for meat b.(derog.) kill (people or animals) unnecessarily and brutally
assassinate: kill (esp an important or famous person) for money or for political reasons
execute: kill (sb) as a legal punishment
He was executed for treason.
massacre: cruel killing of a large number (of people or animals)
suicide: n. killing oneself intentionally
commit suicide
-cide: comb form (forming ns ) a. act of killing sb b. person or thing that kills
genocide: n [U] deliberate extermination of a nation or race of people
homicide:
a. killing of one person by another
be accused of homicide
b. person who kills another
have homicidal tendencies
a homicidal maniac
patricide: a. (act of) killing one's own father (b) person who does this
parricide: a. (act of) killing one's father or a close relative b. person guilty of this
matricide: a. (act of) killing one's own mother b. person who does this
insecticide: substance that kills insects
fungicide: substance that kills fungus
-cidal: of or related to killing
That is homicidal.
49. linger on: to live on the point of death for some time, esp. when suffering from a disease, be slow in dying
The pain lingered on for weeks (was slow to disappear).
The dying man lingered on.
He's no better, but he's lingering on by sheer will power.
linger: to wait for a time which is considered too long instead of going, stay, delay going
The newly acquainted young couple lingered around the hall long after the concert had ended.
She shouldn't have lingered after the others had left---that was fatal.
50. agony: very great pain or suffering of mind or body, suggesting suffering so intense that both body and mind are involved in a struggle to endure the unbearable, intolerable
He suffered agonies from his broken arm.
The country must not again go through the agony of war.
The refugees are experiencing the agony of...
the agony of defeat and the thrill of victory
Thousands upon thousands of others were on the brink of death, suffering the intense, unbearable pain both physically and spiritually, and dying slowly.
51. inhibit: cause one to suppress certain thoughts or desires because of the environmental condition
His way of teaching is dull, and inhibits imagination.
This medicine will inhibit the spread of the disease.
inhibited: (of people's character) unable to express what one really feels or do what one really wants, feeling restrained, having to suppress one's emotion
They were too inhibited to laugh freely.
52. agitate: to stir, upset, disturb
The speech agitated the crowd.
agitated: emotionally disturbed and excited.
The audience was agitated.
agitator: person who stirs up public opinion, esp on a political matter
agitation: painful excitement of the mind or feelings, anxiety, a public argument, unrest
None of them noticed her agitation.
be in agitation
53. assent: (fml) agreement, an acceptance (of a statement) as true
It basically apply to opinion or proposal, suggesting understanding
The committee assented to our proposals.
The teacher answered with a brief nod of assent.
agree: It can imply previous disagreement, discussion and attempts of persuading
I don't agree with him on many things.
I think it impossible to agree to your proposals.
54. sink in: penetrate, esp. gradually, to enter a solid through the surface, be fully absorbed or understood,
If the ink sinks in, it'll be hard to remove the spot from the cloth.
When Frank heard that war had started, it didn't sink in for a long time until his father was drafted into the army.
I think the lesson has sunk in, he won't make the same mistake again.
The beam sinks earthwards.
55. jolt: to shake or be shocked
The cart jolted along over the rough road, jolting every bone in his body.
With a tremendous jolt the car started.
to run over a hole and receive a jolt
The news was a jolt to me.
56. reverie: dreamy thinking, esp. of agreeable things, that state of being absorbed in dreamlike contemplation, daydreaming He loved to indulge in reveries about his future.
He was awakened from his reverie by the teacher's question.
She sat at the window, deep in reverie.
He was sunk in reverie and did not hear me.
When one is preoccupied with sth., he has preoccupations. And he is always oblivious of the things around. He is in deep reverie.
57. heinous: (lit) (of wicked people or acts) very shameful, very bad, hatefully and shockingly evil, abominable, outrageous, so openly and shamelessly bad or so conspicuous that it excited hatred or horror
Treason has always been regarded as a heinous crime.
58. confess: admit
Confession: a religious service at which a person tells his faults to a priest
Confess usu. applies to what one feels to be wrong. If you confess sth. or confess to sth., You admit that you have done sth. that you feel ashamed of, or embarrassed about. But admit stresses reluctance, or unwillingness.
In usage, these two words are almost the same, both can be followed by a clause, a noun, a gerund (with or without a “to”) or a complex object.
Usage:
to confess / admit that...
to confess / admit one's sins / error / crime
to confess / admit hating sb. / the weakness
to admit to stealing / the murder /
to confess oneself to be guilty
to confess / admit oneself to be beaten
But confess is often followed by a “to”:
He confesses to having done it.
She confessed readily to what she described as an ignorance of modern science.
59. cataclysm: a violent and sudden change or event, esp. a serious flood or earth quake or a war, disaster
60. trace: a visible mark or sign of the former presence of a thing or event, a mark or sign showing the former presence or passing of some person, vehicle, or event.
61. preserve: (fml or lit) to keep from destruction, to protect. The word stresses the idea of resistance to destructive agencies and hence implies the use of means to keep sth. in existence
Old records are preserved by protecting them from light and moisture.
62. erect: (fml) to build or establish (a solid thing which was not there before, construct, set up
Erect basically means to set upright, while Build strictly implies a fitting together of parts and materials to form sth. which may be large or small
to erect a flagpole
Many factories erected during that period.
63. impact: collision, an impinging or striking esp. of one body against another, the action of one object hitting another, with great force, the force of impression of one thing on another, an impelling or compelling effect
The car hit the stone wall with great impact.
a target constructed to resist the impact of a bullet
We see the impact of modern science on our society everywhere.
The book made a great impact on its readers.
the concrete embankment built to resist the impact of floods
Notice: This word is normally used as uncountable noun but sometimes can have an indefinite article but never plural form.
64. demolish: pull down or tear down, to destroy
cf
Destroy: a general word. It is so general in its application that it may imply the operation of any force that wrecks, kills, crushes or annihilates. Its opposition to construct is often apparent.
It is easier to destroy than to construct.
Demolish: It implies pulling or smashing to pieces. When used in reference to buildings or other complex structures (as of wood, stone, or steel), it implies complete wreckage and often a heap of ruins.
houses demolished by a hurricane
The automobile was demolished in a collision with the train.
His research has been painstaking, and he demolishes a great many legends.
65. somehow: in some way not yet know or stated, by some means, for some reason that is not clear
I think she is right but somehow I’m not completely sure.
I thin we can manage that somehow.
Somehow he was afraid of her.
I thought I knew the way, but somehow I got lost.
66. belly: (infml) 'abdomen, stomach, paunch are synonyms when naming the front part of the human trunk below the chest abdomen: medical term
stomach: When used nontechnically, it means abdomen, but specifically means the organ which digests food.
belly: an informal term for abdomen, suggesting roundness.
He has a large belly.
paunch: a derogatory and humorous term, meaning fat stomach, esp. a man's.
The man has a paunch / a potbelly / a paunchy belly / is paunchy / a potbelly, etc.
67. spare: to keep from harming, punishing or attacking
Take my money but spare my life.
They prayed that Allah might spare the village from starvation.
Lay down your arms and we'll spare your lives.
The enemy were so heinous that even refused to spare the new-borns.
afford to give
Can you spare me 5 minutes?
Can you spare an extra ticket for me?
Spare a penny, sir, for a starving man.
68. feel sick: vomit, upset in the stomach so as to want to throw up what is in it.
He began to feel sick as soon as the ship started to move.
He suddenly felt sick, and was sick twice before he could even get into bed.
69. or else: or if not, or otherwise. This expression is basically used as a threat
He must pay $100 or else go to jail.
Do what I tell you or else!
70. commit:
a. to do, to perform sth. bad, wrong or unlawful
to commit an error / many horrible crimes
b. to order sb. to be placed under the control of another or in a mental hospital
The judge committed him to prison
The court committed the man to a lunatic asylum / mental home (hospital).
c. to promise to undertake, make oneself responsible
The government has committed more money to improving basic education.
He was fully committed to the plan.
to commit oneself to
The government committed itself to spending ten million pounds on that project.
He has committed himself to support his brother's children.
71. humiliate: to cause to feel humble or to lose the respect of others, to hurt the pride or dignity of
He humiliated her beyond endurance.
72. encounter: to meet or be faced by sth. bad, esp. a danger or a difficulty. n. sudden or unexpected, esp. hostile meeting with
What if we should encounter a bear?
73. prejudice: an unreasonable, unfair dislike or preference of sb. or sth, an unfair and often unfavourable feeling or opinion not based on reason or enough knowledge, and sometimes resulting from fear or distrust or ideas different from one's own; An irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, a group or a race. This word in Latin means previous judgement, preconceived judgement or opinion.
Prejudice against women is becoming less severe.
A judge must be free from prejudice.
racial / national prejudice
74. on the part of: by, of
It will arouse deep suspicions on the part of our allies.
I apologize for any mistake on my part.
75. scare; a mark remaining on the skin or an organ from a wound, cut, etc.
76. victim: a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, destruction, etc. as a result of other people's actions, of illness, bad luck, etc.
77. genetic damage: a damage, harm, illness which have been passed on / inherited and will be passed on from generation to generation
78. earthly: of this world as opposed to heaven; material worldly as opposed to spiritual
earthly care: daily life and worries, cares on the earth which is in contrast with that in heaven, in death.
Part VI Quiz
Ⅰ. Word explanation
1. elderly
A. olderly
B. mid-age
C. approaching mid-age
D. past mid-age
2.facade
A. the wall of a building
B. the front of a building
C. in front of a building
D.the wall in front of a building
3. ignorance
A. disregard
B. pretend not to see
C. lack of knowledge
D. neglect
4. demolish
A. decrease
B. . erect
C. tear down
D. set aside
5. inhibit
A. live
B. dwell
C. suppress
D. unlock
6. barge
A. a kind of cloth
B. a kind of clothing
C. a colour
D. a boat
7. scar
A. a wound
B. a hidden wound
C. a mark on the skin
D. a mark of damage
8. commit
A. to do
B. to commission
C. to trust
D. to place an order
9. preserve
A. to keep from danger
B. . to serve in advance
C. . to save
D. . to reserve
10. consist of
A. be composed of
B. be composed of
C. contain
D. include
11. lump
A. lamp
B. mass
C. limp
D. lung
12. gratitude
A. appreciation
B. thankfulness
C.gratefulness
D.all the above
13. halt
A. stop
B. prevent
C. salute
D. alter
14. destination
A. destiny
B. desperate
C. goal
D. doom
15. sketch
A. stretch
B. skeptic
C. scratch
D. draw
Ⅱ. Replace each underlined part with one word learnt in the text, the first letter of which is given:
1. The teacher answered with a brief nod of agreement.a
2. The book was so interesting that I was practically unconscious of my surroundings. o
3. The thought of his past experience of stealing brings him a sudden sharp pain of conscience.t
4. I see little hope of his recovery.p
5. His greatest concern washow to find money for a holiday in Europe.p by
6. She shouldn't have come to the hotel suite. She shouldn't have delayed leaving --- this was fatal --- after others had left.l
7. If I had been less careful I might have been more wise.c
8. They faced one another in the boxing ring.e
9. The town will build a monument to its war heroes.e
10. She was deeply disturbed until she learned that her husband was among the survivors. a
Unit 5 Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.
Part I Background Information
1) Winston Churchill: (1874 - 1965)
Churchill was a politician and wartime prime minister who led Britain to victory in World War Two.
Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born on 30 November 1874 at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire. His father was the prominent Tory politician, Lord Randolph Churchill. Churchill attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, before embarking on an army career. He saw action on the North West Frontier of India and in the Sudan. While working as a journalist during the Boer War he was captured and made a prisoner-of-war before escaping.
In 1900, Churchill became Conservative member of parliament for Oldham. But he became disaffected with his party and in 1904 joined the Liberal Party. When the Liberals won the 1905 election, Churchill was appointed undersecretary at the Colonial Office. In 1908 he entered the Cabinet as president of the Board of Trade, becoming home secretary in 1910. The following year he became first lord of the Admiralty. He held this post in the first months of World War One but after the disastrous Dardanelles expedition, for which he was blamed, he resigned. He joined the army, serving for a time on the Western Front. In 1917, he was back in government as minister of munitions. From 1919 to 1921 he was secretary of state for war and air, and from 1924-1929 was chancellor of the exchequer.
The next decade were his 'wilderness years', in which his opposition to Indian self-rule and his support for Edward VIII during the 'Abdication Crisis' made him unpopular, while his warnings about the rise of Nazi Germany and the need for British rearmament were ignored. When war broke out in 1939, Churchill became first lord of the Admiralty. In May 1940, Neville Chamberlain resigned as prime minister and Churchill took his place. His refusal to surrender to Nazi Germany inspired the country. He worked tirelessly throughout the war, building strong relations with US President Roosevelt while maintaining a sometimes difficult alliance with the Soviet Union.
Churchill lost power in the 1945 post-war election but remained leader of the opposition, voicing apprehensions about the Cold War (he popularised the term 'Iron Curtain') and encouraging European and trans-Atlantic unity. In 1951, he became prime minister again. He resigned in 1955, but remained an MP until shortly before his death. As well as his many political achievements, he left a legacy of an impressive number of publications and in 1953 won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
2) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The common short name is Soviet Union,[1] from Советский Союз, Sovetskiy Soyuz. A soviet is a council, the theoretical basis for the socialist society of the USSR.
Emerging from the Russian Empire following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War of 1918–1921, the USSR was a union of several Soviet republics, but the synecdoche Russia—after the Russian SFSR, its largest and most populous constituent state—continued to be commonly used throughout the country's existence. The geographic boundaries of the USSR varied with time, but after the last major territorial annexations of the Baltic states, eastern Poland, Bessarabia, and certain other territories during World War II, from 1945 until dissolution, the boundaries approximately corresponded to those of late Imperial Russia, with the notable exclusions of Poland and most of Finland.
As the largest and oldest constitutionally communist state in existence, the Soviet Union became the primary model for future communist nations during the Cold War; the government and the political organization of the country were defined by the only political party, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
From 1945 until dissolution in 1991—a period known as the Cold War—the Soviet Union and the United States of America were the two world superpowers that dominated the global agenda of economic policy, foreign affairs, military operations, cultural exchange, scientific advancements including the pioneering of space exploration, and sports (including the Olympic Games and various world championships).
Initially established as a union of four Soviet Socialist Republics, the USSR grew to contain 15 constituent or "union republics" by 1956: Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonian SSR, Georgian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Russian SFSR, Tajik SSR, Turkmen SSR, Ukrainian SSR and Uzbek SSR. (From annexation of the Estonian SSR on August 6, 1940 up to the reorganization of the Karelo-Finnish SSR into the Karelian ASSR on July 16, 1956, the count of "union republics" was sixteen.)
The Russian Federation is the successor state to the USSR. Russia is the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States
3) Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.: Adolf Hitler had convinced himself by December 1940 that England lay prostrate before German air power. November had seen the worst of the air attacks; acres of England’s cities were reduced to rubble. Hitler believed she would never rise again to threaten Germany.
Before invading Poland, Germany signed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, securing the eastern border of Germany. Limited trade, mostly on the part of the Russians, was part of the agreement. But everyone involved knew that it was a measure on both sides to buy time. Ideologically, both nations despised the other. Hitler had devoted much of Mein Kampf to his believe in the menace of Communism. Nazism was against everything Communism stood for.
Part of the operational planning of the German high command involved a possible invasion of the Soviet Union. On July 21, a month after the fall of France, Hitler summoned Generalfeldmarshal Walther von Brauchitsch and instructed him to plan for an invasion of the Soviet Union.
The bad blood between the two countries began to be evident during Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov’s Berlin visit of November 12-13, 1940. Molotov pressed the Nazis to honor their treaty obligation to distance themselves from Finland. Hitler dropped tacit suggestions to look towards Asia and not Europe for the expansion of Soviet interests and power.
The High Command developed plans for an invasion as part of their routine operations. First called Fritz and then Directive 21, Hitler seized on the idea of invading Russia and issued the directive, renaming it Operation Barbarossa in honor of Frederick I, the twelfth century Prussian King who was prophesied to rise from his grave and restore Germany to world power. Operational orders were given in January 1941.
The plan called for a ten-week campaign that would start on May 15, 1941. But events around the world changed the plan; the Afrika Korps landed in North Africa in February; Yugoslavia, a supposed ally of Germany, threw back the offer of German assistance; and Italy needed help to conquer Greece.
The invasion was pushed back five weeks to June 22. Almost everyone knew it was coming except the Red Army soldiers about to meet the onslaught. Josef Stalin was warned by his intelligence services. The buildup of German forces on the Soviet line in Poland was obvious, and even the British warned Stalin, but he stubbornly refused his commanders permission to prepare defenses. Trainloads of iron ore left Russia bound for Germany even hours before the invasion. This came out of a long ideological belief that war should be fought on the enemies’ soil, and a misguided hope that the invasion could be stalled if Hitler was not provoked.
Hitler was not going be dissuaded, however. Luftwaffe commander Hermann Goering and Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, among others, tried to convince Hitler that significant gains could be made politically. Goering felt the Luftwaffe would be taxed trying to attack England and Russia at the same time; Ribbentrop saw the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact as the crowning achievement of his career. The Wehrmacht Generals that would carry out the operation wanted an all-out drive on Moscow. Hitler, in a uncharacteristic show of orthodox military strategy, insisted on a three-pronged, broad frontal assault on three major areas before driving on the Soviet Capital. The German military attaché in Moscow was alone in the belief that Soviet industrial capacity beyond the Urals was underestimated.
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH,) the German High Command on the Eastern Front, massed the greatest army ever assembled to invade the Soviet Union. One hundred forty-eight divisions (114 infantry, fifteen motorized, and nineteen panzer;) 67,000 German Norwegian garrison troops and 500,000 Finns; and 150,000 Rumanians were recruited to take up the invasion. A total of 3,050,000 men, 7184 artillery pieces, 3,350 tanks, 2,770 aircraft, 600,000 vehicles, and 625,000 horses (one quarter of the Wehrmacht was horse-drawn) were arrayed in three prongs aimed at the Soviet Union. Feldmarshal Wilhelm von Leeb’s Army Group North attacked through Finland and Poland, targeting the Baltic States and Leningrad. Generalfeldmarshall Fedor von Bock’s Army Group Center leapt from Poland and East Prussia against Minsk and Smolesk. Generalfeldmarshal Gerd von Rundstedt’s Army Group South left from Czechoslovakia for the Ukraine and the Caucasus Mountains.
Ten thousand tanks and 2,300 aircraft operated by 2,300,000 men stood against this coiled armada. While most of the equipment was old or obsolete, the Soviet T-34 and KV-1 heavy tanks were better than the Germans’ best. Unlike the Germans, who were flush with success and experience, the Red Army was quixotic. It was surprised by the resistance of the Finns and the failure of its junior officers in 1939, but smashed the Japanese in a border dispute in China.
The Red Army was paralyzed by Stalin’s purges. Officers would not move without direct orders, stifling imaginative tactics and leadership. The High Command had more political than military ability.
When the barrage opened on the morning of June 22, 1941, Red Army units were slow to react. Officers radioed for permission to fire back. Tanks numbering in the hundreds were knocked out of action by superior tactics backed by superior morale. The Red Air Force was destroyed on the ground.
Only seven Red Army divisions opposed Army Group North as it swept down from Finland. Quickly the Baltic states fell, and the populations celebrated the German columns marching in, thinking they were their liberators. By July 1 Army Group North reached the Dvina River. Army Group Center moved around the north edge of the Pripet Marshes and encircled first Bialystok and then Minsk by the second week. 290,000 prisoners were taken in this operation. Army Group South was marching on Kiev despite heavy rains.
Stalin was paralyzed by Hitler's betrayal of the Nazi-soviet nonaggression Pact and by the destruction and did not react to the crisis in time. While he sat in Moscow paralyzed by the rapid advance, the Red Army was bleeding to death. Across a huge front of 1400 miles, the Germans started advancing rapidly. The Red Army fought fiercely partly out of fear of being shot for cowardice and partly because they feared a German occupation. But many Soviet units were deployed badly and their commanders would not mount a mobile defense for fear of the firing squad. The Germans destroyed Russian units and rounded up large numbers of prisoners.
OKH believed the Russians could not sustain this level of casualties. On July 3, Colonel General Franz Halder announced that the Germans would encounter only token resistance beyond the Dnieper and Dvina Rivers. Hitler concluded that the Russians had lost the war.
Part II Detailed Analysis
1. Speech, address, oration, lecture, talk
speech: a public speech irrespective (without regard) to its quality or its degree of preparation or of the quality of its speaker or audience or of its aim (as to influence, instruct, or entertain)
address: It implies formality and usually careful preparation, and often connotes distinction in the speaker or gives emphasis to the importance of the speech.
The president is scheduled to deliver three addresses on his trip.
oration: formal and solemn public speech. It suggests eloquence, rhetorical style, and usu. a dignified but sometimes high-flown or long-winded appeal to the emotions of a large audience or assembly.
lecture: It often implies reading. It commonly designates a carefully prepared speech on a special topic intended to give information and instruction to a group of students.
talk: It stresses informality. It may be used to designate either a lecture or an address when the speaker wishes to emphasize his desire to speak directly and simply to his audience as individuals.
2. awaken (awakened, awakened)
awake (awoke, awoke; awaked, awaked)
wake (waked, waked; woke, woken)
waken (wakened, wakened)
The four words are very similar in usage. All can be used as vt, and vi.
I woke (up) / wakened / awoke / awakened at 7 this morning.
Please wake / waken me (up) at seven.
The noise awoke me.
A knock on the door awakened her.
a. The most common and the least formal is WAKE.
b. It may be better to use WAKEN, AWAKEN as transitive verbs. Therefore they are most likely to be used in the passive voice. I was wakened by their shouts.
I was awakened by the song of the birds.
c. AWAKE and AWAKEN are used somewhat more frequently in a figurative sense.
This at once awakened suspicion.
The national spirit awoke / was awakened.
d. AWAKE can be used as an adj. meaning "not asleep".
Is he awake yet?
I lay awake for about ten minutes.
3. conviction: a very firm and sincere belief
certainty: clearly established fact
Conviction usu. implies previous doubt or uncertainty. It stresses one's objective reaction to evidence rather than the objective validity of evidence itself. Therefore it commonly applied to the state of mind of one who has been in the process of being convinced.
I speak in the full conviction that our cause is just.
It's my conviction that you didn't try hard enough.
His political convictions are radical.
It's a certainty that this horse will win in the race.
After three days, our victory became a certainty.
4. doubt:
1) to be uncertain
2)to mistrust
doubt + noun (pron.)
I doubt the truth of it. (1)我怀疑这事是真还是假。
I doubt his honesty. (2)我不相信他是诚实的。
I am sorry that I doubted you before. (2)
doubt + clause
a. neg. / interrog. + that / what clause
Can you doubt what our policy will be? (1)
Can you doubt that he will win? (2)
I never doubt that you are honest. (1)
b. affirm. + if / whether clause
I doubt whether it is true / the truth of it. (1)
I doubt if he will come. (1)
3)to consider unlikely
affirm. + that (3)
I doubt that he will come. (3)
suspect:
1)to feel doubtful about the truth or value of, be uncertain
2)to believe to be true
3)to believe to be guilt
4)to guess, suppose
I suspect his motives. (1)
We suspected trouble. (2)
The mouse suspected danger and did not touch the trap. (2)
We suspected that he was lost before we were told. (2)
They suspect him of murder / him to be the murder. (3)
He was suspected of theft / stealing. (3)
I suspect that's true / you may be right. (4)
DOUBT always implies uncertainty about the truth of sth. or inability to make a decision.
SUSPECT stresses fear that someone has worked or is working evil or injury, but the fear is accompanied by uncertainty.
cf: When meaning "be uncertain", they are similar, both can be followed by a noun or, when the main clause is in the negative, a that clause.
I doubt the truth of it. (1)
I doubt his honesty. (2)
I never doubt that you are honest. (1)
Everybody suspected the truth of the story. (1)
I suspect her motives / sincerity. (1)
We did not suspect that Mary could sing so well. (1)
But:
I doubt that he is honest. (consider unlikely)
I suspect that's true / you may be right. (guess, suppose)
I am sorry that I doubted you before. (mistrust)
The police don't know who committed the crime, but they suspect Jones. (believe to be guilty)
suspicious: a. not trusting b. causing suspect c. likely to suspect
She is always suspicious of us / our intention.
The policeman became suspicious of the man.
He shot a suspicious look at me.
He is a suspicious character.
If you see anything suspicious, call the police at once.
be suspicious of sb.:
The dog is suspicious of strangers.
doubtful: a. not trusting b. questionable c. uncertain
She was doubtful of his good intentions.
He seems to me a doubtful fellow.
She has a doubtful look on her face.
doubtful + clause:
I am doubtful whether he is still alive.
If you are suspicious of sb. you feel or show that you do not trust them. If sth. is suspicious, it causes people to feel that sth. is wrong in some way.
If you are doubtful about sth., you are unsure or uncertain about it.
5. lie: exist, be found, reside
6. presently: before long, shortly, soon
7. hasten: move fast (急忙)
cf: hurry (慌忙): confused, panic
Hasten implies urgent quickness while Hurry implies haste that causes confusion or prevents concentrated attention. Hurry implies a strong implication of confusion, agitation.
Whoever is in a hurry, shows that the thing he is doing is too big for him.
You must hasten and publish your result.
She hastened to explain the situation which now confronted her.
8. detailed: marked by thoroughness in treating small parts, fully described
9. invade: to attack and spread into so as to take control of a country, to enter a country with armed forces in order to attack
10. surprise: attack suddenly and without warning, come upon suddenly and unexpectedly They surprised the enemy from the rear.
11. ground: (of pilot or plane) to stay on the ground
The ship grounded on a hidden sandbank in the shallow water.
The kite grounded because the wind stopped.
grounded on the airfield: lying stationary, not moving, standing still on the airfield
12. driving forward: advancing, making advancement
13. violence: uncontrollable fierceness, very rough
14. round up: to gather together scattered things, people, animals, to herd together, collect together animals that are scattered
A cowboy rounds up the cattle.
15. horde: a large number or crowd, throng
a horde of locusts, children
When a contemptuous term is desired, it is preferred to crowd, and throng, esp, when implying rude, rough or savage character
16. consult: to go to a person, a book for advice, information or opinion,
The Prime Minister consulted his Cabinet on a variety of questions.
Have you consulted you doctor about your illness?
to consult a dictionary.
17. issue: a matter that is in dispute between two or more parties, the point at which an unsettled matter is ready for a decision
We must draw clear distinctions concerning cardinal issues of right and wrong.
major issues of principle
the act of publishing or officially giving out or making available
Have you seen the latest issue of the magazine?
His article was published on the fourth issue of...
be at issue: of importance, under consideration
That is not the point at issue.
to bring out sth. printed, or sth. official
to issue an order / a statement
to issue a commemorative set of 10-fen stamps
to supply or provide officially
to issue winter clothing to troops
18. count on: depend on, expect, take into account
If there is anything I can do, count on me.
You can always count on Fred in any emergency.
I think we can count on Mr White to support us.
to count on one's help / co-operation / sympathy
19. enlist: win the support of, get the help or services of, obtain help, or sympathy, to persuade sb. to help, to gain help sympathy etc.
Can I enlist your help in collecting the money for the Asian Games?
To try to enlist sympathy of sb is to win over his / her sympathy.
20. sympathy: feeling of support, pity and tenderness, feeling of approval of, or agreement with an idea
21. go all out: to spare no effort, to make one's utmost effort
Go all out, aim high and achieve greater, faster, better and more economical results in building socialism.
The United States was likely to go all out to support Kuwait on this issue.
22. be true of: be the same case, be suitable to
The same is true of all other cases.
What he says of women is true of men.
That is the rule true of all cases.
The same is true of the living condition in the countryside.
23. croquet: (门球) an outdoor game played on grass in which players knock wooden balls through a number of small metal arches with a long-handed wooden hammer
24. revert to: to go back to a former subject, talk about again
The pressure made him revert to his old habit of smoking.
Shall we revert to our previous topic?
25. arch: principal, chief
arch- angel, bishop, criminal, enemy, rebel, rival, villain, etc.
26. not bowing down in the House of Rimmon
Q: You are not doing sth. against your own beliefs, are you?
A: No, not at all.
Rimmon was a deity worshipped by Syrians of Damascus. Syrian Captain Naaman / ei / had leprosy. His Israeli servant told E'lisha / ai /, a prophet of God. E told N to wash in the Jordan River 7 times and thus he was cured. Naaman therefore had faith in God and convert to Christianity. But being a Syrian, he has to following his King to worship in the House of Rimmon. Elisha granted him permission to do so.
27. thereby: by that means, by doing or saying that
He finished first in the race and thereby winning $50,000.
He was rude to her last year and thereby lost her friendship.
He wished to travel and thereby study the customs of other countries.
He became a citizen, thereby gaining the right to vote.
cf: therefore: as a result; for that reason, so
I have never been to Africa and therefore I don't know much about it.
It rained; therefore the game was called off.
He had gone; she therefore gave the money to me.
28. Devil - Satan, most powerful evil spirit, the leader of the angels who rebelled against God and who were cast out of heaven. He and his followers are seen as tempter of man and the source of evil in the world.
29. reference: a piece of written information about sb.'s character, ability, esp. when he is looking for employment (also) a person willing to make a statement about sb.'s character or abilities
make a favourable reference: to write a recommendation for
Did you hear all those bad reference to me that Jones kept making?
cf:
recommendation: a letter or statement that speaks in favour of or praise sb. esp, when he is looking for a job
testimonial: a formal written statement of a person’s character, ability, willing to work, etc.
A testimonial is kinder than a reference because it is shown to the person it describes while a reference is truer because it is not shown to him.
30. House of Commons: Lower House. House of Lords: Upper House
31. to the effect: with the information that, meaning that
He has had a telegram to the effect that his mother is dead.
A rumour was in the air to the effect that the firm was in financial difficulties.
32. comment: remark expressing an opinion, judgement (written or spoken)
33. regime: a type or form of government, often derog.
a revolutionary regime
Under the old regime women could not vote.
34. feature: quality which holds the attention by reason of its importance, characteristic, sth. that set apart one thing / person from others
Monopoly is the key feature of imperialism.
Racial discrimination is the key feature of South African white regime.
The story has some unusual features.
any of the noticeable parts of the face
a man with an oriental feature
He could recall her features very distinctly.
The dominant feature on his face is the brandy nose.
35. devoid of: (fml) lacking in, complete without, empty of
The house is totally devoid of furniture.
He is complete devoid of humour / human feelings.
The word vacuum refers to space entirely devoid of matter.
36. theme: distinctive concern, ideal, fixed aim
Here in the text: basic good value, virtue, ideal, unifying idea
37. appetite: a desire or wish, esp. for food, a desire to satisfy any bodily longing
Here: strong desire to conquer
38. racial domination: the state of having or exercising controlling influence or power over the other races by the Aryan nation, which is considered by Hitler as the most superior in the world. In concentration camps more than 6 million Jews and Poles were killed in gas chambers.
racial equality / apartheid / relations / prejudice / discrimination / domination / racism / racist
dominate: have controlling influence or power over, have the most important place or position
She complete dominates the family and makes all the decisions.
Sports, and not learning, seems to dominate in the school.
dominant:
The dominant influence in her life was her father.
She has a very dominant nature.
The dominant political party of the country is socialist.
39. excel: surpass, be superior to, outdo, exceed (having the same root of excellent, from Latin)
He excels in music and art / courage / at football / as a orator.
Beethoven excelled all other composers of his period.
He excels all his classmates in intelligence.
40. wickedness: badness, evil
41. ferocious: fierce, cruel, and violent
The Nazi regime is extremely cruel and it has invaded other countries in a most savage way. It can carry out its cruel invasions so effectively that it beats / surpasses any action of this kind in human history.
The Nazi regime is very effective in cruel suppression of and savage attack on other countries, in this respect it is worse than any other known form of evil.
42. consistent: constant, faithful, unwavering, having a regular pattern (of a person, behaviour, beliefs, etc.), continually keeping to the same principles or course of action, marked by steady continuity, regularity, showing no significant change or contradiction
He is not consistent in his action.
When you make a sentence, the subject and the verb should be consistent.
He reaffirmed the government's consistent policy of opposing racial discrimination.
43. opponent: person who takes the opposite side, esp, in playing or fighting
An opponent is one who is on the opposite side in a contest, as an argument, a disputation, an election or in a conflict
Since opposition is never considered to be legitimate, the government has no opponents.
It's his conviction that the president will beat any opponent and be re-elected.
a bitter / political / worthy / powerful
44. fade away: disappear
45. spectacle: sight, sth. seen, sth. taking place before the eyes, esp. sth. fine, remarkable,
The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers...(Hiroshima)
Here: the painful / deplorable sight which is now opening out to our view.
46. unfolding:
Folded into the shape of tiny birds.
to fold one's hands in prayer
to fold one's arms
a folding bed / chair / fan / bridge / ruler / money (paper money)
unfold: (lit.) to become clear, more fully known
He gradually unfolded her plan to them.
As the investigation goes on, the intrigue behind the dirty deal slowly unfold
47. folly: (fml) foolishness, unwise act, habit
The old man smiled sadly as he remembered the follies of his youth.
48. threshold: a piece of wood or stone fixed beneath the door into a house or building
49. till: to cultivate the ground
50. immemorial: going beck beyond the reach of memory
51. champion: person who fights for, supports strongly, or defends a principle, a movement, person, etc.
52. means of existence: way, method
Here: food and clothing to keep people alive, things for people to survive
53. wring / wrung: (not often used, partly poetic, partly archaic, slightly old fashion) to press hard on, squeeze, to get by force
This word basically applies to a compressive twisting together, often to extract. It implies a forcing that suggests a physical wringing.
to wring water from the wet clothes
His sad story wrung our hearts.
54. hardly: (rare) with effort or difficulty, with force, in a severe manner
55. primordial: fundamental and primitive, basic, existing at or from the beginning, esp of the world or the universe;
The universe was created out of a primordial ball of matter.
primordial joys: pleasures shared commonly by all human beings
56. maiden: virgin, suggest heightened purity and freedom from sexual intercourse
maiden voyage / flight
57. hideous: offensive to the senses and esp. to sight, exceedingly ugly, morally offensive, shocking, frightful, filling the mind with horror
a hideous crime, face, noise, creature
heinous: very wicked
a heinous crime, criminal
58. clank: metallic sound made by the swords and 'sabres / ei / (军刀)
The prisoner’s ankle chains clanked.
clicking: the sound of spurs and the metal piece underneath the soles
59. dandy: (derog.) a person who spends too much time and money on his clothing and personal appearance
dandified: dressed like a dandy
Here: officers in uniforms with shoulder boards, insignias and decorations
60. crafty: cleverly deceitful, clever in a negative way, cunning, foxy,
craft: a job needing skill, esp. esp. with one's hand
arts and crafts (工艺美术)
handicraft articles (手工艺品)
craft: skill in deceiving people for a bad purpose
a man full of craft
craft: boat, ship, aeroplane, vessel
61. fresh from: recently arrived, returned
The new teacher is fresh from university.
They are mostly young people fresh from school.
62. cow: to intimidate, threaten, to conquer or bring under control by violence or threats
He cowed his wife into obedience.
She has a cowed look.
The gang of beggars were suddenly cowed by the sight of a cop.
63. tie down: (obsolete, out-of-date) to enslave
The SS agents who specialize in genocide have just accomplished the task of crushing and enslaving a dozen countries
literal meaning:
There was such a gale blowing that we had to tie the caravan down to prevent it overturning.
Prisoners were tied down hand and foot to the nails in the ground.
extended meaning: restrict to certain conditions
I’d like to go with you, but there are too many things tying me down here.
Ritual formula ties down our mind.
The navy tied the enemy down with big gun fire while the marines landed on the beach.
64. dull: stupid, not clever
dull speech / city / life / person
65. docile: easily taught or led, obedient, easy to manage
66. brutish: brutal, beast-like,
Brutish, like brutal / brute, is usu. applied to men or their acts, their minds, and their passions; it differs from brutal in that it rarely suggests cruelty and inhumanity but stresses likeness to an animal in stupidity, in lack of control over appetites, or in government by instinct.
Brutal is almost exclusively applied to men or their acts, characters, or words; it implies qualities ( as sensuality, lack of intelligence of feeling, or inhumanity) that relate them to the lower animals.
67. Hun: member of one of the Asiatic peoples who ravaged Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries AD
(derog offensive) German (derog) German soldier
68. plod: to continue to walk slowly along a road, with difficulty and great effort
cf: treading cautiously (Hiroshima)
69. swarm: a large group (of insects moving in a mass), throng
70. crawl: move slowly with the body close to the ground or on the hands and knees
71. smart: to be hurt in one's feelings, suffer in mind, feeling painful in one part of the body
The place where he had cut his knee was smarting.
He was still smarting under / over her unkind words.
He is still smarting from your remark.
72. prey: victim, a person or animal killed or hunted
73. glare: a rather vague term here. referring perhaps to hostility, hatred etc.
74. villain: (in old plays) a man who is the main bad character
(fml) a low, mean person utterly lacking in principles, completely given to crime, evil, a thoroughly wicked man who harms others. a rogue, gangster, knave, criminal, thug, etc.
75. cataract: large steep waterfall, overwhelming downpour
cataract of horrors: unparalleled miseries
76. dominion: a self-governing nation of the British Commonwealth the Dominion of Canada
77. in due course = in due time: in, at the suitable / proper time
I will answer all your questions in due course.
Spring and summer will arrive in due time.
After they were engaged, the wedding followed in due course.
In due course, you will realize all this.
due: proper, suitable, fitting
concur:
1) agree, express agreement
She has expressed her opposition to the plan, and I fully concur with her in this matter.
2) (of events, etc) happen together; coincide
It does happen that everything concurs to produce a successful result.
78. irrevocable: that cannot be changed once started
The decision to close the business is irrevocable.
revoke: (fml) withdraw or cancel (a decree, permit, etc)
revoke orders, promises
His driving licence was revoked after the crash.
79. resolved: be firm and fixed in purpose
resolve: to decide
We should resolve to safeguard the hard-won stability and unity.
They cannot resolve the dispute.
Notice: Once you resolve, you are resolved
She was resolved to become a ballet dancer.
He is resolved upon his future course in life.
The government is resolved upon / on the 10-year programme.
cf:
decide, determine
Resolve implies a clear decision or determination to do sth.
Decide suggests previous consideration of a matter causing doubt, debate or controversy and implies arriving at a more or less logical conclusion that brings the doubt or debate to an end.
Determine means to set limits to. It implies fixing the identity, character of something.
One decides to give a dinner party but determines the guests to be invited.
A legislature decides that the state constitution should be revised and appoints a committee with power to determine what change shall be made.
80. vestige: trace, mark or sign of sth. that once existed but has passed away or disappeared, any sign / mark / trace that shows the previous existence of sth.
After the explosion, not a vestige of the building remained.
81. parley:
Parley stresses the talk involving the discussion of terms, while Negotiate implies compromise or bargaining.
82. rid of: make free of, free from a burden or sth. undesirable
We wish to rid the country of corruption.
The dentist rid him of his pain by taking out the tooth.
How could we rid the house of mosquitoes / rats?
You must rid yourself of those old-fashion ideas.
83. shadow: a. great darkness where direct light is blocked
b. (fig.) the very strong power or influence of sb.
Here: the darkness cast on us by the Nazi regime
84. yoke: a wooden bar used for joining two animals together in order to pull heavy loads
Here: power, control, crushing burden
85. foe (fml or dated): adversary, enemy, opponent, rival
86. appeal: a. to make a strong request for help, support, mercy, etc.
The prisoner appealed to the judge for mercy.
He appeals me for help.
The Bangladesh government is appealing to the world to rescue its people from the cyclone (旋风) disaster.
b. to please, attract, to move the feelings
words appealing to the senses
His oration does not appeal to the conscience (head) so much as to the emotion (heart) of the audience.
It is not their songs but their appearances that appeal to the young girls.
c. call on the higher court to change the decision of a lower court.
I will appeal against being found guilty.
He will appeal to a higher court.
87. pursue: to follow closely, show continual attention to, to chase in order to catch
Wherever she goes, she feels eyes pursuing her.
The beggars pursued the travellers.
The plainclothesmen are pursuing an escaped prisoner.
88. steadfast: faithful, firm, unfailing, unwavering, consistent
89. creed: religious belief
90. divergence (also divergency): turning or branching away, disagreement, difference, splitting.
Divergence is a difference between two or more things, attitudes, opinions, etc that are usu. expected to be similar to each other.
There has been much divergence on how to handle the economic crisis. Should we devaluate RMB?
diverge: to go out in different directions
I'm afraid our opinions diverge from each other (from a common starting point).
Divergence applies to a difference between things or less often persons having the same origin, the same background or belonging to the same type of class. There is usu. an implication of a difference that makes for increasing unlikeness
Distinction implies want of resemblance in detail. It commonly applies to a difference that is brought out by close
observation, study or analysis or difference that marks the line of division between two like things
There is a distinction between asking and begging.
Can you draw a distinction between these ideas?
Difference suggest notice of a quality or feature which marks one thing as apart from another, or a disagreement which separates individuals or makes them hostile to each other.
There are many differences between the two languages.
91. slack: not tight, not firm, weak, loose, slow
She was shocked at the slack discipline in the school.
A slack person is one who does things carelessly.
Business becomes slack after Xmas.
The horse was moving at a slack pace.
slacken: to make or become slack, to reduce in activity, force, or in tightness
Don't slacken your efforts till the work is done.
92. doom: terrible fate, unavoidable destruction or death
to meet / to go to / to be sent to one's doom
The Battle of Stalingrad sealed Hitler's doom.
be doomed to failure / to fail
93. woeful: heartbroken, tragic, sorrowful, mournful, pitiful
94. fortify: to strengthen against possible attack, to give vigour or physical strength or endurance to, strengthen mentally or morally
The Great Wall fortified China against invasion.
to fortify a dam against flood
to fortify one's theory with facts
95. rescue: to save from harm or danger, to set free
Rescue and Save are comparable when they mean to free a person or thing from confinement, danger of death, destruction or a serious evil.
One rescues a person who is in urgent danger (as of death, of capture, or of assault) by prompt or vigorous action. Rescue implies saving from immediate harm or danger by direct action.
to rescue the crew of a sinking ship.
One saves a person when one rescues him and enables him not only to be free from the evil that involves or threatens but also to continue in existence to enjoy security or happiness.
96. tyranny: oppressive power, the use of cruel or unjust power to rule a country
tyrant:
97. resources: available money or property, wealth, sth. that a country has and can use to its advantage.
98. moralize: to express one's thoughts (often not welcome to the listeners or readers on the rightness or, more usu. the wrongness of behaviour, actions, etc.
to moralize upon the failings of the young generation
Do stop moralizing!
99. folly: foolishness, stupidity
100. catastrophe: a sudden unexpected and terrible event that causes great suffering, misfortune or ruin
Catastrophe, Cataclysm, Disaster, and Calamity are comparable whey they denote an event or situation that is regarded as a terrible misfortune
Disaster is a piece of unforeseen bad luck (as a shipwreck, a serious railway accident, or the failure of a great enterprise) which happens either through lack of far sight or through external agency and brings with it destruction (as of life and property) or ruin (as of projects, careers or great hopes).
Such a war would be the final and supreme disaster to the world.
Calamity is a grievous misfortune, particularly one which involves a great or far-reaching personal or public loss. thus the wreck of the Don Juan was a disaster and as involving the loss of Shelley, it was a calamity.
Cataclysm is often used of an event or situation that brings with it a violent social change.
Catastrophe is used of a disastrous conclusion. It often emphasizes the idea of finality.
101. lust: strong evil desire, eagerness to possess, strong sexual desire, esp. when uncontrolled or considered wrong lust for gold / power / life / flesh / battle (穷兵黜武)
Lust implies domination by emotion, or appetite that can never be satisfied.
Appetite specifically applies to the longs which arise out of many physical nature.
102. impel: force, drive, push, implying an inner prompting, great urgency in the desire or motive
force: make a person or thing yield to the will of a person or to the strength or power of a thing.
to force a woman is to rape her, to force a door is to break it open, to force a laughter is to make oneself to laugh against one's will
103. lure: to attract, tempt
The cheap prices lure passers-by.
Tempt implies an attracting that is morally neutral.
Lure implies the action of strong, irresistible influence which may be bad.
the lure of women / the opposite sex
Keep him away from the lure of alcohol.
Lust first means pleasure, desire or wish. It often refers intense or unbridled sexual desire.
Lure first means an object usu. of leather or feathers attached to a long cord and used by a falconer (以鹰狩猎者) to recall a hawk. Or a decoy(圈套) for attracting animals to capture, such as a bait used for catching fish or a luminous structure on the head of certain fishes that is used to attract prey.
104. outrage: a very wrong or cruel act which causes great anger
The use of H-bombs would be an outrage against humanity.
Demolishing the church was an outrage.
105. hurl: to throw with force, to throw out violently
Hurl implies covering a long distance and with great force and speed.
hurl a spear at the enemy
hurl a brick through the window
hurl criticism / abuse / insults at the opponent
106. penalty: punishment for breaking a law, rule, or agreement
Fishing in this pond is forbidden, penalty $5.
107. prelude: introductory movement,
Here: an event that serves as an introduction, that paves the way for his planned invasion.
Prelude originally refers to the music played extemporaneously / ik,stemp 'reini sli / (without preparation) for making the one's fingers flexible. Later it became the first movement of a long composition.
Overture originally refers to the opening melody of an opera. Later on the symphonies were based on them. It can be played as an individual composition.
108. accomplish: to bring to completion, to fulfil, to succeed in reaching a stage in a progression. It stresses the successful completion of a process rather than the means of carrying it out. Sometimes it implies the fruitfulness of effort or the value of the results obtained.
Achieve adds to Accomplish the implication of conquered difficulties. One achieves a work, a task or an enterprise that is of great importance and that makes usu. demands.
Fulfil implies a full realization of what exists potentially.
The task will not be accomplished in one generation.
to accomplish one's purpose
He knew that he had accomplished something after all.
Only practice can achieve mastery.
He has achieved no fame, no success.
If you make a promise, you should fulfil it.
It's a great happiness to her to fulfil her father's desire.
109. intervene: to come in between, to step in to halt or settle a quarrel or conflict the argument between the two boys became so fierce that Dad had to intervene.
armed intervention (干预)
interfere: come into opposition, hinder or prevent, get in the way
If you had not interfered I should have finished my work by now.
to interfere in other country's internal affairs
armed interference (干涉)
110. thrive and prosper:
thrive: to succeed, to grow strong and healthy, to prosper
The word implicates vigorous growth
Children thrive on milk / in the country air.
His business is thriving.
prosper: to succeed, to do well. This word carries an implication of continued or long continuing success. usu. increasing success.
The rural area in our country has been prospering ever since the adoption of the contracted responsibility system.
111. conquer： take possession of (sth) by force
The Normans conquered England in 1066.
defeat (an enemy, a rival, etc)
England conquered their main rivals in the first round of the competition.
(fig) overcome (an obstacle, emotion, etc)
The mountain was not conquered until 1953.
Smallpox has finally been conquered.
conqueror： William the Conqueror, ie King William I of England.
conquest：the Norman Conquest, ie of England by the Normans115. in vain: useless, without successful result
112. subjugate: to bring under control, to conquer
She dominated him and subjugated his will completely.
subjugate the opposition
subjugation: the state of being conquered, the act of taking power over
She cowed him into subjugation.
subject: n.
1) person or thing that is being discussed or described
2) person or thing being treated in a certain way or being experimented on
We need some male subjects for a psychology experiment.
3) ~ for sth: person or thing that causes a specified feeling or action
a subject for pity, ridicule, congratulation
His appearance was the subject for some critical comment.
4) any member of a State apart from the supreme ruler
I am French by birth and a British subject by marriage.
subject v.
~ sb/sth (to sth): bring (a country, etc or a person) under one's control
Ancient Rome subjected most of Europe (to its rule).
She was repeatedly subjected to torture.
subject adj
1) under the control of sb else; not politically independent
a subject province / subject peoples
2) ~ to sth/sb: obliged to obey sth/sb; under the authority of sth/sb
We are subject to the law of the land.
Peasants used to be subject to the local landowner.
113. hearth: the area around the fire in one's home, esp. the floor or the fireplace
hearth and home: (poetic) home and its comforts
114. exertion: effort, the active use of physical or mental power into producing or attempting to produce a desired result In general it stresses the active, often vigorous, exercise of a power or faculty. If not followed by an "of", it means a laborious effort.
On a hot, humid day, even a breath seems too much exertion.
The doctor says he must avoid all exertion.
In spite of all his exertion, he failed to penetrate his way into the bus.
Part III Quiz
Ⅰ. Word explanation
1. conviction
A. convention
B. well established fact
C. the state of being convinced
D. certainly
2. consult
A. advice
B. suggest
C. look up
D. go to a person
3. private
A. person
B. one's own
C. previous
D. preserve
4. count on
A. depend on
B. expect
C. take into account
D. all of
5. enlist
A. win over
B. attractive
C. obtain
D. both A and C
6. means
A. unkind
B. to represent
C. average
D. method
7. onslaught
A. invasion
B. aggression
C. fierce attack
D. annexation
8. cataract
A. cataclysm
B. waterfall
C. disaster
D. flood
9. prey
A. sth. killed
B. speak to God
C. please
D. enemy
10. ally
A. join or unite
B. without the company of others
C. the centre of sth.
D. volunteer
11. fortify
A. multiply by forty
B. strengthen
C. a stronghold
D. fortress
12. doom
A. grave
B. sepulchral
C. terrible fate
D. barge
13. prelude
A. introductory movement
B. to lure in advance
C. tyrant
D. steadfast
14. intervene
A. invade
B. aggression
C. intermezzo
D. interfere
15. ferocious
A. brutishly violent
B. attacking on purpose
C. benign situation
D. obedient
16. presently
A. right away
B. now
C. deliver
D. gift
17. portion
A. pork
B. part
C. port
D. proper
18. horde
A. class
B. squad
C. company
D. throng
19. primordial
A. prime
B. introductory
C. primitive
D. element
20. smart
A. painful
B. wisdom
C. foe
D. folly
21. vestige
A. trace
B. vest
C. invest
D. privilege
22. resolve
A. solve
B. settle
C. revolve
D. determine
23. accomplish
A. accompany
B. achieve
C. compliment
D. complement
24. distinction
A. distinct
B. distinguished
C. difference
D. instinct
25. rescue
A. recover
B. queue
C. obscure
D. obscure
Ⅱ. Replace each underlined part with one word learnt in the text, the first letter of which is given:
1. Pressures made him go back to his old habit of smoking. r
2. The teacher wrote his remark of the composition in the margin. c
3. The lecture has been put off till next Friday. p
4. She still suffered in mindunder his unkind words. s
5. The men threw their spears at the enemy. h
6. I earnestly hope that you will agree with me on this issue. c
7. Don't trust him, he is as clever as a fox. c
8. He came to America as a poor immigrant but soon got rich as a merchant. p
9. It is not our aim to conquer our foe, we are interested only in establishing peaceful relations. s
10. The fine for spitting on the street is 5 yuan. p
Unit 9 Mark Twain---Mirror of America
Part I Background Information
1) General Introduction
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[3], better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American Novel,[4] and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He is extensively quoted.[5][6] During his lifetime, Twain became a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.
Twain enjoyed immense public popularity. His keen wit and incisive satire earned him praise from both critics and peers. William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature".
2) [Early Years and Life on the River 1830-1860
Mark Twain was born in Florida, Missouri on 30 November 1835, the sixth child born to Jane Lampton (1803-1890) and John Marshall Clemens (1798-1847). In 1839 the Twain family moved to their Hill Street home, now the Mark Twain Boyhood Home and Museum with its famous whitewashed fence, in the bustling port city of Hannibal, Missouri. Situated on the banks of the Mississippi river it would later provide a model for the fictitious town of St. Petersburg in Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.
When Twain’s father died in 1847 the family was left in financial straits, so eleven year old Samuel left school (he was in grade 5) and obtained his first of many jobs working with various newspapers and magazines including the Hannibal Courier as journeyman printer. “So I became a newspaperman. I hated to do it, but I couldn't find honest employment.” He also started writing, among his first stories “A Gallant Fireman” (1851) and “The Dandy Frightening the Squatter” (1852). After traveling to and working in New York and Philadelphia for a few years he moved back to St. Louis in 1857. It was here that the lure of the elegant steamboats and festive crowds drew his attention and he became an apprentice ‘cub’ river pilot under Horace Bixby, earning his license in 1858. As a successful pilot plying his trade between St. Louis and New Orleans, Twain also grew to love the second longest river in the world which he describes affectionately in his memoir Life on the Mississippi (1883).
“The face of the water, in time, became a wonderful book — a book that was a dead language to the uneducated passenger, but which told its mind to me without reserve, delivering its most cherished secrets as clearly as if it uttered them with a voice. And it was not a book to be read once and thrown aside, for it had a new story to tell every day.”
An important part of a river pilot’s craft is knowing the waters and depths, which, for the mighty Mississippi and her reefs, snags, and mud are ever changing. To ‘mark twain’ is to sound the depths and deem them safe for passage, the term adopted by Clemens as his pen name in 1863. In 1858 his brother Henry died in an explosion on the steamboat Pennsylvania. Life on the river would provide much fodder for Twain’s future works that are at times mystical, often sardonic and witty, always invaluable as insight into the human condition.
3)Beyond the Banks in the 1860’s
With the outbreak of Civil War in 1861 passage on the Mississippi was limited, so at the age of twenty-six Twain moved on from river life to the high desert valley in the silver mining town of Carson City, Nevada with his brother Orion, who had just been appointed Secretary of the Nevada Territory. He had never traveled out of the state but was excited to venture forth on the stagecoach in the days before railways, described in his semi-autobiographical novel Roughing It (1872). Twain tried his hand at mining on Jackass Hill in California in 1864, and also began a prolific period of reporting for numerous publications including the Territorial Enterprise, The Alta Californian, San Francisco Morning Call, Sacramento Union and The Galaxy. He traveled to various cities in America, met Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe and Charles Dickens in New York, and visited various countries in Europe, Hawaii, and the Holy Land which he based Innocents Abroad (1869) on. Short stories from this period include “Advice For Little Girls” (1867) and “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calavaras County” (1867).
3) Writing
Twain began his career writing light, humorous verse but evolved into a chronicler of the vanities, hypocrisies and murderous acts of mankind. At mid-career, with Huckleberry Finn, he combined rich humor, sturdy narrative and social criticism. Twain was a master at rendering colloquial speech and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature built on American themes and language. Many of Twain's works have been suppressed at times for various reasons. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been repeatedly restricted in American high schools, not least for its frequent use of the word "nigger", which was a common term when the book was written.
Unfortunately, a complete bibliography of his works is nearly impossible to compile because of the vast number of pieces written by Twain (often in obscure newspapers) and his use of several different pen names. Additionally, many believe that a large portion of his speeches and lectures have been lost or simply were not written down; thus, the collection of Twain's works is an ongoing process. Researchers have rediscovered published material by Twain as recently as 1995.[27]
Part II Detailed Discussion
1. Mirror of America: Metaphor. A mirror reflects or reveals the truth of something or somebody.
2. Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father...
Father: metaphor. Endless: hyperbole.
The whole sentence: parallelism.
Mark Twain is famous to most Americans as the creator of Hack Finn and Tom Sawyer. Hack's sailing / voyage / journey / travel on the river was so pleasant, lighthearted, carefree, simple and peaceful that it made his boyhood seem to be infinite, while Tom's independent mind and his exciting and dangerous activities made the summer seem everlasting.
3. idyllic: [i / ai] adj. of idyll, a simple happy period of life, often in the country, or a scene from such a time, a description of this, esp. a poem.
idyll [‘idil, / aidl] n. short piece of poetry or prose that
describes a happy and peaceful scene or event, esp of country life
an idyllic setting, holiday, marriage
4. cruise: A cruise is a holiday during which you travel on a ship and visit lots of places. When it is used as a verb, it means to move at a constant speed that is comfortable and unhurried.
He was on a world cruise.
cruise missile: a missile which carries a nuclear warhead and which is guided by a computer as it flies. It can be launched from the land, sea or air.
They spend the summer cruising in the Greek islands.
The taxi cruised off down the Chang'an Avenue.
cruiser: a large fast warship.
cf:
aircraft carrier, helicopter carrier, battleship, flagship, destroyer, speedboat, torpedo boat, etc.
5. every bit as: infml, just as, quite as
He is every bit as clever as you are.
I'm every bit as sorry about it as you.
6. cynical: A cynical person believes that all men are selfish. He sees little or no good in anything and shows this by making unkind and unfair remarks about people and things.
cynic: n a. person who believes that people do not do things for good, sincere or noble reasons, but only for their own advantage
b. Cynic: member of a school of ancient Greek philosophy that despised ease and comfort
a cynical remark, attitude, smile
They've grown rather cynical about democracy, ie no longer believe that it is an honest system.
7. deal, dealt: to give , to give out, to strike, to distribute
Who deals the cards next?
to deal sb. a blow
Pay attention to the sentence structure of this part: Saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, he grew cynical, bitter.
8. obsess: fill the mind continuously, AmE, to worry continuously and unnecessarily. If sth obsesses you or if you are obsessed with it or by it, you keep thinking about it over a long period of time, and find it difficult to think about anything else.
He became absolutely obsessed with a girl reporter on television.
She is obsessed by the desire to become a great scientist.
cf: preoccupy: to fill the thoughts or hold the interest of sb. almost completely, esp. so that not enough attention is given to other (present) matters.
9. frailty: a weakness of character or behaviour.
One of the frailties of human nature is laziness.
That chair looks too frail to take a man's weight.
There is only a frail chance that he will pass the examination.
10. tramp: a person who has no home or permanent job and very little money. Tramps go from place to place getting food and money by taking occasional job or begging. A woman who is thought to have sex with a lot of men is cursed to be a tramp. When used as a verb, tramp means to walk heavily in a particular direction or along roads or streets.
There's a tramp at the door begging for food.
We tramped for hours through the snow.
Don't tramp about so noisily, you'll wake everyone up.
cf: 盲流，”blind flow”, unauthorized move, persons who move without government sanction
11. pilot: a person who with special knowledge of a particular stretch of water, esp. the entrance of a harbour, and who is trained and specially employed to go on board and guide ships that use it.
A pilot is also a person who is trained to fly an aircraft.
12. Confederate States of America (1861-65), also Confederacy. the government established by the southern states of the US after their secession / official separation from the union. When president Lincoln was elected (Nov. 1860), seven states --- South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, and Texas, seceded /si'si:d/. A provisional government was set up at Montgomery, Ala, and a constitution was drafted. Later four more states--- Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee--- joined. Richmond, Va., became the capital, and Jefferson Davis and A.H. Stephens were elected president and vice president. The story of the Confederacy is the story of the loss of the Civil War. The Confederacy fell after Gen. Robert Edward Lee's surrender in Apr. 1865 to Gen. Grant at Appomattox (town in cent. Va) Courthouse.
13. guerrilla (guerilla): a member of an unofficial fight group which attacks the enemy in small groups unexpectedly.
Song of the Guerrillas
14. prospector: a person who examines the land in order to find gold, oil, etc.
15. starry: full of stars in the sky, indicating sparkling, glowing, and flashing. starry-eyed: full of unreasonable or silly hopes. If you are starry-eyed, you are so full of dreams or hopes or idealistic thoughts that you do not see how things really are.
We were all starry-eyed about visiting London.
16. acid-tongued: If sb. is acid-tongued, he makes unkind or critical remarks.
Notice that the first four expressions refer to the job he did and the last two expressions imply the characteristic feature of his personality.
17. range: to travel without any definite plan or destination, a fairly literary use.
cf: wander, range, saunter, stroll
Wander implies the absence of a fixed course or more or less indifference to a course that has been fixed or otherwise indicated. The term may imply the movement of a walker whether human or animal, but it may be used of anything capable of direction.
His eyes wandered over the landscape.
His mind wandered and he was unsure of himself.
Range may be preferred when literal wandering is not implied or when the stress is on the sweep of territory covered rather than on the form of locomotion involved.
He spent the summer ranging the world.
Animals range through the forests.
Saunter stresses a leisurely pace and in idle and carefree mind.
Stroll differs from saunter chiefly in the implications of an objective, (as sight-seeing or exercise) pursued without haste and sometimes with wandering from one place to another.
strolling (around) in the park
18. digest:
a. When you digest food, the food passes through your stomach and is broken down so that your body can use it.
Don't give the baby meat to eat, because he cannot digest it.
b. If you digest information, you think about it, understand it, and remember it.
The report contains too much to digest at one reading.
He reads rapidly but does not digest very much.
c. A digest is a collection of things that have been written, which are put together and published again in a more concise form.
The leading magazines in the U.S. include Golf Digest, Reader's Digest, and Soap Opera Digest.
19. adopt: to take and use as one's own
The US government decided to adopt a hard line towards terrorists.
Congress has adopted the new measures.
I adopted their method of making the machine.
adopt a name, a custom, an idea, a style of dress
Having no children of their own they decided to adopt an orphan / dog.
Paul's mother had him adopted because she couldn't look after him herself.
her adopted country, ie not her native country but the one in which she has chosen to live
adept: ~ (in sth); ~ (at/in doing sth)
She's adept at growing roses.
He's an adept in carpentry.
adapt ~ sth (for sth) make sth suitable for a new use, situation, etc; modify sth
This machine has been specially adapted for use underwater. This novel has been adapted for TV from the Russian original. Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark.
20. navigable: deep and wide enough to allow ships to travel.
21. popularity: the quality of being well liked, favoured, or admired
22. attest: to show to be true, to give proof of, to declare solemnly
Historic documents and ancient tombstones all attest to this.
23. main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart
artery and heart: metaphors
artery: blood vessel (a tube in your body) that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
vein: 静脉 any of the tubes carrying blood from all parts of the body to the heart
Royal blood ran in his veins.
blood vessel
Geographically, the great valley of the Mississippi River was the centre of the country which had a very short history. And most of the transportation was conducted on the river.
24. keel: a long bar along the bottom of a boat or ship from which the whole frame of the boat or ship is built up.
25. raft: floating platform made from large pieces of wood, oil-drums, etc, that are tied together. Also rubber raft.
26. commerce: the buying and selling of goods, trade. Here commodities. This is a synecdoche since it involves the
substitution of the genus for kind or whole for part.
Keelboat, flatboats and large rafts conducted the transportation of commodities in the early years of the country.
27. lumber: tree trunks, logs or planks (a long, usu. heavy piece of board, esp. one that is 2 to 6 inches thick and at least 8 inches wide) of wood that have been cut for use, but only roughly, AmE. In BrE, it is the same as timber.
28. delta country: Delta is the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet, (with 1st: alpha, 2nd: beta, 3rd: gamma, 16th: pi , last or 24th: omega ) which is shaped like a triangle. Therefore anything in the shape of a delta, esp. a deposit of sand and soil formed at the mouth of some rivers is called a delta.
29. molasses (uncount) a thick dark to light brown syrup that is separated from raw sugar in sugar manufacture.
cf: syrup: a thick sticky solution of sugar and water, often flavoured
30. westward expansion:
The massacre of the native Indians: The 1803 Louisiana Purchase (which extended from the Mississippi R. to the Rocky Mts. and from the Gulf of Mexico to British North America, doubled the area of the US) from Napoleon's France.
The 1845 Texas Annexation (which provoked the Mexican War and resulted in the acquiring of California and most of the present Southwest).
The push into Oregon in 1846 after a peaceful settlement with Britain.
Also the California Gold Rush in 1848. The discovery of gold brought more than 40,000 prospectors and adventurers there within two years. (Other gold rushes took place in Australia, 1851-53; South Africa, 1884; and the Klondike Canada 1897-98).
31. basin: A basin of a large river is the area of land around it. From the basin water and streams run down into the river. the Yellow River Basin.
The basin made up 3/4 of the populated area of the US of that time.
32. drain: to flow off gradually or completely, to cause to become gradually dry or empty. Here, metaphor, to concentrate.
33. cub: the young of various types of meat-eating wild animals, such as lion, bear
34. cast of characters: the cast of a play or a film consists of all the people who act in it
35. cosmos: the whole universe considered as an ordered system.
36. feud: long-lasting and bitter quarrel or dispute between two people or groups
the feud between Romeo's family and Juliet's
37. piracy: robbery of ships on the high seas, robbery carried out by pirates, persons who sail the seas stopping and robbing ships.
copy right piracy
pirate: a robber on the high seas
To pirate video compact disk, video tapes, cassettes or books is to copy, publish and sell them without the right to do so.
38. lynch: (esp. of a crowd of people) to attack and put to death, esp. by hanging, (a person thought to be guilty of a crime), without a lawful trial.
39. slum: an area of a city where living conditions are very bad and where all the houses are overcrowded and need to be repaired.
40. ...with the language that he soaked up with ...
soak up: to draw in by or as if by suction or absorption. If sth soaks up a liquid, it absorbs it.
The soil soaked up a huge volume of water very rapidly.
He absorbed and digested the colourful language with an astonishing good memory which seemed to be able to record things like a phonographic (gramophone).
41. Steamboat decks teemed with the main current of ...
(teem with...the main current, not very suitable)
teem with: If a place is teeming with animals or people, it is very crowded and the animals or people are moving around a lot.
The water teems with fish / thousands of organisms.
His mind teems with plans.
main current of pioneering humanity: metaphor, people with pioneering spirit who forms the majority, the main part of them were people with devotion/ dedication to open up new areas and prepare ways for others.
42. humanity: human beings in general
43. flotsam: metaphor. rubbish, wreckage such as bits of wood, plastic, and other waste materials that is floating on the sea, parts of a wrecked ship or its cargo found floating in the sea
44. hustler: a person who tries to earn money or gain an advantage from any situation they are in, often by using dishonest or illegal method. infml AmE. (US sl) prostitute
hustle: push (sb) roughly and hurriedly; jostle; shove
The police hustled the thief out of the house and into their van.
I was hustled into (making) a hasty decision.
(US sl) work as a prostitute
45. thug: a person who is very violent and rough, esp. a criminal violent criminal or hooligan, villain
46. keen:
a. sharp
He handed me a spear with a keen point.
b. (with the 5 senses, the mind, the feelings) good, strong, quick at understanding
My hearing is not as keen as it used to be.
He has a keen brain.
He is a keen observer.
c. (AmE) wanting to do sth. very much or wanting sth. to happen very much; having a great deal of enthusiasm for sth.
He takes a keen interest in his work.
They are keen on art.
I am not very much keen on detective stories.
47. perception: natural understanding
extra sensory perception
perceive: realize, notice, see or hear sth. esp. when it is not obvious to other people
He now perceived his error.
Only an artist can perceive the fine shades of colour in the painting.
Just as a good artist must have good perception of colour, a good musician must have good perception of sound.
48. trade: job, esp. one needing special skill with the hands.
What is your trade?
Several different trades are taught in this school.
They work in the cotton / tourist / shoemaking / jewellery trade.
trade union
49. acknowledge: recognize the fact, agree to the truth. If you acknowledge a fact or situation, you accept or admit that it is true or that it exists.
He acknowledge his fault.
This is a fact even our enemies abroad have to acknowledge.
Lu Xun is acknowledge as China's best writer.
He is an acknowledged expert on antique-examination.
The president stood up to acknowledge the cheers of the crowd.
Acknowledge implies making known sth. which has been concealed or kept back
acknowledge a secret marriage / one's complete ignorance of maths
Admit stresses reluctance in agreeing to the fact but not necessarily the view point
Confess implies that one feels sth. to be wrong
confess a crime / one's sin
50. acquaint: know, cause to know personally, make familiar with,
be acquainted with the mayor
You must acquainted yourself with your new duties.
I have heard about your friend but I am not acquainted with him.
I have few acquaintances there.
make acquaintance of sb. / make sb's acquaintance
Where did you make his acquaintance?
Very pleased to have made your acquaintance.
nodding acquaintance / bowing acquaintance
cf: to make friends with
51. motley: of many different types of people or things, having or composed of many different or clashing elements, varied. suggesting odd and capricious arrangement
motley coat, eg one worn by a joker
wearing a motley collection of old clothes
a motley crowd / crew, ie a group of many different types of people
a motley coat, eg one worn by a jester (formerly man whose job was to make jokes to amuse a court or noble household, the court/king's/queen's jester in former times)
52. band: a group of people joined together for a common purpose (derog.)
52. succumb: (fml) stop resisting (temptation, illness, attack, etc); yield
a. yield. If you succumb to sth. such as persuasion or desire, you are unable to stop yourself being influenced by it.
He finally succumbed to the temptation to have another drink.
The city succumbed after only a short offense.
Several children have measles(麻疹), and the others are bound to succumb to it.
b. to die (because of)
He succumbed to the disease / illness.
53. epidemic: the occurrence of a disease which affects a very large number of people living in an area and which spreads quickly to other people.
an influenza epidemic
Football hooliganism is now reaching epidemic proportions.
54. flirt: make love without serious intention.
a. If you flirt with someone, you behave as if you are sexually attracted to them, in a not very serious way.
Don't take her seriously, she is only flirting with you.
She flirts with every man in the office.
b. If you flirt with the idea of doing or having sth. , you consider doing or having it, without making any definite plans. We flirted with the idea of going abroad but decided against it.
55. rebuff: If you rebuff sb. or sb's suggestion, you refuse to listen to them or take any notice of what they are trying to say to you, even though they are trying to be helpful.
cf: refuse
The friendly dog was rebuffed by a kick
He refused / rebuffed the suggestion.
He can't refuse (vi.) / *rebuff (vt.) if you ask politely.
56. broke: adj. sl. complete without money, penniless. bankrupt.
57. to literature's enduring gratitude: If you say that sth. happens to one's surprise, relief,. horror, etc. you mean that feelings of surprise, relief, horror, etc are caused by what happens.
endure: continue to exist without any loss in quality or importance.
Certain relationships endure longer than others.
His fame will endure for ever.
Mining Strike: sudden discovery of mine
Strike: sudden discovery
58. hone: n. a stone used to sharpen knives and tools.
v. to sharpen, to hone one's wit
59. scathing: (of speech or writing) bitterly cruel in judgement, harsh, sharp and hurtful; cutting, scornful.
She could be...scathing in her criticism.
His scathing rejection of violence.
60. column:
a. tall pillar, usu. round and made of stone, either supporting part of the roof of a building or standing alone as a monument
b. one of two or more vertical sections of printed material on a page
Each page of this dictionary has two columns of text.
c. an article by a particular writer, that regularly appears in a newspaper or magazine
the fashion / motoring / financial, etc column
columnist: journalist who regularly writes an article commenting on politics, current events, etc for a newspaper or magazine a political columnist
61. ring familiarly in modern world accustomed to trend setting on the West Coast: produced a familiar impression on people in modern world. People in the modern world (people in the settled United States, people on the East coast and along the Mississippi River) are now used to following the ways of doing things of the West Coast.
be accustomed to: be in the habit of, be used to, be familiar with
He is accustomed to working hard.
You will soon get accustomed to that kind of thing.
He was not accustomed to LEAVE home during the winter.
cf:
be (get, become, grow) accustomed to = be used to + n., pron.,
But
a. be accustomed to + v:
He was not accustomed to leave home during the winter.
He is not accustomed to work under such noisy condition.
b. accustomed can be used as an attribute:
He sat in his accustomed chair.
her accustomed smile, his accustomed attitude of optimism
c. accustom oneself
He has to accustom himself to the cold weather.
62. trend: a general direction or course of development movement attitudes fashion etc. tendency.
Today's trend is toward less formal clothing.
Young women are always interested in the trends of fashion.
If someone sets a trend, they do something that becomes accepted or fashionable, and that is copied by a lot of other people.
trendy: very fashionable and modern
He was into jazz long before it became trendy.
63. It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up...
get up: arrange, or perform. If you get something up, you organize something such as a public event, esp. with very little preparation. a rather old-fashioned expression.
Who is going to get up the concert?
The students got up a countrywide campaign in support of the nuclear disarmament.
64. astound: to shock with surprise
65. enterprise: a plan, business, task, something daring and difficult, undertaking
66. rush through: to complete (a job) hastily.
We will try to rush the contract / your order through before Saturday.
67. dash: a combination of bravery and style, a mixture of stylishness, enthusiasm and courage, vigorous and spirited She conducted the orchestra with a great deal of fire and dash.
Other meanings:
100-meter dash
The dash is longer than the hyphen.
68. recklessness
reck: (negative or interrogative only) care or mind
They recked little of the danger.
reckless: Someone who is reckless shows a complete lack of care about danger or about the results of their actions. A reckless person is one who does things without thinking about what the results might be.
Some of the young motorcyclists are very reckless.
69. consequence: result, outcome
CONSEQUENCE suggests a direct but looser or more remote connection with a cause than RESULT, sometimes implying an adverse or calamitous effect and often suggesting a chain of intermediate causes or a complexity of effect.
The consequence was that he caught a bad cold.
The rise in lung cancers is a consequence of cigarette smoking.
CONSEQUENCE may mean 后果：
The consequence of the flood is still under estimation. Some films may have / produce bad consequences.
Do you know what consequence of your decision will be?
Someone or sth. that is of consequence is important or valuable.
cf:
RESULT implies a direct relationship with an antecedent action or condition, usu. suggests an effect that terminates the operation of a cause, and applies to concrete objects.
His limp was the result of an automobile accident.
The results of the research are to be published soon.
The fire was the result of carelessness.
The result of the match was 1 - 0.
OUTCOME, though often interchangeable with result, may put less stress on the notion of finality than result.
These were a direct outcome of the strike.
The outcome of the war was doubtful.
This book was the outcome of a tremendous amount of scientific work.
What was the outcome of your interview?
Five minutes from the end, the outcome of the match was still in doubt.
When meaning something that happens or exists because of sth. else that has happened, result is equal to consequence.
The result / consequence was …
Twice he followed his own advice, with disastrous results / consequences.
When meaning the final situation that exists after a public event, result is equal to outcome.
Compare:
The consequence of the war is doubtful.(后果)
The outcome of the war is doubtful. (结局)
Consequence: (fml) importance
He may be a man of consequence in his own country, but he’s nobody here.
70. all over: in every respect, thoroughly, what one would expect of the person specified
She is her mother all over.
That sounds like my sister all over.
It was these pioneers that brought California a reputation. California was made famous for organizing / starting / establishing surprising businesses / undertakings and developing / completing them with magnificent / great bravery and courage, without caring cost or outcome / effect / result. And California keeps this fame until now. When she makes plans for a new surprise, the dull, solemn, dignified people in other parts of the States smile as usual and say: "Well, That's typical of California, That's just like California."
71. notations: a brief note jotted down, as to remind one of something
The Duchess found the notation left by the Duke.
In this text notation and entry, are used synonymously.
72. genius: (pl. geniuses) exceptionally great mental or creative ability
a man of genius
Einstein was a mathematical genius.
He is hard-working and able, but no genius.
73. celebrated: well-known, famous, stresses reception of public notice or attention and frequent mention
a celebrated actress, writer, pianist, etc
Burgundy is celebrated for its fine wines.
celebrate:
a. mark (a happy or important day, event, etc) with festivities and rejoicing
celebrate Christmas, sb's birthday, a wedding anniversary, a victory, success, etc
b. enjoy oneself in some way on such an occasion
It's my birthday, let's celebrate! eg with alcoholic drink.
c. (fml) to praise (sb/sth); honour
Odysseus's heroic exploits are celebrated in `The Odyssey'.
celebrity: famous person
celebrities of stage and screen
74. slope: surface that is at an angle of less than 90 to the earth's surface or a flat surface, an area of rising or falling ground
mountain slopes
the slope of a roof
a slight / steep slope
ski slopes
The field slopes (away) to the east.
Does your handwriting slope forwards or backwards?
75. distinct: easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definite
The footprints are quite distinct; they must be fresh.
~ (from sth) different in kind; separate
Although they look similar, these plants are actually quite distinct.
Mozart's style is quite distinct from Haydn's.
76. sort: group or class of people or things (which are alike in some way); type
He's the sort of person I really dislike.
What sort of paint are you using?
We can't approve of this sort of thing / these sorts of things/things of this sort.
of a sort / of sorts: (infml. derog.) of a poor or inferior type
They served coffee of a sort.
It was a meal of sorts, but nobody enjoyed it.
a sort of sth: (infml) vague, unexplained or unusual type of sth
I had a sort of feeling he wouldn't come.
sort of (infml) to some extent; in some way or other
I sort of thought this might happen.
You sort of twist the ends together.
77. -logue: (also) -log.
a. Forming nouns with the senses “talk, kind of discourse” as dialogue, monologue, etc., and (occas.) compilation? as catalogue etc.
b. = -LOGIST, as ideologue (ideologist) 思想家, Sinologue Sinologist,汉学家 etc.
78. sore: (of a part of the body) hurting when touched or used; tender and painful; aching, hurting, irritated, serious, severe
a sore knee, throat, etc
My leg is still very sore.
She feels sore about not being invited to the party.
Your financial help is sorely needed.
She was sorely missed at the reunion.
79. unimpressed: If you are unimpressed by sb. or sth, you do not think they are very good, or worth your attention.
impress: ~ sb (with sth) have a favourable effect on sb; make sb feel admiration and respect
The sights of the city never fail to impress foreign tourists. The girl impressed her fiancé’s family with her liveliness and sense of humour.
We were most impressed with / by your efficiency.
80. debunk: (infml) to point out the truth about (over-praised people, things, ideas, etc). You debunk an idea or belief, you show that it is false or not important.
debunk fashionable opinions
bunk: sl. nonsense
Don't talk bunk!
de: to remove from
debunk: to remove the nonsense
bunk: narrow bed built into a wall like a shelf, eg on a ship; also bunk bed, one of a pair of single beds, fixed one above the other, esp for children
81. revered: (fml) to give great respect and admiration to
He was a revered figure with a great national reputation.
They revered him.
cf:
reverend: (only used before the noun it modifies)
His Venerable Reverend Chairman Mao
the Very / Right / Most Reverend John Morris (respectful address to a catholic father, bishop or archbishop)
reverie: jolting me out of my sad reverie (dreamy thinking)
82. version: a form of sth in which certain details are different of have been changed from the previous forms.
Did you read the short or full version of the book?
There have been several translations of the Bible, including the Authorized Version and the Revised Version.
83. innocent: simple, not able to recognize evil. An innocent is a person who is inexperienced and ignorant about the more complex, evil or unpleasant aspects of life.
He was a financial genius but a political innocent.
One is innocent before found guilty.
a trusting innocent child
84. earnest: determined and serious, perhaps too serious. Someone who is earnest is very sincere and serious in what they say or do, believing that their actions are important and often unable to see when something is funny or ridiculous.
She was an earnest but clumsy nurse.
Are you joking or in earnest?
It soon began to snow in real earnest. (very hard)
85. classic: n / adj. having the highest quality; of the first or highest class or rank; serving as a standard, model, or guide, well know, esp as the best example
cf:
classical: being in accordance with ancient Greek or Roman models in literature or art, simple but good. classical music as opposed to popular, jazz, or folk music.
四书(大学，中庸，论语，孟子): The Four Books (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius)
五经(诗经，书经，易经，礼记，春秋): The Five Classics (The Book of Songs, The Book of History, The Book of Changes, The Book of Rites, and The Spring and Autumn Annals)
86. shape: outer form or appearance; outline of an area, a figure, etc.
a dress that hasn't got much shape
He's a devil in human shape.
She's in good shape after months of training.
What shape is the team in after its defeat?
I've been jogging a lot to get myself into shape.
You'll never be in shape until you eat less and take more exercise.
87. mischievous: irresponsibly playful, eager to have fun, esp. by embarrassing people or by playing harmless tricks (sometimes appreciative)
cf:
naughty: behaving badly and disobediently
cheeky: (infml) rude and disrespectful
cunning: showing or having cleverness in deceiving
A mischievous child is often naughty but does not do any real harm.
He was continually being called in before the principal for his mischievous deeds.
88. ingenuity: skill and cleverness in making or arranging things
The boy showed ingenuity when solving the difficult maths problem.
in’genious: clever at finding new or simple solutions for complex problems
So you fitted that wire through that little hole there: that's very ingenious!
ingenious at solving difficult crossword puzzles
an ingenious device, gadget, etc. such as a pencil sharpener, a can opener, a water melon seeds cracker, etc.
89. puritan: (ad. / n. usu. derog) a person who has rather hard fixed standards of behaviour and self-control and thinks any kind of pleasure is unnecessary or wrong.
member of the party of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who wanted simpler forms of church ceremony
(usu derog.) person who is extremely strict in morals and who tends to regard pleasure as sinful
90. flight: action or process of flying through the air; ability to fly
the age of supersonic flight
movement or path of a thing through the air
the flight of an arrow, a dart, a missile, etc
~ (of sth) number of birds, insects, etc flying together or of arrows released together
a flight of geese / a flight of arrows
series of stairs between two floors or landings
There was no lift and we had to climb six flights of stairs.
91. panorama:
a. a complete view of a wide stretch of land
b. continuously changing view or scene
c. a thorough representation in words or picture
This book gives a panorama of life in Shenzhen.
92. pace: speed, esp. of walking or running
at a good, fast, slow, walking, etc pace
She slowed down her pace so I could keep up with her.
He gave up his job in advertising because he couldn't stand the pace, ie found the pressure of work too great.
rate of progress or development, esp of an activity, rhythm
the pace of change in the electronics industry.
This novel lacks pace, ie Its plot develops too slowly.
Are wages keeping pace with inflation?
93. energy-sapping
sap: gradually weaken sb/sth by taking away (strength, vitality, etc)
I was sapped by months of hospital treatment.
She's been sapped of her optimism.
Stop sapping her confidence!
Lack of planning is sapping the company’s efficiency.
94. clamour: a continuous loud strong demand or complaint, din. It stresses the psychological effect of noises. It usu.
implies disturbance and is applicable to a combination of sounds or a scene that is excessively noisy.
The government made that decision in defiance of the public clamour.
a clamour for revenge
The public are clamouring for a change of government.
The baby clamoured to be fed.
95. edge: sharp cutting part of a blade, knife, sword, or some other tool or weapon
a knife with a sharp edge
(line marking the) outside limit or boundary of a solid (flat) object, surface or area
the edge of a coin, plate, record
He fell off the edge of the cliff.
Don't put that glass on the edge of the table.
give sb / get the (rough) edge of one's / sb's tongue: (infml) speak to sb / be spoken to by sb angrily, rudely, critically, etc
Her pupils often got the rough edge of her tongue when they disobeyed her.
renew our edges: to remodeling, resharpening our edges, or to recharge the battery
96. haunt: to visit, appearing in a strange form, be always in the thought of. A ghost or spirit haunts a place or a people. it appears in the place or is seen by the person and frightens them.
The old house is said to be haunted by a headless ghost.
A spirit haunts the castle.
This is one of the cafes I used to haunt.
The memory still haunts me.
This pub is a favourite haunt of artists.
97. -itis: disease or inflammation
bronchitis, appendicitis, hepatitis (of liver), gastritis (of stomach), nephritis (of kidney)
98. 'epilepsy: a disease of the brain which causes sudden attacks of uncontrolled violent movement and loss of consciousness
99. Bitterness fed on the man who…
Bitterness consumed the man, exhausted, used up all the energy of the man…
Here a personification or metaphor is involved.
feed on sth: be nourished or strengthened by sth
Hatred feeds on envy. 因妒生恨
100. pad: to protect or make sth more comfortable by covering or filling with soft material
a jacket with padded shoulders
He padded the seat of the chair with some foamed plastics.
n. anything made or filled with a soft material used to protect sth. or make it more comfortable, or to fill out a shape Get a pad to sit / lie on.
The football player wore a pad on his knee.
a shoulder pad
a writing pad
101. Now the gloves came off with biting satire.
glove / mitten
the gloves are off: sb is ready for a fight
(be) hand in glove: working in close association
He was found to be hand in glove with the enemy.
an iron fist/hand in a velvet glove: an appearance of gentleness concealing severity, determination, etc
If you describe sb. as having an iron fist in a velvet glove, you mean that they hide a firm and determined personality behind a gentle and quiet manner.
glove puppet: kind of puppet worn on the hand and worked by the fingers
bite:
a. cut into with the teeth
That dog just bit me in the leg.
Stop biting your nails!
badly bitten by mosquitoes / a snake
Once bitten, twice shy.
I tried to sell him my old car, but he wouldn't bite, ie he
b. criticize sb angrily (and often unfairly)
I was only five minutes late but she really bit my head off.
biting: causing a smarting pain
a biting wind
(of remarks) sharply critical; cutting
biting sarcasm
satire: Satire is ridicule or irony or sarcasm that is used, esp. in plays and novels, to show how foolish or wicked some people's behaviour or ideas are.
Now Mark Twain threw away the pretended softness and gentleness he used to adopt and became very candid, frank, outspoken, ruthless, merciless, bitter and sarcastic.
102. illusion: the condition of seeing things wrongly
An illusion is an idea or belief which you think is true but is in fact false.
The magician made us think he cut a woman in half, but it was an illusion.
Perfect happiness is an illusion.
Love is a big illusion.
103. vanish: to disappear, go out of sight, cease to exist
Vanish implies a complete, often mysterious, and usually sudden passing. It commonly suggests absence of all trace or of any clue
The thin mysterious woman passenger vanished.
The ship vanished over the horizon.
As soon as you put the dog-skin plaster on, your pain will vanish.
Our hope vanished suddenly.
Disappear stresses only the passing from sight or thought.
I watched him until he disappeared from sight.
Fade, often with out or away, implies a gradual diminution in clearness and distinctness until the thing becomes invisible. The blue rug has faded over the years.
As evening came the coastline faded into darkness.
His hopes faded.
104. crumble: be broken or rubbed into very small pieces
crumble one's bread,
The bricks slowly crumbled in the long frost.
The great empire began to crumble.
Their marriage is crumbling.
105. lament: If you lament sth., you express your sadness, regret or disappointment about it.
They lamented the death of their mother.
We could hear her laments through the closed door.
His examination results were lamentable.
a lamentable performance
106. vary: differ
People vary very much in their ideas.
Opinions vary on this point.
These apples vary in size from small to medium
Vary and differ
Interchangeable
People vary / differ very much in their ideas.
Differ stresses the fact of unlikeness in kind or nature or in opinion, but does not indicate (except through the context) the extent or degree of divergence.
Vary, though often interchangeable with differ, may call attention to readily apparent differences and sometimes suggests a range of differences.
Un-interchangeable
Wisdom differs from cunning.
They differ from us, they stand for capitalism.
It varies from the original.
This marigold(金盏花)varies from the norm in being giant-sized.
(Vary is not often found to be followed by from except in the above cases.)
Compare:
A varies with B: A changes when B changes.
Our style will vary with our changes in mood.
The colour of the fruit varies with age.
I differ with you in this matter.
He differs with the other members of his party on this issue.
The two parties differ very sharply from each other over the correct remedies to apply.
Differences:
Vary:
If one varies sth., he deliberately makes changes in them.
You can vary the pressure at will.
You should vary your diet.
vary between …and / vary from …to
Consumption of domestic fuel oil varies between / from 150 gallons a month at the height of winter and / to practically nothing in July-August.
Differ: If people differ about sth., they don’t agree with each other about it.
We differ about moral standards.
This is basically where we differ.
If people agree to differ, they agree to accept the fact that they will never have the same opinion about it.
You say “I beg to differ” when you want to say politely that you disagree with someone.
variant: different form, as of a word, phrase, or part of a story or piece of writing
The plant is a variant of the common type.
The song is just a variant of an old folk tune.
"Favor" is the American variant of the British "favour".
variable:
a. changeable, not steady, not staying the same (connotation: uncertainty, unpredictability)
His mood / temper is variable.
The winds today will be light and variable.
b. able to be changed deliberately, that can be intentionally varied
The amount of heat produced by this electrical apparatus is variable at will by turning a small handle.
a variable standard
variation: an example of change
There are many variations of this story.
It was a variation from my usual work.
variety:
a. difference of condition or quality
We demand more variety for our food.
b. type
There are several varieties of red roses.
varied: when meaning different, the stress is on laid on "full of change"
He had had a varied training, had held many offices.
There is a dining-room that will seat 200 persons, and the menu is varied and cheap.
various: when meaning different, the stress is on "difference"
His reasons for leaving were many and various.
We have various types of radios.
Part III Quiz
Ⅰ. Word explanation
1. range
A. to launch
B. to wander
C. to seek
D. to wonder
2. cruise
A. voyage
B. crowd
C. cloud
D. boat
3. profound
A. perfect
B. deep
C. proud
D. desirable
4. frailty
A. weakness
B. stiffness
C. frugality
D. fracture
5. core
A. centre
B. thread
C. edge
D. front
6. obsess
A. to process
B. to observe
C. to occupy
D. to absorb
7. attest
A. to prove
B. to arrest
C. to attend
D. to progress
8. cosmos
A. custom
B. system
C. universe
D. course
9. slum
A. a piece of ground going up or down
B. a city area of dirty, poor living condition
C. an area of soft wet land
D. the entire tract of country drained by a river
10. perception
A. understanding
B. conception
C. entrance
D. percentage
11. rebuff
A. to puff
B. to oppose
C. to refuse
D. to reprove
12. debunk
A. to retell
B. to expose
C. to impress
D. to describe
13. flirt
A. to fling over
B. to play with
C. to throw away
D. to point at
14. ingenuity
A. stupidity
B. reality
C. cleverness
D. truth
15. deplore
A. to look for
B. to ask for
C. to be in lack of
D. to be sorry about
16. long and tiring
A. scathing
B. cynical
C. tedious
D. abundant
17. good, strong, quick at understanding
A. keen
B. revered
C. earnest
D. puritanical
18. the state of intellectually deceived or misled
A. vanish
B. ambition
C. illusion
D. dreary
19. importance with respect to power to produce an effect
A. consequence
B. sultan
C. clamour
D. providence
20. a prevailing tendency or inclination
A. epidemic
B. trend
C. gratitude
D. climax
Ⅱ.Replace each underlined part with one word learnt in the text, the first letter of which is given:
1. You can't expect him too much. He is just a teenager. j
2. The naughty boy of ten got our room messed up. m
3. We really miss the life in the countryside years ago, it was simple and pleasant. i
4. The St. Lawrence River is suitable for ships to travel from the Great Lakes to the sea. n
5. A wide and uninterrupted view was shown in the beginning of the movie. p
Unit 10 The Trial That Rocked the World
Part I Background Information
A. Religions
Laity: those members (Laymen) of a religious group who are without the special training of priests or other religious officeholders
Clergy: the people (Clergyman) who are members of esp. the Christian priesthood and who are allowed to perform religious services
God: the Deity, the Divinity, Holy One, Jehovah, the Lord, Providence, the Almighty, and the Creator.
There is only one God in heaven or maybe in the world. But the belief in God has developed three religious sections, namely, Christianity, Judaism and Islam.
Christianity is divided into several sections, the Roman Catholic, the Protestant and the Orthodox Eastern Church. They believe in trinity, that is, God is the Holy Father, the holy son and the holy spirit/ghost, with Jesus Christ as its incarnation.
The Roman Catholic Church has a very strict organization, with Pope as its supreme leader, and cardinal, archbishop, bishop and priest (catholic father) under him successively. These clergies are not allowed to get married all their lives. People who belong to Roman Catholic Church have a tradition of going to church services every week.
For Protestants, things are not so rigorous. They can worship God at home. Pastors, ministers and clergymen can get married. They don't have a supreme governing body as the Roman Catholics do. For Roman Catholics, you can only talk to God by way of a church, confessing your sins in the confessional to a priest who grants you absolution in the name of God, but the Protestant believe they can talk directly to God. Denominations of Protestants are Anglican, Baptist, Presbyterian, etc.
Orthodox Eastern Church has another divine creature to worship, the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Roman Catholic and Orthodox Eastern members draw cross on their chests, while Protestants do not.
There are other people who claim themselves followers of God, too. Christian Science, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism (Latter Day Saints) etc.
Abraham: the first great Patriarch of Israel. Wife Sarah. At 75, Sarah presented Abraham (then 85) her Egyptian maidservant, Hegar. Hagar bore a son named Ishmael. God sent an angel to Hagar and promised her that Ishmael would have uncounted descendants. Ishmael was the father of a namadic nation which lived in northern Arabia. Modern-day Arabs claim descent from Ishmael. At the age of 90, Sarah gave birth to Isaac (Abraham was now 100 years old). Sarah died at 127. God promised to make Abraham’s descendants a great nation that would become God’s chosen People. Isaac, who was circumcised on the 8th day after his birth, was Abraham’s rightful heir.
Judaism doesn't believe in Jesus Christ. They believe in Moses who led them away from persecutions of the Egyptians, and they suppose that God will come to the world one day in the future. Their prophets include King David and his son Solomon who was famous for his wealth and wisdom. They think that God had granted them a place of inhabitancy, the Promised Land which is the nowadays Israel. Jewish people have suffered religious discrimination by Christians over the long run of history. The Jewish people were not allowed to own land or serve at any government offices.
While sharing the same God with the Christians and Jews, the Islamic believe in Muhammad, who is the last of the prophets (Adam, Noah (Adam’s 9th generation grandson), Abraham, Moses and Jesus being the others), and that there will be a final judgment at the end of the world. Heaven awaits the faithful and hell the infidels. They call God Allah, and their bible is Koran. Their sacred symbol is not the cross but a crescent. A Moslem/Moslem/Muslim must make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca, birthplace of Muhammad, their holy city in Saudi Arabia. The Islamic are divided into two groups, Shiite who believe Muhammad's successor was his cousin and son-in-law Ali, and Sunnis who believe Ali was only one and the last of Muhammad's four successors. Most Iranians are Shiite while 85% of all Moslems are Sunnis.
B. American governing system
In the US, the power is divided between three agencies, with law-making power given to legislature (parliament: Congress and Senate), executive (the president and his administration) and judicial (the Federal Supreme Court which is composed of 9 members, the chief justice and eight associate justices, named by the president, subject to Senate confirmation).
Civil Law: part of a country's set of laws which is concerned with the private affairs of citizens or legal/juridical persons, for example marriage, business contracts, property ownership, etc rather than with crime.
Criminal Law: body of law that defines offences against the state and regulates their prosecution and punishment. Criminal offences range from traffic tickets to major crimes like hijacking and murder.
State courts:
a. local trial courts (magistrates courts for minor cases)
b. general trial courts
c. state supreme court
Federal courts:
a. limited states district court: the jurisdiction of the federal courts is basically limited by the US constitution to cases based on federal law and to controversies between citizens of different states. The whole nation is divided geographically into more than 90 areas, in each of which is a "limited states district Court".
b. limited states courts of appeal: Above the "limited States District Courts" are 11 "limited States Courts of Appeal".
c. the Federal Supreme Court, which consists of 9 justices (not judges).
Jury: A group of laymen, called jurors, summoned to study the evidence and determine the facts in a dispute tried in a court of law. The formally produced evidence is considered the basis for decision by an objective jury. The use of the jury system is an important protection against judicial and administrative tyranny and is provided in most criminal and civil cases. A grand jury of 12 to 23 members usually considers the evidence and determines whether a trial is justified. A petty jury, usually of 12 members, sits at the trial proper and, after hearing the evidence, reaches a verdict. Traditionally, the verdict was required to be unanimous, but today some states allow majority verdicts.
lawyer: general term designating a person authorized to practice law in the courts or to serve clients as legal agent or adviser.
COUNSELOR/COUNSELLOR: a lawyer in the US who has acquired the right to plead causes in open court or whose specialty is conducting and arguing court cases. The corresponding British term is BARRISTER. COUNSEL may be used as the equivalent of COUNSELOR, but it is also a collective noun.
ATTORNEY is often used in the US as equivalent to lawyer, but the term may be used more precisely to denote a legal agent who acts for a client as in settling wills, or defending or prosecuting a case in court. In England the term is SOLICITOR who can only serve in a magistrate.
Prosecutor: the person (often a lawyer) who brings a criminal charge against sb. in a court of law, or who represents in court the person who is bringing a criminal; charge against sb.
Plaintiff: a person who brings a charge against sb. (defendant) in court (of civil law)
Defendant: a person in a law trial against whom a charge is brought
the Accused: a person who is charged with doing wrong, a crime, etc.
C. Bible
Name of the Christian Scriptures, consisting of the Old Testament and the New Testament. The traditional view is that the Bible was written under the guidance of God and is , therefore, entirely true. Interpretation of the Bible is a main point of difference between Protestantism, which holds that individual have the right to interpret the Bible for themselves, and Roman Catholicism, which teaches that individuals may read the Bible only as interpreted by the church.
Testament: a covenant/formal solemn agreement between God and man
Old Testament: Christian name for the Hebrew Bible, the first portion of the Christian Bible.
Genesis, first book of the Old Testament. It tells the origin of the world and of man, including the stories of man's disobedience and fall, Cain and Abel, and Noah; the career of God's special servant Abraham, including the sacrifice of Isaac, and Abraham's journey to Canaan and God's promises to him. etc. Sources of Genesis include Babylonian and Egyptian folklore. Controversy over its interpretation and literary history has been extensive.
New Testament: the distinctively Christian portion of the Bible, consisting of 27 books including four biographies of Jesus, namely the Gospels, Matthew, Mark,. Luke, and John; a history of missionary activities, the Acts of the Apostles; and 21 letters written by or to apostles.
Gospel: Greek word for good news. the first four books of the New Testament. Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke and John were entitled Evangelist, meaning the one who preaches the gospel. The title is now applied to Protestant preachers who preach personal conversion.
fundamentalism: conservative religious movement that arose among members of various Protestant denominations early in the 20th cent. its aim is to maintain traditional interpretations of the Bible and what believed to be the fundamental doctrines of the Christian faith. Nowadays this word can apply to other religion.
Part II Detailed Study
1. buzz: a noise of a low hum, low confused whisper
2. sweltering: very hot, causing unpleasantness, torrid, sultry
3. counsel: a group of one or more lawyers (barristers) acting for someone in a court of law
The judge asked counsel for the defence to explain his point.
Counsel are agreed.
cf:
council: a group of people appointed or elected to make laws, rules, or decisions
The General Secretary of the UN Security Council
the Premier of the State Council
councillor: a member of a council
counsellor (AmE counselor):
a. (AmE) lawyer
b. adviser
a beauty counsellor; a marriage guidance counsellor
4. prosecution: the act of bringing a criminal charge against sb. in a court of law
5. silver-tongued: (lit.) able to give fine persuading speeches, eloquent
6. orator: a good public speaker, a person who delivers an oration (formal and solemn public speeches)
7. nominee: a person who has been nominated, who has been named officially for election to a position, office, honour, etc. a Nobel Prize nominee / a presidential nominee
8. bring about: cause
Scientists have brought about great changes in our lives.
9. involve: to cause sb. to become connected or concerned
Don't involve other people in your mistakes.
We are all involved, whether we like it or not.
10. testify: to make s solemn statement, esp. under oath in a court of law, of what is true
The witnesses testify / give evidence in the law court.
One witness testified that he's seen the prisoner run out of the bank after it had been robbed.
The stolen goods in his home testified to his guilt.
11. on hand: available, present,
cf: within reach: the distance one can reach;
at hand: near in time or place
Always have your dictionary on hand / within reach / at hand when you study.
Please be on hand at 12 sharp.
I have a great deal of important work on hand.
All his old friends will be on hand / present to see Jack receive the medal of honour.
I want you to be at hand / near during my interview with the boss of the company.
The post office is close at hand.
12. reassure: comfort and make free from fear, stop worrying often by saying sth. kind or friendly
The doctor reassured the sick man about his health.
She won't believe it in spite of all our reassurance.
cf: assure: try to cause to believe or trust in sth.; promise
The captain assured the passengers that there was no danger.
13. erupt: (of a volcano) to explode and pour out fire
Here, emerge, happen quickly, come down upon unexpectedly and violently; I was suddenly engulfed by the whole affair.
14. adhere to: to favour strongly and remain with, be faithful to an idea, opinion, and belief, etc.; stick firmly to; to hold or support
The wallpaper won't adhere to the ceiling.
They adhere to the contract.
He resolutely adhered to what he had said at the meeting.
adhere to the four cardinal / fundamental principles
ADHERE usually implies deliberate or voluntary acceptance, as of the creed of a church, the platform of a political party, or the doctrines of a philosopher.
He liked a certain order in his life, when he had made a plan, he liked to adhere to it.
Persist: to continue firmly in spite of opposition or warning. This word implies a virtue. It more often suggests a disagreeable or annoying quality, for it stresses stubbornness more than courage or patience and frequently implies opposition to advice, disapproval, or one's own conscience.
persist in working when ill
persist in doing / * adhere to doing
If you persist in misbehaving, you'll be punished.
Persist: vi, to continue to exist
The bad weather will persist all over the country.
The smell persisted even after we cleaned the room.
insist: a. to declare firmly (when opposed), b. to order
He insisted on writing at once.
He insisted that she (should) be present.
adhesive: substance such as a glue.
15. prohibit: to forbid, to ban, used long in reference to laws, regulations that it tends to connote restraints imposed for the good of all or for the sake of orderly procedure.
to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors / pornographic literature or video tapes / prostitution / visiting prostitutes / smoking in public places, etc.
cf:
FORBID is more direct and familiar, while PROHIBIT is more formal or official; they do not widely differ in their essential implications, for they both imply the exercise of authority or the existence of conditions which prevent with similar imperativeness. However, FORBID carries so strong a connotation of expected obedience that it is preferred when the order is that of one in authority (as a parent, a master, an employer or a physician).
to forbid a child to leave the house.
His health forbade the use of tobacco.
16. violate: to disregard or act against sth. solemnly promised, accepted as right
The actress violated the terms of her contract.
This is considered as a violation of the Constitution.
If you violate someone's privacy or peace, you disturb it.
17. legality: the condition of being lawful; lawfulness
The legality of this action will be decided by the court.
18. indict: to indict sb. for a crime means to charge them with it officially
Five men were caught at the scene and indicted.
cf:
ACCUSE, CHARGE
These three words denote in common to declare a person guilty of a fault or offence.
While ACCUSE is typically immediate and personal, CHARGE frequently connotes seriousness in the offence and formality in the declaration.
One may ACCUSE a bystander of trying to pick one's pocket. That is an ACCUSATION which may become a formal CHARGE before a magistrate. One may also ACCUSE a man OF cheating which one personally resents.
One CHARGE a man WITH cheating which is an example of breaking the rules of a game.
INDICT adds to CHARGE in legal context the implication of a formal consideration of the evidence by a grand jury and the implication of a decision that the accused person should be called to trial. One INDICTS a man FOR theft.
TO PROSECUTE sb. FOR theft is for a lawyer to represent in court the person who is bringing a criminal charge against sb.
19. anticipate: (sometimes considered nonstandard) to expect, to see what will happen and act as necessary, often to stop sb. else doing sth.
We are not anticipating that there will be much trouble.
We anticipate that the enemy would try to cross the river and so seized the bridge.
20. FAMOUS, FAME, RENOWNED, CELEBRATED, are comparable when meaning known far and wide among men.
FAMOUS and FAMED apply chiefly to men, events and things that are much talked of or are widely or popularly known throughout a country or continent or a cultural tradition. They also imply favourable reputation.
RENOWNED implies more glory or honour and more widespread acclamation than either FAMOUS OR FAMED. It is often employed as a stronger or more emphatic term than FAMOUS with little actual difference in meaning except for a suggestion of greater longevity of fame.
CELEBRATED stresses reception of popular or public notice or attention and frequent mention, esp. in print.
21. festoon: If you festoon sth. with decorations, lights or other things, you spread or hang these things over it in large numbers in order to decorate it.
The garden was festooned with coloured lights.
22. sprout: to grow or come out, appear and spread rapidly.
n. new growth of a plant, shoot
bean sprouts / bamboo shoots
23. rickety: weak in joints and likely to break
rickety old man / stairs / cart
24. evangelist: one who preaches the gospel (good news)
25. exhort: urge earnestly or advise strongly sb. to do sth.
to exhort sb. to do good / to work harder, etc.
26. cheer: support and encourage, shout in praise, approval or support
Every time a Chinese runner won a race the crowd cheered.
The crowd cheered their favourite horse.
27. infidel: (old & derog.) (used esp. in former times by Christians and Muslims of each other) someone ho does not follow one's own religion, unbeliever
28. draw up: to form and usu. write
to draw up a plan / a contract
29. florid: (of a person's face) having a red skin
30. paunchy: (derog. and humour) (esp. of a man) having a fat stomach, pot belly
31. attorney-general: chief law officer and legal expert of the government of a state or the US
32. shrewd: clever in judgement, esp. of what is to one's own advantage, and an exceptional ability to see below the surface. It always connotes hard-headedness.
a shrewd lawyer who knows all the tricks
He is a shrewd and sometimes ruthless adversary.
33. steep: soak, to let sth. stay in a liquid for softening, bringing out a taste etc.
Steep the coffee (vt.)
Leave the coffee to steep for 5 minutes (vi.)
soak up (vi. + adv.) draw in by or as if by suction or absorption
The soil soaked up a huge volume of water very rapidly.
Mark Twain soaked up the colourful language.
steeped in: thoroughly filled or familiar with.
a place steeped in mystery, a mind steeped in law
steep: adj. rising or falling quickly or at a sharp angle.
a steep rise in price; a steep drop in living conditions
an old house with steep stairs; the steepest part of a hill
34. agnostic: person who believes that one can only have knowledge of material things and that nothing is or can be known about God or life after death
cf: atheist: person who doubts the existence of God
infidel: see above
35. call
call for sth: require, demand or need sth
The situation calls for prompt action.
I've been promoted. This calls for a celebration!
a call for sth: request or demand for sth
The President made a call for national unity.
There were calls for the Prime Minister's resignation from the Opposition parties.
need or occasion for sth
There isn't much call for such things these days.
There was no call for such rudeness.
There is no call for being hasty.
(in card-games) player's bid or turn to bid
It's your call, partner.
a call of nature: (euph) need to urinate or defecate
a port of call: place where a ship stops during a voyage, place where a person goes or stops, esp during a journey The visiting politician's first port of call was the new factory.
call-box = telephone-box (telephone)
call-girl: prostitute who makes appointments by telephone
35. growl /au/: (of animal) to make a deep rough sound in the throat to show anger or give warning, (of person) to say sth. in a low rough and rather angry voice.
The dog growled at me.
He growled out a demand to her to stop.
36. preliminary: coming before and introducing or preparing for sth. more important, introductory, preparatory
37. spar: to box without hitting hard, as in practice (between SPARRING PARTNERS) or in testing an opponent's defence.
argue or dispute (with sb), usu in a friendly way
The children are sparring with each other.
sparring-partner: person with whom a boxer spars as part of training.
person with whom one enjoys frequent, usu friendly, arguments
They've been sparring-partners ever since they were at school together.
38. drawl: to speak or say slowly with vowels greatly lengthened
drawl out one’s words
39. ignorance: lack of knowledge
Poverty, disease and ignorance remain major world problems.
If he did wrong, it was from/ through ignorance.
We are in complete ignorance of his plans.
She is very young, and ignorant of what life really is.
They ignored traffic regulations.
40. bigot: one who obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his own opinions and prejudices, esp. religious beliefs.
One of the marks of a bigot is that he thinks he does a service to God when he persecutes his fellowmen.
bigotry: the state of having very strong, unreasonable attitudes and opinions
41. rampant: widespread and impossible to control, excessive, used esp. of undesirable conditions, such as crime or disease. Spinal meningitis was rampant in that spring.
Theft, robbery, trafficking in narcotics, rural women and children are rampant in some places.
Rich soil makes some plants too rampant.
Mosquitoes are rampant in the dormitory.
42. fagot: a bundle of sticks of firewood
43. enlighten: cause to understand, free from ignorance or false beliefs, give more knowledge.
Can you enlighten me on this subject?
The tour of our country enlightened the foreign visitors on China's open policy.
work for the enlightenment of mankind
the Enlightenment / the age of Enlightenment in the 18th century
44. contaminate: to make impure, bad by mixing with dirty or poisonous matter
Don't eat the food, it may have been contaminated by the flies.
The river is contaminated with waste from the factory.
Our students are being contaminated by foreign ideas.
45. snort: to make a rough noise by blowing air down the nose
to express impatience or anger by this sound
We ran when the bull began to snort.
"Never!" he snorted.
cf:
snore: breathe heavily and noisily through the nose and mouth while asleep
46. evidence: (in law) words which prove a statement, support a belief, or make a matter more clear
There wasn't enough evidence to prove him guilty.
Have you any evidence to support this statement?
not a bit / piece / scrap / shred of evidence
indication or trace
The room bore evidence (ie showed signs) of a struggle.
in evidence: clearly or easily seen
He's the sort of man who likes to be very much in evidence at important meetings, ie who likes to be seen and noticed.
evident: obvious (to the eye or mind); clear
It must be evident to all of you that he has made a mistake.
Evidently he has decided to leave.
47. brandish: to wave menacingly sth. esp. a weapon about, It stresses threat.
I shall brandish my sword before them.
48. denounce: to criticise severely and publicly, announce threateningly
The newspapers denounced the new taxes.
A mass meeting denounced him as a traitor.
49. sonorous: having a pleasantly full loud sound
the sonorous tones of the priest
sonority
the sonority of the bass voices
sonorously adv.
50. reconcile: make peace between, make friendly again
I cannot reconcile the two points of view.
I asked how he would reconcile apartheid with Christianity.
The two girls quarrelled but are now reconciled.
51. jungle: tropical forest too thick to walk through easily.
52. image: likeliness, form, copy, an object made to represent a god or person to be worshipped
You see your image in the mirror.
I can close my eyes and see images of things and persons.
The coin bears an image of the emperor.
The government has a very bad image because it continues with plans that nobody likes.
53. divine: of, related to, or being god or a god
God: the Almighty, Providence, the Creator, the Divinity, the Deity, the Holy One, the Lord, Jehovah
54. thrust: to push forcefully and suddenly, to make a sudden forward stroke with a sword, knife, etc.
He thrust the fork into the meat.
The pirate thrust the sword into the captain's back.
55. applause: loud praise for a performance or performer, esp. by striking the hands together (clapping)
applaud: v.
Everyone stood up to applaud.
The audience applauded the singer for 5 minutes.
The crowd bursts into applause and shouts "Hurray!"
His every sentence was followed by an applause.
56. fervour: the quality of being FERVENT, passion, zeal, enthusiasm, intense heat, intense emotion compelling action.
speak with great fervour
fervent: showing strong and warm feelings, hot, glowing, passionate
a fervent love / hatred. a fervent lover / admirer
57. arena: an area of land or a large room where sports, entertainment and public events take place.
The city built a new sports arena.
After World II Japan entered the arena of international trade.
He entered the political arena after graduation from college.
58. prairie: (in North America) a wild treeless grassy plain.
59. scorch: to burn (part of ) a surface so as to change its colour, taste, or feeling but not completely destroy it, to dry up and take away the life out with a strong heat
The hot iron scorched the tablecloth.
a scorched-earth policy
The hot weather scorched the grass.
scorching hot / heat
60. observe: to make a remark, to say, to comment, It suggests a reasoned judgement based on m ore or less careful study of the evidence.
He observe that the house seemed to be too small.
"I hope she'll turn over a new leaf now," observed Mrs. A.
61. passion: strong, deep, often uncontrollable feeling, esp. of sexual love, hatred, or anger
The poet expressed his burning passion for the woman he loved.
Can we talk about this with a little less passion?
passionate: filled with passion, eager, very strong
The groom gave the bride a passionate kiss.
The two groups had a passionate debate.
62. sip: to drink in small quantities
cf:
suck: to draw (as liquid) into the mouth through a suction force produced by movements of the lips and tongue, to suck milk from his mother's breast
sap: to drain the fluid part of a plant, esp. the watery solution that circulates through a plant's vascular system
63. jug: a large deep, usu. earthenware or glass container with a narrow mouth, a handle and a lip for pouring,
a milk jug
cf:
jar: tall container, usu. round with a wide mouth, with or with-out handles of glass, stone or earthenware
pot: an usu. round metal or earthen container used chiefly for domestic purposes, as in cooking or for holding liquids or growing plants.
tea pot, chamber pot
64. appeal: to make a strong request for help, support, mercy; beg
He appealed to his attacker for mercy.
He appealed to me for help.
please, attract, interest
This idea / She appeals to me.
Some people say Peking Opera is too old-fashioned to appeal to people any longer.
The idea appealed to me.
65. intellect, intellectual, intelligence, intelligent etc.
intellect: the ability to understand or deal with ideas and information, the ability to reason rather than to feel or act.
intellectual:
adj. concerning the intellect, able to use the intellect well, showing unusual reasoning powers
n. a person who works and lives by using his mind.
a man of intellect: a man with knowledge, learned person,
an intellectual
It is man's intellect that distinguishes him from the breasts.
Chess is a highly intellectual game.
Teaching is a more intellectual occupation than sweeping.
He is an intellectual person.
intelligence:
a. good ability to learn and understand quickly, esp. compared with others.
b. information gathered by the government or the army about their country's enemies and their activities.
an intelligence test;
intelligence quotient (IQ)
Use your intelligence.
CIA
intelligent: having or showing powers of reasoning or understanding.
Dr. Smith is a man of great intelligence but Prof. Brown earns the respect of his colleagues for his high intellect.
An INTELLECTUAL or INTELLECTUAL person, is one who has developed his brain and intellect, is highly educated, and is interested in subjects that exercise the mind.
One can be very intelligent / have great intelligence, without knowing much.
A small child with a clever quick mind is INTELLIGENT but he can hardly be an intellectual.
66. duel: unlawful fight between two persons who have quarrelled, usu. with swords or pistols, at a meeting arranged and conducted according to rules, in the presence of two other persons called seconds.
67. roar: to give a deep loud continuing sound.
tigers roaring in their cages
He just roared (ie laughed loudly) when he heard that joke!
The crowd roared its approval.
n. long loud deep sound
a roar of applause / anger, etc
roars of laughter
roaring: noisy; rough or stormy
roaring thunder
68. mortal: a human being as compared with a god, a spirit, etc.
All human beings are mere mortals.
They're so grand these days that they probably don't talk to ordinary mortals like us any more.
adj:
that must die; that cannot live for ever
All human beings are mortal.
causing death; fatal
a mortal wound, injury, etc
The collapse of the business was a mortal blow to him and his family.
lasting until death; marked by great hatred; deadly
mortal enemies
mortal sin: (in the Roman Catholic Church) sin that causes the loss of God's grace and leads to damnation unless it is confessed and forgiven 弥天大罪
69. agency:
a. When sth. happen through or by the agency of sb. or sth, it happens with their help or influence. Thus the sentence can be paraphrased as Truth does not need any human influence to support it.
b. a business which provides particular services on behalf of another business. an administrative organization
Xinhua News Agency; the Central Intelligence Agency
70. momentary: transitory, lasting for a very short moment
71. hush: silence, stillness, quiet, calm
72. rule: decide officially
The jury ruled that he was innocent of all charges.
The club ruled against accepting new members.
I cannot rule out / exclude the possibility / declare the non-existence of / trouble.
The principal ruled out dances on school nights.
73. adjourn: to bring a meeting, trial, etc to a stop, esp. for a particular period or until a later time
74. hawker: a person who travels from place to place selling things, usu. with a cart.
75. entrepreneur: a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of the profit; the word often has the sense of enterprising, meaning imaginative in ambitious way for private economic gain.
76. ponder: to consider, thing over, to think about sth. carefully, a rather literary word.
Each chess player will have five minutes to ponder his next move.
The prisoner pondered how to escape.
Give me a few days to ponder over it.
77. brute: an animal, esp. one that you feel sorry for.
The lions I am talking about are the poor half-starved brutes reserved for tourists.
The Pope said that man is " the middle ling between angels and brutes."
War can turn man into brutes.
stupid, animal-like or cruel person, esp. one who has a tendency to behave violently.
He is an unfeeling brute.
cf:
cow
crafty expert agents fresh from the cowing and tying down a dozen of countries
coward: a person unable to face danger, pain, or hardship because he lacks courage
78. sulphur: AmE. sulfur. a light-yellow substance that burns with a bright flame and a strong smell, used in medicine and industry.
sulphurous: scathing, harsh
79. dispatch: a report sent by a journalist who is in a different town or country.
I picked up the paper and read a dispatch from a correspondent in New York.
80. collapse:
a. fall down or in, break to pieces.
The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.
The collapse of the buildings trapped thousands of people.
b. lose physical strength, courage, mental powers,
If you work too hard, your health may collapse.
c. fail, break down.
Their marriage collapsed.
Our plan will collapse unless we get more help.
81. resume: go on after stopping for a time
Less than a month later the rebels resumed their offensive.
We'll stop here and resume working at 2 o'clock.
Those standing may resume their seats.
resume: = curriculum vitae
82. squat: to sit on one's heels, or on the ground with the legs drawn up under or close to the body.
83. perch: rest, stand or sit on some elevated place, usu. referring to birds; sit on the edge of sth. that is not intended to be a seat.
Dr Smith perched on the corner of his desk.
The sparrow perched upon the television antenna.
84. gawk: look at sth. in a foolish way
85. spring: to bring forward suddenly, to produce as a surprise, to make known unexpectedly to
He sprang his marriage on his parents.
The film made her spring into fame.
86. trump card: (in card games such as bridge or poker) each card of a suit that has, for the time being, higher value than the other three suits, means of gaining one's end Hearts (spades, clubs, diamonds) are trumps.
to play one's trump card: to make used of one's most valuable resource
87. startle: to give a shock or surprise, to cause to move or jump，be startle at the sight of sth.
You startled me. I didn't hear you come in.
I was startled to hear his news / by his news.
88. wile: a trick intended to deceive, skill in outwitting, an indirect means to gain an end, an attempt to entrap or deceive with false allurements.
All her wiles were not enough to persuade them to sell the property.
wily: full of wiles, cunning, crafty
The serpent by his wiles persuaded Eve to eat the apple.
the wiles of the Devil
89. campaign: a group of military operations with a set purpose, usu. in one area; a series of planned activities to gain a special object.
a political/ advertising campaign
90. passage: passing, act of going past, through or across
the passage of time
passing of a Bill so that it becomes law.
Passage of such a resolution depends on public support.
The Socialists did not co-operate with him in the passage of these laws.
91. resolute: fixed in determination or propose, firm; the word throws the emphasis upon a determination which cannot be broken down as a quality of character and may suggest firm adherence to one's own purposes.
You must be resolute and do what you think best.
He was a serious, resolute student.
92. strode: walk with long steps
93. repel: to drive back by force, rebuff
to repel an attack
This material will repel heat and moisture.
94. punctuate:
a. to put stops / periods, commas, colons, quotation marks, etc. into a piece of writing.
b. to interrupt from time to time
a speech punctuated with cheers.
95. fervent: that is, feels, or shows strong and warm feelings, passionate, vehement
a fervent desire to win
He is a fervent believer in free speech.
They maintained a fervent loyalty to the general.
fervour: the quality of being fervent
96. Amen: may this be true, so be it
97. enquire: question
98. mop: n. a bundle of strings, cloth, etc. fastened to a long handle for cleaning floors
v. to wipe up with a mop, to wipe away sweat with a handkerchief
99. bald: hairless, leafless, featherless.
cf: bold
100. dome: rounded roof with a circular base. sth. shaped like a dome
101. snigger: (AmE snicker) to laugh in a disrespectful more or less secret way
giggle, snort
102. twirl: to turn round and round quickly, to cause to spin, to cause to curl
The secretary twirled the pencil round in her fingers.
She twirled his hair round her fingers.
103. pursue: to follow in order to overtake, capture, kill, or defeat
The policeman pursued the thief down the road.
He felt their eyes pursuing him.
The poet pursued fame all his life.
He set his heart on pursuing his studies abroad.
104. condemn:
a. to declare sb. to be wrong or evil usu. after weighing evidence
Everyone condemned his foolish behaviour.
Most people condemn nuclear war.
b. to pronounce guilty, sentence, convict, state the punishment
In spite of the evidence he was not condemned.
The judge condemned the criminal to ten years in jail.
c. to force into an unhappy state
When the poor woman was widowed, she realized that she was condemned to a lonely old age.
cf:
CONDEMN carries very strong judicial connotations. It implies a final decision or a definitive judgement. It commonly suggests a wholly unfavourable judgement.
DENOUNCE adds to condemn the implication of public declaration.
When meaning to criticise, the two words are similar in usage.
livid: blue-grey, as of marks on the skin after being his (bruise)
105. slur: an unfair damaging remark
Don't slur my brother's reputation.
The rumours cast a slur upon my good name.
The neighbours talked about each other with ugly slurs.
106. gravel: hammer
107. quell: to quiet, to cause to cease, to put down
The dictator quelled the uprising.
The police used fire hoses and tear gas to quell the rioters.
108. hubbub: a mixture of loud noises
din
109. forlorn: (typical of one who is) left alone and unhappy, deserted and in poor condition, sad and lonely because of isolation or desertion; it suggest sadness, woe, at separation from someone dear.
as forlorn as King Lear at the end of his days.
110. hail: a. to salute, greet with enthusiastic approval
The crowd hailed the victor.
The people lined the streets to hail the returning heroes.
b. to summon by calling
to hail a taxi / a passing boat
111. on the books: in a list of members, records. Here, still listed in the law.
112. wake: track left by a ship on smooth water
in the wake of: after, following
Seagull followed in the wake of the ship.
The car left clouds of dust in its wake.
Many troubles follow in the wake of war.
Part III Quiz
Ⅰ. Word explanation
1. forlorn
A. typical
B. unhappy
C. crowded
D. simple
2. ponder
A. strike
B. injure
C. cut
D. think
3. shrewd
A. quick
B. industrial
C. suspicious
D. clever
4. livid
A. clear green
B. dark red
C. light brown
D. blue grey
5. scorch
A. touch
B. burn
C. toast
D. baked
6. prairie
A. mountain
B. basin
C. high land
D. grassland
7. twirl
A. stir
B. flow
C. spin
D. move
8. spectator
A. onlooker
B. participator
C. orator
D. partner
9. magnetic
A. skilful
B. attractive
C. energetic
D. industrial
10. exhort
A. make sb. tired
B. go abroad
C. advise
D. welcome
11. festoon
A. stride
B. display
C. display
D. decorate
12. erupt
A. explode
B. raise
C. elevate
D. break
13. indict
A. explain
B. charge
C. write
D. indicate
14. anticipate
A. advance
B. wait for
C. foresee
D. overlook
15. counsel
A. lawyer
B. officer
C. governor
D. teacher
16. reassure
A. make sure
B. confide
C. comfort
D. convince
17. prosecute
A. perform
B. accuse
C. predict
D. defend
18. sprout
A. appear
B. grow
C. develop
D. all the above
19. rickety
A. strong
B. brave
C. sweat
D. boiled
20. sweltering
A. hot
B. heat
C. sweat
D. boiled
21. nominee
A. elector
B. candidate
C. voter
D. representative
22. verdict
A. punishment
B. penal
C. opinion
D. judgement
23. hail
A. accept
B. greet
C. welcome
D. receive
24. image
A. shape
B. figure
C. feature
D. likeness
Ⅱ. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the following words or expressions in its proper form. Each word or expression is to be used only once.
________________________________________
adhere to, adjourn, advance, collapse, contaminate, on hand, overlook, reconcile, rule out, snowball, take on, under way, violate
________________________________________
1. All his old friends will be to see Jack receive the medal of honour.
2. He resolutely what he had said at the meeting,. He wouldn't change his mind in any way.
3. The biologist a new theory of life.
4.They blockaded the Suez Canal, which the international agreement.
5. Once the business starts , we should be able to take on more staff.
6. After the students put up Christmas decorations, the classroom a holiday appearance.
7. The yearly campaign to raise funds for the Red Cross is already that he wouldn't want to talk to her after their quarrel.
8. The Middle East Peace Conference due to the fact that the Israeli government had just expelled 12 Palestinians.
9. Friends managed him with his wife after years of separation.
10. From our house on the hillside, we can the whole of the port and harbour.
11. The water in this part of the river with waste from the factory.
12. The earthquake caused many building .
13. The police have murder but are still holding several people for questioning.
Unit 11 But What’s a Dictionary For?
Part I Background Information
Webster, Noah (Oct. 16, 1748 - May 28, 1843) American lexicographer and philologist, born West Hartford, Conn. A Yale graduate. His Elementary Spelling Book (the first part of the Grammatical Institute of the English Language and the American Dictionary of the English Language established the nobility and vitality of the American Language. He holds that the spelling and grammar of a language must be based on actual usage rather than artificial principles. And thus laid a foundation for the 20th century lexicography. The Elementary Spelling Book, first published in the late years of the 18th cent., standardized American spelling and by 1850, when the whole population was under 23 million, was sold at 1 million copies annually. The American Dictionary of the English Language, his greatest work, was published in 1828. Of the 70,000 words, 12,000 had not appeared in any other dictionaries before. Within one year, all the 2,500 copies issued in American and the 3,000 copies in Britain were sold out. In 1840, the second edition was a failure and he had to sell the copy right to Merriam Publishing Company which thereafter became the Merriam-Webster Incorporation. Webster's other contributions include efforts in the passage of a national copyright law, in the founding of the Amherst College etc.
Dictionary: a published list, in alphabetical order, of the words of a language, explaining and defining them, or in the case of a bilingual dictionary, translating them into another language. In the 20th cent., American dictionary makers began to adopt criteria of use rather than of etymological purity.
Dictionaries were produced in China, Greece, Islam, and other complex early cultures.
The first modern examples of lexicography are thought to be Nathan Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) and his larger Dictionarium Britannicum (1730), which served Samuel Johnson, who was considered as England's first complete man of letters, in preparing his Dictionary of the English Language (1755), the first comprehensive English lexicography.
The next great lexicographer was Noah Webster. His American Dictionary of the English Language has been skilfully revised and abridged over the years, thereby retaining its popularity. A six-volume American encyclopaedic dictionary, The Century Dictionary, was completed in 1891.
American Dictionary of the English Language ---1828
second edition, 1840, failure, copyright sold to Merriam,
first Merriam-Webster unabridged Diction 1847
1847 third edition, 2752 pages, 470,000 entries)
British lexicographers from the 19th cent. on, began to collect and organize examples of usage. In 1857, the Philological Society began collecting dated examples of usage, culminating in the publication (1928) of the monumental, unrivalled lexicon known as the New English Dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) or Murray's Dictionary. Two major shorter editions exist: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English and the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Other advances in lexicography are reflected in the frequently revised collegiate or desk dictionaries, such as the Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary.
Encyclopedia, lexicon, thesaurus.
Linguistics: the systematic or scientific study of language.
General linguistics covers a wide range of topics and its boundaries are difficult to define.
Phonetics(音韵学)is a general, descriptive and classificatory. It studies speech sounds as they are.
Phonology (音位学)is concerned with the sound system of language. It studies the functioning of the speech sounds.
Morphology (词法学)refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
Syntax(句法学) is the study of how sentences are structured, or in other words, it tries to state what words can be combined with others to form sentences and in what order.
Semantics (语义学)is generally considered to be the study of meaning in languages.
Etymology(词源学)， the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings.
Rapidly developing branches of linguistics are: psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, computational linguistics, applied linguistics, etc.
If linguistics is studied historically, it is called diachronic linguistics (历时语言学)while there is also synchronic (共时语言学) linguistics if looked at at one particular point time.
Classification of languages: Languages can be classified genealogically or typologically. Thus we have the Sino-Tibetan, the Indo-European, etc. families and the radical language (词根语), such as ancient Han language, Vietnamese etc; flexional language (曲/屈折语), such as English and so on.
Germanic: a branch of the Indo-European language family containing English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Flemish, Friesian, the Scandinavian languages, and Gothic.
Bloomfield, Leonard, 1887-1949, American linguistics, b. Chicago. His masterpiece, Language (1933), a standard text, is a clear statement of principles: that language study must always be centred in the spoken language, that the definitions used in grammar should be based on the forms of the language etc.
Language is always changing, thus we have different terms with temporal brands, expressions like: the black 5 categories (黑五类), alien class elements(阶级异已分子), 防修反修，etc.
Colloquial: In Wuhan, there are some peculiar terms, especially those denoting money: malaokuo / datuanjie, yizhangqian, yijo, yifen, dianmamu.
Part II Detailed Study
1. abuse: n. & v. abusive, adj.
a. unkind, cruel or rude words,
He burst into a storm of abuse.
He constantly addressed her in terms of abuse.
You are always abusing and offending people.
b. wrong use, MISUSE, improper treatment, MALTREAT
Borrowing money is an abuse of friendship.
abuse of power, drug abuse,
to abuse one's power, authority, position, wealth, etc.
2. popular press: newspapers, journals that are aimed at the needs or tastes of ordinary people and not the specialists in a particular subject
3. phenomenon: pl, phenomena. a fact or event in nature or society
4. scholarly: concerned with serious detailed study---opposite POPULAR. Scholarly matters, activities, etc involve or relate to scholars or their work.
His name is known in scholarly circles throughout the world.
5. stature
a. Someone's stature is their height and general size.
She was rather small in stature.
b. The stature of a person or of their achievements is the importance and reputation that they have.
a musician of international stature
cf:
statue: figure of a person, animal, etc., in wood, stone, bronze, etc.
the Statue of Liberty / Venus
status: condition, position in relation to others
one's class / political / social / marital status
6. unbridled: not controlled or limited in any way, used to show disapproval; too violent and active unbridled tongue / anger
7. fury: violent or very strong anger
There was fury in the Duchess' grey eyes.
Hearing this, they jumped on (scold) him in a fury.
He flew into a fury and said that the whole thing was disgusting.
8. contempt: lack of respect.
If you have contempt for someone or something, you do not like them and think that they are unimportant or of no value.
They would look at us with unmistakable contempt.
Her contempt for foreigners was obvious.
hold sb. / sth in contempt
9. calamity: an event that causes a great deal of damage, destruction, or personal sadness and distress; serious misfortune
10. scandal:
If sth is a scandal, a lot of people know about it and think that it is very shocking and immoral.
The way that official wastes public money is a scandal.
She brought scandal to her family by her outrageous behaviour.
陈希同 was involved in a scandal of corruption and embezzlement.
If you say sth is a scandal, you are angry about it and think that the people responsible for it should be ashamed.
11. DISASTER, CATASTROPHE, CALAMITY, CATACLYSM mean an event or situation that is a terrible misfortune.
Disaster is an unforeseen, ruinous, and often sudden misfortune that happens either through lack of foresight or through some hostile external agency; general word.
CATASTROPHE：大灾祸，(尤指悲剧的结局)implies a disastrous conclusion emphasizing finality. It is a sudden, unexpected and terrible –event that causes great suffering, misfortune or ruin.
A war is a catastrophe.
to plunge the country into a historical catastrophe
a war / world-wide catastrophe
CALAMITY stresses personal reaction to a great public loss. A terrible and very bad event.
A national / natural / social calamity
CATACLYSM, orig. a deluge or geological convulsion earthquake, applies to an event or situation that produces an upheaval or complete reversal.
a financial cataclysm
12. editorial: an article in a newspaper which gives the opinion of the editor or publisher on a topic or item of the news.
13. deteriorate: cause to become worse, worsen
His sight began to deteriorate.
She has suffered progressive deterioration of health.
14. stern: very firm or hard towards others' behaviour.
Someone who is stern is very serious and expects to be obeyed.
a stern teacher / father
He walked to the boy and said to him very sternly, "Give that to me."
15. betray:
a. If you betray someone's trust, confidence, etc, or you betray your principles, you fail to act in the good and morally correct way that was expected of you.
He betrayed his friends to the enemy.
She betrayed her promise.
Judas betrayed Jesus (to the authorities.
b. If you betray a secret, a plan, etc, you tell people things that you have been asked to keep secret.
c. To betray a feeling means to show it without wanting to or intending to.
I’m afraid that my face may betray sth.
Her eyes betrayed her sadness.
His accent betrayed the fact that he was foreign.
16. bar: the railing in a courtroom that encloses the place about the judge，barrier in a lawcourt separating the judge, prisoner, lawyers, etc from the spectators，
the prisoner at the bar 受审讯的犯人
She will be judged at the bar of public opinion.
the bar：(a)(Brit) (all those who belong to) the profession of barrister (b)(US) (all those who belong to) the legal profession
(the members of) the profession of lawyer, the whole body of barristers / lawyers qualified to practice in any jurisdiction
She's training for the bar.
be called to the bar：be received into the profession of barrister
After finishing her legal studies she was called / admitted to the bar. (进入律师行业)
behind bars： in prison
The murderer is now safely behind bars.
cf: bartender = barman.
17. deplorable: disgraceful, distressing, heartbreaking, lamentable, pitiable, wretched,
18. flagrant / /: used to describe a bad or shocking action, situation, or attitude that is very obvious and not concealed in any way, conspicuous, notorious, shameless, outrageous notorious, open, scandalous
a flagrant violation of human rights, a flagrant injustices / cheating
cf: fragrant / /: apprec. having a sweet or pleasant smell
a fragrant rose / tea / memory
19. non-word deluge:
It's like a flood of unacceptable words.
non: so bad as not to deserve the name
It was really a bad book --- non-story with non-characters.
non-words: words that are not yet acceptable, such as new slang or newly coined words.
deluge: a sudden very heavy fall of rain, a great flood
20. abominable: disgusting, heinous, villainous
Something abominable is very unpleasant, very bad, or very poor in quality, causing disgust and strong dislike used showing strong disapproval.
They work six days a week in abominable conditions.
Wages for primary school teachers in some area were abominable.
21. dismay: feeling of fear and discouragement, disappointment, distress
be struck with dismay at the news
22. They doubted that "Lincoln could have modelled ... a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life.
doubt (affirm. + that): to consider unlikely
I doubt that he will come.
I doubt that he is honest.
They doubted that ... could have done...: They believed that ... could not have done...
Life declared that Lincoln could not have formed or shaped his Gettysburg Address after the patterns set by the third edition or, if Lincoln had used the Third International as a model, his Gettysburg Address could not have been so excellent. This declaration reveals a foolish idea of the editors, that one should write things strictly after the patterns set by a dictionary, or in other words, if you have a good dictionary, you can write good articles. This ridiculous concept does not provide any clue or information on how Lincoln composed his famous Gettysburg Address, but exposes/ discloses how foolish the editors of LIFE are.
In the author's opinion, it is an absolutely nonsense to claim that one could model an article on a dictionary.
23. model...on: take as a model, or example
She modelled herself on her mother.
24. If something throws light or shadow on a particular thing or area, it causes that thing or area to have light or a shadow on it.
A spotlight threw a pool of violet light onto the stage.
25. underlie: to be present as an explanation or real meaning of
When you say A underlies B, then A is the cause or basis of B.
His essay is badly written, but the idea underlying it is good.
Does some personal difficulty underlie his lack of interest in work?
26. citation: the act of quotation, a short passage taken from something written or spoken by someone else
27. fraud:
a. sth that deceives people in a way that is illegal or immoral, a crime of gaining money or other benefits by trickery. It suggests the perversion of the truth for the sake of persuading sb. to surrender some valuable possession or a legal right, or an act or practice involving concealment of truth, violation of trust and confidence, or nonperformance of contracted act by which one gains an advantage over another to the injury of the latter.
The judge found him guilty of fraud.
The elder brother gained control of the property by fraud.
b. a person who pretends or claims to be what he is not
People who offer to tell your future by means of a pack of cards are frauds.
The hair-restorer is a fraud; he is as bold as ever.
28. hoax: a trick in which sb. tells the police, emergency services, or the public sth. that is not true,
a bomb / dinosaur-egg somewhere
a forged work of art to be genuine
29. discrepancy: difference. If there is a discrepancy between two things, they ought to be the same.
You say you paid $5 and the bill says $3; how do you explain the discrepancy?
There was little / much discrepancy in the testimony of the two witnesses.
There is a discrepancy between what you say and what John says.
(Ask Student A and B to write what A did the previous evening and then match the two description to find out discrepancy.)
30. interpose: to place, put in between; interrupt with a comment or question
interpose a barrier between
31. remedy: sth that is intended to cure you when you are ill or in pain, sth prescribed or used for the treatment of disease. It applies to a substance or treatment that is known or regarded as effective in bringing about recovery or restoration of health or the normal functioning of the body.
32. compel: to make sb. do sth. by or as if by force.
cf:
force: gen. term, which implies the exertion of strength, typically physical strength (force slaves to labour, force food upon a child). Sometimes it carries additional implications when followed by a simple object; to force a woman is to rape her; to force a door is to break it open, etc.
Compel differs from force in typically requiring a personal object. Compel commonly implies the exercise of authority, the exertion of great effort or driving force, or the impossibility for one reason or another of doing anything else.
There is no possible method of compelling a child to feel sympathy or affection.
But nobody emerged, and he was compelled to carry the bag himself.
33. extraneous: not belonging to what is being dealt with, unrelated, alien, and foreign
to avoid extraneous things
to eliminate extraneous interference
34. tout: to praise loudly or extravagantly
clout: to hit forcefully
Assonance: repetition of vowels without repetition of consonants
35. buggy: a light one-horse carriage made with two wheels in England and with four wheels in the US
36. linguistics: the systematic study of language
37. charter: written or printed statement of rights, permission to so sth., constitution
the Charter of the United Nations
the Atlantic Charter
the citizens’ rights laid down by charter
38. philology:
a. the study of literature and of disciplines relevant to literature or to language as used in literature.
b. linguistics. esp, historical and comparative linguistics.
39. inseminating: to sow seed in, to implant
inseminate the minds of the young with revolutionary ideas
inseminating scholar: a scholar who implants new ideas in the minds of others.
semen: liquid containing sperm of male animals
40. relegate: to assign to an appropriate place or situation on the basis of classification or appraisal; to dismiss to a lower position or condition. If you relegate sth. you cause it to have a less important position or status.
He relegated his wife to the position of a mere housekeeper.
be relegated to the garbage can of history.
You can't relegate the pop song singer / movie star to the third rate.
41. vanity: the quality or fact of being empty; the state of having too high an opinion of one's own appearance or ability to do sth out of vanity. to injure one's vanity
All is vanity.
42. category: a division within a system of classification
Party committee meetings can be divided into 2 categories, standing committee meetings and plenary sessions.
43. Yale University: one of the Ivy League (because there were ivy on campus walls) --- the eight famous universities on the East Coast. They are
Brown Uni, Rhode Is.
Columbia Uni, N.Y. City
Cornell Uni, N.Y. State
Dartmouth Uni, New Hampshire
Harvard Uni, Massachusetts
Pennsylvania Uni, Philadelphia
Princeton Uni, New Jersey
Yale Uni, Connecticut.
Bloomfield was one of the most outstanding scholars who bring creative thinking into others' minds. He had such broad range of knowledge that you can not regard him merely as a professor of certain specific field. He was a genius who would never take it for granted that those accepted rules and conventions were correct because they were well established.
44. anthropology: the science of human beings, esp. the study of human beings in relation to distribution, origin, classification, and relationship of races, physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture
45. unique: having no like or equal, being the only one of its sort, sole, peculiar
The beauty of the Mona Lisa is unique.
As a writer, he is unique
46. term: word or expression with a special meaning or used in a particular activity, job, profession, etc.
medical / scientific / technical / legal terms
Here: One cannot use the principles of logical reason or the rules and principles of a theoretical, ideal language to describe a living language.
in terms of: with regard to, in relation to
In terms of natural resources it is one of the poorest countries in Western Europe.
He thought of everything in terms of money.
The job is bad in terms of money, but it's nice in terms of joy.
He referred to your work in terms of high praise.
47. dynamic: marked by continuous usu. productive change, full of power and activity
a dynamic person / period in history
48. static: showing little change, characterized by lacking of movement or progress, usu. uninteresting
static electricity / a rather dull static style of writing
Life on campus seemed static
Civilization does not remain static, but changes constantly.
49. proposition: an unproved statement in which an opinion or judgement is expressed 命题，题目
What do you propose to do next?
Jack proposed to Mary and she accepted his proposal.
The two teams prepared to debate the given proposition.
Our fathers brought forth…a new nation conceived…and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Proposal: an act of proposing 提案，建议
to place a proposal
Proposition has been and is still used, to certain extent, instead of proposal in the sense of a proposal made formally. The entrepreneur made a proposition to buy out his rival’s business.
Everyone seconded the proposal.
50. follow: to happen or be as a necessary effect or result of; to result or occur as a consequence, effect, or inference Because he is good, it does not follow that he is wise.
It follows from what you have just said that he must be innocent.
51. insofar as, in so far as, in as far as: to the extent or degree that
He is a Russian in so far as he was born in Russia, but he became a French citizen in 1920.
I will help you insofar as I can.
He can be trusted in as far as he has never yet told a lie.
In as much as this is your team, you have the right to choose your own captain.
52. accurate: exact, correct, free from error or fault, esp. as the result of care
His information was accurate.
You are not quite accurate when you call a computer an electronic brain.
accuracy: freedom from mistake or error, CORRECTNESS. a conformity to truth or to a standard or model. EXACTNESS.
53. indication: sign or suggestion
There was no indication this morning that it would rain.
There is every indication of a change in the weather.
54. adapt: to change so as to be suitable for new needs, different conditions etc.
He was obliged to adapt himself to the situation.
The shrewd politician adapts his speech to suit the interests of his audience.
The author is going to adapt his play for television.
cf: adopt, adept
55. unparalleled: having no equal or match, unique in kind or quality
an unparalleled victory
rains of unparalleled intensity
56. precedent: an earlier occurrence of sth. similar; sth done or said that may serve as an example or rule to authorize or justify a subsequent act of the same kind.
There is no precedent for electing the same man President of the United States three times.
Is there a precedent for what you want to do?
It is something without precedent in history.
unprecedented: never having happened before
cf:
antecedent
57. subtle: delicate, difficult to understand or distinguish, obscure.
By subtle means he managed to persuade her.
He has a subtle mind.
There is a subtle difference between these two words.
58. pervasive: widespread; a kind that will easily pervade (for smell or ideas, feelings) to spread through every part of the pervasive influence of television
59. utilitarian: concerned with practical use, not made for perfect forms, thoughts; characterized by usefulness rather than by beauty, truth, goodness, convenient, useful, functional.
A good cloth / down-filled coat is more utilitarian than a fur coat.
60. unbuttoned: with the buttons not fastened, (fig.) relaxed, free from formality
61. gibber /'d?ib?/: talk fast or make meaningless sounds (like an ape, or as when the teeth knock together through cold or fear)
gibberish /'d?ib????, 'gib?ri?/: meaningless sound, esp talk that doesn't make sense
62. caption: (here) a noun used as a verb meaning entitle,
Not that: though one is not suggesting that, one is not saying that, one does not really care
She hasn't written to me yet, not that she ever said she would.
Not that it matters, but how did you spend the money I gave you?
If he ever said so, --- not that I ever heard him say so, --- he told a lie.
63. hang on to: to hold, grip or keep firmly
The child hanged on to her mother's hand , and would not let go.
There are some people who hang on to their jobs long after they should have retired.
64. label:
a. noun. a piece of paper or other material, fixed to sth,. on which is written what it is, where it is to go, who owns it, etc.
b. verb. to fix or tie a label on
Tom has been given the label of "playboy" by his friends.
He labelled the parcel before posting it.
She was labelled as a communist / social beauty / social butterfly.
The bottle is labelled "poison".
65. scorn: contempt, feeling that sb. or sth. deserves no respect. to feel contempt, to refuse to do sth. because of pride as sth. not worthy
Honest boys scorn liars.
You have no right to scorn someone who is poor.
He scorned to ask / asking for help.
66. coincidence: an occurrence of events that happen at the same time by accident but seem to have some connection
co: prefix, together with another or others,
co-author, -ed, -education, -exist, -ordinate, -operation
colleague, correspond
By coincidence we both arrived at the same time.
These meetings happen too often to be coincidental.
67. furnish: to put furniture in a building, (fml) to supply what is necessary for a special purpose.
The hotel is finished but not yet furnished.
The newlyweds couldn't wait to furnish the apartment because the baby was already on its way.
No one in the class could furnish the right answer to the question.
One cow furnished milk for all of them.
68. illustrate: to add pictures to, to explain or show the meaning of sth. by giving related examples pictures etc.
The artist illustrated the book with pen-and-ink drawings.
The teacher illustrated his lesson with pictures.
The story he told about her illustrates her true personality very clearly.
These words should be given with illustrative examples.
69. journal:
a. publication issued daily. It gives an account of matters of interest occurring during the preceding 24 hours.
b. official publication of some special group (as of American Bar Association)
periodical(期刊): publication appearing at regular intervals, esp. weeklies, biweeklies, monthlies, quarterlies.
newspaper: Usual term for a sheet or group of sheets, such a publication is called "journal" only in formal speech or written. People whose profession is writing for newspapers are termed journalists.
Magazine(杂志): applies chiefly to a periodical, often illustrated, which offers motley collection of articles, fiction, poetry and commentary
Review(评论): periodical which emphasises critical writings commenting on important events and significant question of the day.
70. cumbrous, (rare) cumbersome: burdensome; heavy and awkward to carry
A soldier today would find old-fashioned armour very cumbrous.
71. literate: well educated, able to read and write.
cf:
literal, literary
illiterate, illiteracy
anti-illiteracy campaign, (but) literacy class
72. current: belonging to the present time, commonly accepted, in general use.
This word is no longer in current use.
current fashions / events / prices, etc.
73. variant: different form, as of a word, phrase, or part of a story or piece of writing
The plant is a variant of the common type.
The song is just a variant of an old folk tune.
"Favor" is the American variant of the British "favour".
vary: differ
People vary very much in their ideas.
Opinions vary on this point.
These apples vary in size from small to medium
variable:
a. changeable, not steady, not staying the same (connotation: uncertainty, unpredictability)
His mood / temper is variable.
The winds today will be light and variable.
b. able to be changed deliberately, that can be intentionally varied
The amount of heat produced by this electrical apparatus is variable at will by turning a small handle.
a variable standard
variation: an example of change
There are many variations of this story.
It was a variation from my usual work.
variety:
a. difference of condition or quality
We demand more variety for our food.
b. type
There are several varieties of red roses.
varied: when meaning different, the stress is on laid on "full of change"
He had had a varied training, had held many offices.
There is a dining-room that will seat 200 persons, and the menu is varied and cheap.
various: when meaning different, the stress is on "difference"
His reasons for leaving were many and various.
We have various type of radios.
PS.
Vary and differ
Interchangeable
People vary / differ very much in their ideas.
Differ stresses the fact of unlikeness in kind or nature or in opinion, but does not indicate (except through the context) the extent or degree of divergence.
Vary, though often interchangeable with differ, may call attention to readily apparent differences and sometimes suggests a range of differences.
Uninterchageable
Wisdom differs from cunning.
They differ from us, they stand for capitalism.
It varies from the original.
This marigold(金盏花)varies from the norm in being giant-sized.
(Vary is not often found to be followed by from except in the above cases.)
Compare:
A varies with B: A changes when changes.
Our style will vary with our changes in mood.
The colour of the fruit varies with age.
I differ with you in this matter.
He differs with the other members of his party on this issue.
The two parties differ very sharply from each other over the correct remedies to apply.
Differences:
Vary:
If one varies sth., he deliberately makes changes in them.
You can vary the pressure at will.
You should vary your diet.
vary between …and / vary from …to
Consumption of domestic fuel oil varies between / from 150 gallons a month at the height of winter and / to practically nothing in July-August.
Differ:
If people differ about sth., they don’t agree with each other about it.
We differ about moral standards.
This is basically where we differ.
If people agree to differ, they agree to accept the fact that they will never have the same opinion about it.
You say “I beg to differ” when you want to say politely that you disagree with someone.
concern: business, a matter of importance/ interest Mind your own concern.
This is none of your concern
That's no concern of mine.
74. abdicate: to give up officially (an official position, esp. that of king or queen), to give up (a right esp. a responsibility)
King Edward VIII abdicated to marry a commoner.
He abdicated his responsibilities and fled.
75. distinction: quality of being superior, excellent, and unusual.
Hardy was a writer of distinction.
He served with distinction in the army.
A governor should be a man of distinction.
76. lexicography: the editing or making of a dictionary, the principles and practices of dictionary making
77. conspicuous: noticeable, attracting attention, easily seen.
She is always conspicuous because of her fashionable clothes.
A traffic sign should be conspicuous.
conspicuous error
78. elevate: to make (the mind, soul, etc.) better, higher, or more educated; (fml) to raise or lift up
His inspiring speech elevated the audience.
He was elevated to president of the company.
Elevate may be used in place of lift or raise in certain collocations where it does not seem unduly formal or pretentious.
But in general, the word suggests exaltation, uplifting or enhance.
to elevate one's standards of literary taste
elevation: the quality of being fine and noble.
elevator: AmE. lift. (cf: escalator)
79. convey: to carry or take from one place to another;
to make (feelings, ideas, thoughts, etc) known
Wires convey electricity from power stations to the user.
The train conveys over three hundred passengers every day.
I cannot convey my feelings in words.
Please convey my best wishes to your parents.
conveyer belt:(also conveyor) continuous belt or band that moves on rollers and is used for transporting loads (e.g. products in a factory, luggage at an airport).
80. auditor:
a. one that hears or listens, esp. one that is a member of an audience ( a group of listeners or spectators).
b. one who officially examines accounts (审计员)
81. bombination: buzz, drone, continuous low dull noise (not listed in Longman)
82. barbarism: backwardness, the practice or display that offends against contemporary standards of good taste or acceptability
83. pretentious: claiming (in an unpleasant way) importance or social rank that one does not possess, showy, pretending to be very important, pompous or showy
He is a pompous, pretentious man.
a pretentious writer, author, book, speech
pretension: claim
a poet with serious pretensions to literary greatness
He has / makes no pretensions to being an expert on the subject.
His social pretensions (ie behaving as if he was of a higher class) make him appear ridiculous.
Readers may find the pretension and arrogance of her style irritating.
84. verbosity: the quality of using or containing too m any words, wordy.
pretentious and obscure verbosity: using too many words which seem important but actually not clear; using too many showy subtle words.
85. instance: (fml) to give an example
Instance applies to an individual person or thing brought forth in support or disproof of a general statement.
The following are instances of correct use of double prepositions.
Lincoln is an instance of a poor boy who rose to fame.
There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving, for instance, training lions.
Example applies to a typical, representative, or illustrative instance or case.
It is impossible to study a writer without examples of his work.
86. pivot: a fixed central point or pin on which sth. turns
87. hinge: a metal part which joins 2 objects together and allows the first to swing around the (usu. fixed) second, such as one joining a door or gate to a post, or a lid to a box.
88. groove: a long narrow path or track made in a surface, esp. to guide the movement of sth.
89. accordion: portable musical instrument with bellows, metal reeds, and a keyboard.
90. enclosure: sth. that is shut in on all sides.
91. admonish: (fml) to scold or warn gently
The teacher admonished the boys not to be so careless (against being careless).
He admonished them of the danger (that it was dangerous).
92. brevity: shortness (of statements, human life and other non-material things) or conciseness of expression the brevity of his writing / his life
93. virtue: goodness, nobleness; any good quality of character or behaviour; an advantage. This word suggests acquired rather than native moral excellence
You can trust him; he's a man of the highest virtue.
Justice and kindness are virtues.
The great virtue of air travel is speed.
94. infer: reach an opinion (from facts or reasoning); conclude; draw the meaning from sth.
We infer from his letters that he is very unhappy.
The jury inferred from the testimony that the defendant was lying.
cf:
imply
Correctly it is the listener or reader who infers things: I looked at his boots and inferred that he must be a policeman. The speaker or writer implies things. He said it was late, implying that we ought to go home.
95. booby trap: sth. balanced on the tip of a door so that it will fall on the first person to pass through; hidden bomb which explodes when some harmless-looking object is touched; any harm- less trap used for surprising sb.
96. whereas: (used for introducing an opposite) but in contrast, while on the other hand
They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat.
She prefers yellow, whereas I prefer green
Some praise him, whereas others condemn him.
97. ridicule: laugh unkindly at, cause sb. to appear foolish
Why do you ridicule my proposal?
She ridiculed their greed.
His suggestion met with ridicule by the others.
His foolish behaviour made him an object of ridicule.
It is ridiculous to dispute about such things.
The hat makes you look ridiculous.
98. on this / that score: as far as this / that point is considered
I am perfectly capable of looking after myself, so please don't worry about me on that score.
99. reticulate: divide or be divided , in fact or in appearance into a network of small squares or intersecting lines;
decussate: cross or cut so as to form an X
interstice: a small or narrow space between things or parts
intersection: the point or line where two lines or surfaces meet or cross.
100. merriment: noun of merry, light-hearted gaiety or fun making.
Merry suggests cheerful, joyous uninhibited enjoyment of festivity.
101. subsequent: later, following.
The first ticket costs $10, but all subsequent ones only $8.
In subsequent lessons, we shall take up more difficult problems.
He was arrested and subsequently sentenced to five years' imprisonment.
sequence: succession, connected line of events, ideas, etc.
deal with events in historical / time sequence
a sequence of clubs (diamonds etc)
TV sequence
sub: under, of lower rank, less importance
sub -marine, -mersible, -committee,
sub-human
cf:
consequent
102. proliferate: to grow or reproduce by rapid production of new parts, cells, or offspring; to increase in number, multiply Non-proliferation Treaty of Nuclear and Chemical Weapons
Tropical vegetation proliferates.
103. demark: 'demarcate: to set apart, to separate
104. take refuge: find shelter in
During the storm we took refuge in a cave.
He took refuge in telling lies / silence.
105. seal:
(a) piece of wax, lead or other soft material, usu. stamped with a design and fixed to a document to show that it is genuine, or to a letter, packet, container, etc to prevent it being opened by the wrong person; design stamped in this way (b) substance or device used to fill a gap, crack, etc so that gas or fluid cannot enter or escape
a rubber seal in the lid of a jar
I've bought a seal to put around the edge of the bath.
seal: put a seal on (e.g. a legal document)
~ sth (up) fasten or close sth securely
seal the parcel (up) with adhesive tape
to close or make secure against access.
~ sth (up) close tightly or put a substance, etc on sth to stop gas or fluid entering or escaping
The jar must be well sealed.
Seal (up) the window to prevent draughts. /dra:ft/ (wind)
sealing-wax: type of wax that melts quickly when heated and hardens quickly when cooled, used for sealing letters, etc
106. jet: a narrow stream of liquid, gas, etc. coming forcefully out of a small hole
The fireman directs jets of water at the burning house.
jet: any aircraft that is pushed through the air by a jet engine.
jets of air: air door, a curtain of air blows across the threshold where a door usually is. It is used in combination with an air conditioner in hot climates to prevent hot air from coming in and cold air from going out.
107. what of: what is the situation with respect to, what about
You say what about / what of a particular person pr thing when you ask sb. to explain
108. lease: written agreement, made according to law, by which the use of a building or piece of land is given by its owner to sb for a certain time in return for rent
the Lend-Lease: in World War II, the furnishing of goods and services to any country whose defence was deemed vital to the defence of the United states, under the terms of the Lend-Lease Act passed by Congress on March 11, 1941.
I have a lease on this house for three years.
cf: concession
109. rent: the regular payment for the use of land, a building, a room or machinery, etc.
I rented a small house in Newton for a year.
He rented the house to a young couple.
The apartment rents for $100 a month.
How much rent do you pay for your house?
You owe me three weeks' rent.
Hire, let lease, rent, charter are comparable when they mean to take or grant the use of sth. for a price.
Hire and let are complementary and reciprocal terms, Hire meaning to engage the use or occupancy of sth. at a price and let meaning to grant its use or occupancy for a return.
In distinctive use lease means to let on a contract.
Rent implies payment in money for the use of land and the buildings. As long as this idea is stressed, the verb may denote either to hire or to let a property.
Charter means to hire by a contract similar to a lease by which the use of a ship is given for a certain time and the safe delivery of its cargo is promised. The word is often extended to other means of transportation (as buses or aeroplanes) and then usually implies to reserve by hiring or leasing the exclusive use of a vehicle that is normally available to the general public (charter a bus for a club picnic).
110. gyp: cheat
111. contraption: device that is strange, that one does not fully understand.
112. in preference to:
He has a preference for meat rather than fish.
A teacher should not show preference for any one of her pupils.
I'd choose the small car in preference to the larger one.
prefer a to b:
I prefer blue to red.
While he was in the office, he preferred doing sth. to doing nothing.
prefer a rather than b
He prefers beef rather than mutton.
He preferred to stay at home rather than go with us.
preferable
A dark suit is preferable to a light one for evening wear.
113. barrier: sth. (e.g. a wall, rail, fence etc.) that prevents, or controls progress or movement
114. cellar: underground room for storing coal, wine, etc.
cf:
basement: a room / rooms in a house which are below street level.
barn: covered building for storing hay, grain, etc. on a farm
115. be open to:
a. not safe from
b. willing to receive
Her behaviour is open to misunderstanding.
His conduct is open to criticism (likely to be criticized)
The competition is open to all pupils under 12.
The accounts are open to inspection.
116. eradicate: to pull up by the roots; destroy or put an end to
to eradicate disease / smallpox
Police work diligently to eradicate crime.
117. meritorious: deserving of honour, esteem, praise
merit: the quality of deserving praise reward, etc. personal worth.
You may not like him, but he has his merits.
He knew the merit of his work.
Part III Quiz
Ⅰ. Word explanation
1. forlorn
A. typical
B. unhappy
C. crowded
D. simple
2. ponder
A. strike
B. injure
C. cut
D. think
3. shrewd
A. quick
B. industrial
C. suspicious
D. clever
4. livid
A. clear green
B. dark red
C. light brown
D. blue grey
5. scorch
A. touch
B. burn
C. toast
D. baked
6. prairie
A. mountain
B. basin
C. high land
D. grassland
7. twirl
A. stir
B. flow
C. spin
D. move
8. spectator
A. onlooker
B. participator
C. orator
D. partner
9. magnetic
A. skilful
B. attractive
C. energetic
D. industrial
10. exhort
A. make sb. tired
B. go abroad
C. advise
D. welcome
11. festoon
A. stride
B. display
C. display
D. decorate
12. erupt
A. explode
B. raise
C. elevate
D. break
13. indict
A. explain
B. charge
C. write
D. indicate
14. anticipate
A. advance
B. wait for
C. foresee
D. overlook
15. counsel
A. lawyer
B. officer
C. governor
D. teacher
16. reassure
A. make sure
B. confide
C. comfort
D. convince
17. prosecute
A. perform
B. accuse
C. predict
D. defend
18. sprout
A. appear
B. grow
C. develop
D. all the above
19. rickety
A. strong
B. brave
C. sweat
D. boiled
20. sweltering
A. hot
B. heat
C. sweat
D. boiled
21. nominee
A. elector
B. candidate
C. voter
D. representative
22. verdict
A. punishment
B. penal
C. opinion
D. judgement
23. hail
A. accept
B. greet
C. welcome
D. receive
24. image
A. shape
B. figure
C. feature
D. likeness
Ⅱ. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the following words or expressions in its proper form. Each word or expression is to be used only once.
________________________________________
adhere to, adjourn, advance, collapse, contaminate, on hand, overlook, reconcile, rule out, snowball, take on, under way, violate
________________________________________
1. All his old friends will be to see Jack receive the medal of honour.
2. He resolutely what he had said at the meeting,. He wouldn't change his mind in any way.
3. The biologist a new theory of life.
4.They blockaded the Suez Canal, which the international agreement.
5. Once the business starts , we should be able to take on more staff.
6. After the students put up Christmas decorations, the classroom a holiday appearance.
7. The yearly campaign to raise funds for the Red Cross is already that he wouldn't want to talk to her after their quarrel.
8. The Middle East Peace Conference due to the fact that the Israeli government had just expelled 12 Palestinians.
9. Friends managed him with his wife after years of separation.
10. From our house on the hillside, we can the whole of the port and harbour.
11. The water in this part of the river with waste from the factory.
12. The earthquake caused many building .
13. The police have murder but are still holding several people for questioning..
Unit 12 The Loons
Part I Background Information
1)Jean Margaret Laurence, CC (née Wemyss) (18 July 1926 – 5 January 1987) was a Canadian novelist and short story writer
Early years
Born in Neepawa, Manitoba, Laurence was the daughter of solicitor Robert Wemyss and Verna Jean Simpson. Following the death of her mother when Laurence was four, Margaret Simpson, a maternal aunt, came to take care of the family. A year later, Simpson married her father and in 1933 they had a son, Robert. In 1935, Robert Wemyss Sr. died of pneumonia.
[edit] Education
In 1944, Laurence attended Winnipeg's United College (now the University of Winnipeg) on scholarship, pursuing an honours English degree. She wrote for the student newspaper and became involved with the "Old Left" socialist reform group. She graduated in 1947. Soon afterwards, she was hired as a reporter for The Winnipeg Citizen, where she wrote book reviews, covered labour issues, and hosted a daily radio column.
Literary career
One of Canada's most esteemed and beloved authors by the end of her literary career,[1] Laurence began writing short stories shortly after her marriage, as did her husband. Each published fiction in literary periodicals while living in Africa, but Margaret continued to write and expand her range. Her early novels were influenced by her experience as a minority in Africa. They show a strong sense of Christian symbolism and ethical concern for being a white person in a colonial state.
It was after her return to Canada that she wrote The Stone Angel, the book for which she is best known. Set in a fictional prairie small town, the novel is narrated retrospectively by Hagar Shipley, a ninety-four year old woman living in her eldest son’s home in Vancouver. Published in 1964, the novel is of the literary form that looks at the entire life of a person, and Laurence produced a novel from a Canadian experience. After finishing school, the narrator moves from Toronto to Manitoba, and marries a rough-mannered homesteader, Bram Shipley, against the wishes of her father, who then disinherits her — disinheritance a recurring theme in much of Laurence's fiction. The couple struggles through the economic hardship and climatic challenges of Canadian frontier existence, and Hagar, unhappy in the relationship, leaves Bram, moving with her son John to Vancouver where she works as a domestic for many years, betraying her social class and upbringing. The novel is required reading in many North American school systems and colleges.[2]
Laurence was published by Canadian publishing company McClelland and Stewart, and she became one of the key figures in the emerging Canadian literature tradition. Her published works after The Stone Angel express the changing role of women's lives in the 1970s. Although on the surface, her later works like the The Diviners depict very different roles for women than her earlier novels do, it is safe to say that Laurence throughout her career was faithfully dedicated to presenting a female perspective on contemporary life, depicting the choices — and consequences of those choices — women must make to find meaning and purpose in life.
In later life, Laurence was troubled when a fundamentalist Christian group succeeded in briefly removing The Diviners as course material from Lakefield High School, her local secondary school.
The Stone Angel, a feature-length film based on Laurence's novel, written and directed by Kari Skogland and starring Ellen Burstyn premiered in Fall 2007.
[edit] Awards and recognition
In 1967, Laurence won the Governor General's Award for her novel A Jest of God (1966). In 1972 Laurence was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.
The Stone Angel was one of the selected books in the 2002 edition of Canada Reads, championed by Leon Rooke.
The University of Winnipeg named a Women's Studies Centre, and an annual speaker series, in Laurence's honour.
At York University in Toronto, one of the undergraduate residence buildings (Bethune Residence) named a floor after her.
[edit] Bibliography
• A Tree for Poverty (1954) — anthology of Somali poetry and folk stories
• This Side Jordan (1960)
• The Tomorrow-Tamer (1963) — collection of ten short stories set in West Africa
• The Prophet's Camel Bell (1963) — non-fiction account of Laurence's life in British Somaliland
• The Stone Angel (1964) was set in the fictional town of Manawaka, Manitoba (based on Neepawa, Manitoba, where Laurence grew up). ISBN 0-226-46936-0
• A Jest of God (1966) was also set in Manawaka. It won the Governor General's Award in 1967. The book was made into the 1968 movie Rachel, Rachel, starring Joanne Woodward.
• Long Drums and Cannons: Nigerian Dramatists and Novelists 1952-1966 (1968)
• The Fire-Dwellers (1969)
• A Bird in the House (1970) — collection of short stories
• Jason's Quest (1970) — children's book
• The Diviners (1974)
• Heart of a Stranger (1976) — essays
• Six Darn Cows (1979) — children's book
• The Olden Days Coat (1980) — children's book
• A Christmas Birthday Story (1982) — children's book
• Dance on the Earth: A Memoir (1989)
2)The loons (North America) or divers (UK/Ireland) are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Eurasia (Europe, Asia and debatably Africa). All living species of loons are members of one genus (Gavia), family (Gaviidae) and order (Gaviiformes) of their own.The loons are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble in shape when swimming. Like in these but unlike in coots (which are Rallidae) and grebes (Colymbiformes), their toes are connected by webbing. They may be confused even more readily with cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), which are not too distant relatives of divers and like them are heaviset birds whose bellies – unlike those of ducks and geese – are submerged when swimming. Flying loons resemble a plump goose with a seagull's wings, which seem quite small in proportion to the bulky body. They hold their head slightly pointing upwards during swimming, less so than cormorants do, and in flight they let the head decidedly droop down compared to all other aquatic birds of comparable habitus.
Part II General Structure
Structural and stylistic analysis
Part I. Paras 1 - 2
Introduction of the novel, when, where, who, etc. The general background.
Part II. Para.3 – Para.4 (p. 218)
The whole story
Section 1. Para.3 (p.206) – Para.6 (p.208)
Introducing Piquette.
Section 2. Para.7 (p.208) – Para.2 (p.214)
Days together with Piquette at Diamond Lake
Section 3. Para.3 (p. 214) – Para.2 (p.217)
Second meeting with Piquette several years later
Section 4. Para.3 (p.217) – Para.4 (p.218)
Piquette’s death
Part III. Para. 5 on page 218 – end.
Part III Detailed Study of the Text
1. pebble: small stone made smooth and round by the action of water, eg in a stream or on the seashore
2. scrub: underdeveloped trees or shrubs
oak 橡树， 栎树
scrub oak: short, stunted (short, not-fully-grown) oak tree
cf:
bush: (large) low growing plant with several or many woody stems coming out from the root (tree: with a single trunk)
shrub: (small) plant with woody stem, lower than a tree, & usu. with several separate stems from the root
3. chokecherry: North American wild cherry tree
4. thicket: a thick growth of shrubs, underbrush or small trees
5. clearing: open space from which trees have been cleared in a forest
6. shack: a small roughly built house, hut,
7. dwelling n (fml) place of residence; house, flat, etc
my humble dwelling
dwelling-house(esp. law): house used as a residence, not as a place of work
. 8. cabin: small hut or shelter, usu made of wood
cabin class: second highest standard of accommodation on a ship二等舱
9. poplar: 杨树
10. chink: close the narrow openings with, plaster
11. Batoche:巴托什, a village at the centre of Saskatchewan Province, Canada. The battle ground where the Canadian militia beat the rebellious army in 1885. It’s been established as the National Park of History now.(简明)
12. Métis: [mei’ti:s] half-breed, one of mixed blood, esp. (often cap.) half breed 混血儿，尤指法国人与印第安人的混血后裔，杂种动物
13. chaos: complete disorder or confusion
The burglars left the house in (a state of) chaos.
The wintry weather has caused chaos on the roads.
chaotic: in a state of chaos; completely disorganized
With no one to keep order the situation in the classroom was chaotic.
14. lean-to: small building or shed with its roof resting against the side of a larger building, wall or fence
They keep hens in a lean-to at the end of the garden.
a lean-to greenhouse
15. warp: cause sth to become bent or twisted from the usual or natural shape, esp because of uneven shrinkage or expansion The damp wood began to warp.
The hot sun had warped the cover of the book.
16. lumber: (esp Brit) unwanted pieces of furniture, etc that are stored away or take up space
(esp US) = timber
17. coop: cage for small creature
18. tangle: (cause sth to) become twisted into a confused mass
Her hair got all tangled up in the barbed wire fence.
19. strand: a single piece or thread
Many strands are twisted together to form a rope.
20. barb: the sharp point of a fish hook, arrow, etc, with a curved shape which prevents it from being easily pulled out
21. rust: the reddish brown surface that forms on iron when attacked by water and air
rusty: covered with rust
22. Patois ?????????? a dialect other than the standard illiterate or provincial speech, jargon 洋泾浜英语
23. broken: (of a foreign language) spoken imperfectly; not fluent
speak in broken English
(of land) having an uneven surface; rough
an area of broken, rocky ground
(of a person) weakened and exhausted by illness or misfortune
He was broken-hearted when his wife died.
broken home: family in which the parents have divorced or separated
He comes from a broken home.
obscenity: offensive, repulsive remarks, cursing, vulgarity
laws against obscenity on the television
four letter words: fuck, shit, bull shit
24. belong: to be suitable or advantageous, be in the right place
I don't belong in a place like this.
He doesn't belong in the beginner's class.
I refuse to go abroad: I belong here.
25. Cree: one of the Indian tribes in Canada
26. reservation: a piece of land set apart for N. American Indians
cf: resort: (a) popular holiday centre
seaside, skiing, health, etc resorts
Beidaihe is a leading north coast resort.
(b) (US) hotel or guest-house for holiday-makers
27. neither fish, flesh nor good red herring / neither flesh, fowl, nor good salt herring : difficult to identify or classify; vague; ambiguous 难以辨别或分类的，非驴非马的，不伦不类的
fowl: a. domestic cock or hen
We keep a few fowls and some goats.
b. flesh of certain types of birds, eaten for food
We had fish for the first course, followed by roast fowl and fresh vegetables.
c. any bird: the fowls of the air
waterfowl barnyard fowl wildfowl
herring: Atlantic fish, usu swimming in very large shoals( 鱼群), used for food 鲱鱼
28. odd: not regular, occasional, casual, occasional, random
Life would be very dull without the odd adventure now and then.
29. section hands / gang: a group of workmen keeping one section of a railway line repaired
30. relief: aid in the form of goods, coupon or money given, as by a government agency, to persons unable to support themselves
on relief: receiving government aid because of poverty, unemployment, etc.
a relief teacher
31. …with a face that seemed totally unfamiliar with laughter, would knock at the doors of the town’s brick houses… This suggests that the Tonnerres had lived a very miserable life. They had never experienced happiness in their whole life. The “brick houses” indicates the wealthy people’s home.
32. lard: pig fat made pure by melting, used in cookery
33. pail: a usu. round open vessel of metal or wood, with handles, used for carrying liquids, bucket (just like the ones we use now)
34. bruise: injury caused by a blow to the body or to a fruit, discolouring the skin but not breaking it He was covered in bruises after falling off his bicycle.
35. brawl: noisy quarrel or fight
a drunken brawl in a bar
36. howl: long loud wailing cry of a dog, wolf, etc , loud cry of a person expressing pain, scorn, amusement, etc let out a howl of laughter, agony, rage
howl: v.
wolves howling in the forest
to howl in agony
syn: bawl, moan, scream, wail, sob,
37. Mountie: member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police加拿大皇家骑警
mount: ~ sb (on sth) get onto or put (sb) onto a horse, etc for riding; provide (sb) with a horse for riding
He quickly mounted (his horse) and rode away.
He mounted the boy on the horse.
The policemen were mounted on (ie rode) black horses.
a mounted policemen, ie on horses
38. cell: a small room in a prison
39. sporadic: happening or seen only occasionally or in a few places; occurring irregularly
sporadic showers
sporadic raids, gunfire, fighting
syn: irregular infrequent, intermittent occasional
40. negligible: too slight or unimportant to be worth any attention, of little importance or size; not worth considering a negligible amount, error, effect
This year’s deficit in foreign trade is negligible.
'negligent: not taking or showing enough care
He has been negligent in not locking the doors as he was told to.
41. She existed for me only as a vaguely embarrassing presence
As far as I am concerned, her presence would only make other people feel ill at ease / uncomfortable.
42. hoarse: sounding or growling rough and harsh
He shouted himself hoarse.
43. limp: walk unevenly, as when one foot or leg is hurt or stiff
That dog must be hurt; he's limping.
The injured footballer limped slowly off the field.
Cf: shuffle: walk without lifting the feet completely clear of the ground
The prisoners shuffled along the corridor and into their cells.
totter and sway, lurch out, droopy hobble(n), stagger, stumble, floppy (These are words used in Argentia Bay to describe Roosevelt)
44. grimy: dirty, messy, filthy
grime: dirt, esp in a layer on a surface
45. peculiar: odd or strange, eccentric, strange in a troubling or displeasing way
a peculiar taste, smell, noise, etc
a peculiar feeling that one has been here before
My keys have disappeared; it's most peculiar!
He's a bit peculiar!
46. flare: burn brightly but briefly or unsteadily
The match flared in the darkness.
flare up: burn suddenly more intensely
The fire flared up as I put more logs on it.
reach a more violent state; suddenly become angry
Violence has flared up again.
He flares up at the slightest provocation.
(of an illness)recur, happen again
My back trouble has flared up again.
47. It's under control all right
all right:(infml) certainly; beyond doubt; expressing absolute certainty
That's the man I saw in the car all right.
48. the dickens (infml euph) (used to give emphasis, esp in questions) the Devil
Who / What / where the dickens is that?
We had the dickens of a job finding the place.
我们费了九牛二虎之力才找到这个地方。
49. take off: go away, depart
I grabbed my hat and took off for the Town Hall.
back: ago, into the past
some few years back
far back in the Middle ages
50. contagious: (of a disease) that can be spread by touch, infectious
51. distress: pain, agony, misery
52. bet:
I'll bet you $5 that they'll win the next election.
He bet me that I couldn't do it.
I bet it rains / will rain tomorrow.
You bet: certainly
Will you tell her? You bet.
53. for Peter’s sake:
for God's / goodness' / Heaven's / gosh’s / pity's, etc sake (used as an interjection before or after a command or request, or to express irritation
For God's sake, stop that whining!
For goodness' sake! How can you be so stupid?
54. cross: rather angry
I was cross with him for being late.
What are you so cross about?
She gave me a cross look.
crossly: madly, angrily, irritably
55. matron: woman in charge of the nurses in a hospital (now called a senior nursing officer)
56. rigid: stiff; not bending or yielding; strict; firm; unchanging
Her face was rigid with terror.
He is a man of very rigid principles
practise rigid economy 厉行节约
57. cameo: ['k?mi??] (浮雕宝石) a piece of women's ornamental jewellery consisting of a raised shape or figure on the background of a small fine flat stone of a different colour
58. mauve: ['m?v] (of) a pale purple colour
vein(静脉), artery(动脉), blood ca?pillary(毛细血管)
59. stifle: hold back, suppress, restrain, inhibit
The children were stifled (killed) by the smoke.
I am stifling in this close room.
She was getting sleepy and tried to stifle a yawn.
The government soon stifled these complaints.
suffocate: 窒息
60. at that: additionally, besides, as well
It's an idea, and a good one at that.
I made a mistake, and a very bad mistake at that.
at that: perhaps
She suggested we should bring the car, and it's not a bad idea at that.
61. muse: reflect, ponder
Ogilvie's voice took on a musing note.
62. Bide-a-Wee: tolerate a little, stay with us a little while
Bide: stay, Wee: a little
Boonie Doon: (boonie: love, beautiful)
My Boonie lies over the Ocean
Bonny: attractive, fair, excellent, fine
A bonnie ship 美丽的小船
63. bear: show (sth); carry visibly; display
The document bore his signature.
The ring bears an inscription.(铭文)
64. austere: without ornament, plain
an austere style of painting
She dressed austerely rather than smartly.
65. filigree: ornamental lace-like work of gold, silver or copper ware, delicate ornamental wire work 金、银、铜丝细工饰品 silver filigree jewellery 银丝首饰
66. fern 蕨类植物
67. raspberry：覆盆子，山莓
68. moss: very small green or yellow flowerless plant growing in thick masses on damp surfaces or trees or stones moss-covered rocks, walls
69. fragrant: aromatic, perfumed, having a sweet or pleasant smell (esp. of flowers)
cf: flagrant
70. miniature: very small detailed painting, usu of a person
attrib.
miniature dogs, ie very small breeds
miniature bottles of brandy, etc
a miniature railway, ie a small model one on which people may ride for short distances
She is just like her mother in miniature.
71. scarlet: bright red
She blushed scarlet when I spat forth the obscenities.
scarlet fever: infectious / contagious disease causing scarlet marks on the skin
scarlet woman (dated derog) immoral woman; prostitute
72. lantern: light for use outdoors in a transparent case that protects it from the wind, etc
73. moose: a type of large deer, with very large flat horns, that lives in the northern parts of America (and in some northern countries of Europe, where it is called an elk) (麋鹿)
74. antler: either of the pair of branched horns of a male deer
75. bleach: whiten
76. fissure: long deep crack in rock or earth
77. otherwise: in other or different respects; apart from that
The rent is high, (but) otherwise the house is fine.
78. cone: a solid object with a round base and a point at the top
a hollow or solid object shaped like this
Many children would rather eat ice cream from cones than from dishes.
79. meticulous: giving or showing great precision and care; very attentive to detail (implying excessiveness)
a meticulous worker, researcher, etc
meticulous painting and free sketch painting
工笔 / 写意画
80. tote: (infml) carry
to tote a gun
81. winter: spend the winter
it became fashionable for the rich to winter in the sun.
birds wintering in the south
82. fell: to cut down (a tree)
83. lame: unable to walk normally because of an injury or defect
84. scuff: scrape, to make a rough mark or marks, with one’s shoes, on the smooth surface of furniture, or floor, etc The floor was badly scuffed up where they had been dancing.
85. coarse: not fine, rough or loose in texture, vulgar, crude, harsh
a coarse complexion / skin
coarse manners, laughter, tastes, etc
86. stamp: put (one's foot) down heavily on (the ground, etc) walk with loud heavy steps
stamping the ground to keep warm
She stamped the soil (flat/down) round the plant.
Don't stamp, you'll wake everyone up.
87. bizarre: strange in appearance or effect; grotesque; eccentric
88. Unlikely it may seem: although it may seem not likely to happen,...
as…as: (introduces adverbial clause of comparison)
You know as much as I do
Sometimes the subject of the subordinate clause can be omitted:
He said the situation there was not as bad as had been reported.
The 2 houses were as clean as could be.
89. spring from: arise or come from
He is sprung from royal blood, is of royal ancestry.
If you ask someone where they have sprung from you are asking them where they have come from in a rather surprised way, because they have appeared unexpectedly.
90. Tecumseh, 1768-1813, chief of the Shawnee Indians; born Ohio. A noted military leader, he planned a confederacy of tribes to resist U.S. encroachment, but the defeat of his brother, the Shawnee Prophet in 1811 ended the Indian military movement. Tecumseh then fought alongside the British against the Americans in the War of 1812. He died in the battle of the Thames.
Iroquois:(易洛魁人) an American Indian confederacy (combination of groups of people) of New York.
Brebeuf, Jean de, Saint, 1593-1649, French Roman Catholic missionary. One of the Jesuit Martyrs of North America. A missionary to the Huron Indians, Brebeuf with his colleague Gabriel Lalemant was killed by the Iroquois.圣布雷伯夫， 法国天主教耶稣会传教士。
(Emily)Pauline Johnson, 1862-1913, Canadian Indian. Daughter of an Indian tribe chief and a British woman. Her poems sang high praise of the Indian tradition and were very popular at her time. She traveled around Canada, America and Britain, giving recitals in deer skin robes, which won enormous fame for her.
91. exalt: elevate, exhilarate
92. prophetess: female prophet, a man who believes that he is directed by God to make known and explain God's will and to lead or teach a religion
prophet: a person who tells, or claims to be able to tell the nature or course of future events. A person who spoke for God and who communicated God’s message courageously to God’s Chosen People. Elisha, Abraham, Moses, David, Nathan, Solomon, etc.
93. impart: give, pass on ( a secret, news, etc to sb.)
A teacher's aim is to impart knowledge.
The Prime Minister imparted the news at the conference.
94. coyote: small wolf of the plains of western N America 郊狼
95. She undoubtedly knew … whatever it was that it said in Hiawatha.
She knew whatever it was
Whatever that it said in Hiawatha
96. lure: to tempt, entice. It suggests an irresistible force, to sth. harmful
97. thrash: to beat with or as if with a stick or whip, to move wildly or violently about
The fishes thrashed about in the net.
98. squash: flatten, crush
99. sullen: silently showing dislike, silently bad-tempered, unforgiving, dark, gloomy (Blackmail)
look sullen, to wear a sullen look
“Shut up”, D said. Sullenly, Ogilvie complied.
100. lore: knowledge or wisdom, esp. of an unscientific kind, about a certain subject or possessed by a certain group of people
bird lore, a countryman's weather lore
101. reed： tall hollow stem of any of various types of grass-like plants growing near water
cf:
reef: ridge of rock, shingle, sand, etc at or near the surface of the sea
a coral reef
102. nut:(sl derog)
(a) (Brit also nutter) foolish, eccentric or mad person
He drives like a nut; he'll kill himself one day.
b) (preceded by a n) person very interested in sth; fanatic
a movie, fitness, health, soccer nut
103. dogged(apprec.) determined; not giving up easily
a dogged defence of the city
Although he's less talented, he won by sheer dogged persistence.
104. perseverance: continual steady effort made to fulfil some aim, persistence
105. rebuff: rejection (Mark Twain: He flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed)
106. give:
used in the idiom: sb. doesn't/couldn't give a damn, a hoot(cry of an owl), etc (about sb/sth) (infml): sb does not care at all (about sb/sth)
He couldn't give a damn whether he passes the exam or not.
Cf: Blackmail
Like letting me know what gives and where…
107. dead loss: If you say that someone or something is a dead loss, you mean that they do not work properly or successfully, an infml expression.
person or thing of no help or use to anyone
This pen is a dead loss: it just won't write properly.
That goalkeeper is a dead loss.
108. scramble: to move or climb quickly, esp. over a rough or steep surface
I scrambled up the rock for a better look at the sea.
109. pier: an ornamental bridge-like framework built out into the sea at which boats can stop to take in or land their passengers or goods
110. undergrowth: (US underbrush) mass of shrubs, bushes, etc growing closely on the ground, esp under trees clear a path through the undergrowth
111. bracken: a kind of fern, which grows in forests, on wasteland, and on the slopes of hills, and becomes a rich red-brown colour in autumn
cf: bush, scrub, shrub
112. streak: a line or mark of a different colour or texture from the ground, long, thin usu. irregular line or band
113. amber: hard clear yellowish-brown gum used for making ornaments or jewellery 琥珀
114. flicker: to burn unsteadily, shine with an unsteady light,
wave, tremble, to move backwards and forwards unsteadily
The self-assurance of Ogilvie flickered for an instant.
flickering eyelid, shadows flicked on the wall
The wind blew the flickering candle out.
115.phantom: a shadowy likeness of a dead person that seems to appear on earth, sth. which exists only in one's imagination ghostly image or figure; ghost
the phantom of his dead father
Phantom(鬼怪式) / Mirage(幻影式) fighter plane.
116.ululate： howl or wail
the ululations of the mourning women
117. plaintive: expressing suffering and a desire for pity, lamentable, mournful, pathetic, sorrowful, forlorn
The plaintive cries of the child locked in the cupboard
a plaintive old song
118. chill: refrigerate, to cause to become cold, esp. without freezing
chilled beer
cf: chilli
119. mock： make fun of (sb/sth), esp by mimicking him / it contemptuously; ridicule; defy (sb/sth) contemptuously a mocking smile, voice, laugh
It is wrong to mock cripples.
mockery: ridicule, despising, open disrespect
120. aeon / eon ['i:?n] : a period of time too long to be measured
The earth was formed aeons ago.
121. chipmunk: small striped squirrel-like N American animal金花鼠
122. strike: If an idea or thought strikes you, it comes into your mind suddenly
It struck him how foolish her behaviour was.
The next morning it struck me that there was no shower in the flat.
If something strikes you in a particular way, it gives you a particular impression, usually a strong one.
Betty strikes me as a very silly girl.
How did London strike you?
123. birch: a type of northern forest tree with smooth bark and thin branches 白桦
124. catch:
If you catch someone doing something, you find them doing what they should not be doing
He caught them in bed together.
She caught him smoking at the toilet.
125. squawk: (esp. of some birds) to make a loud rough-sounding cry
hens squawking at the sight of the cat
126. be ill at ease: not comfortable because of lack of skill or understanding
She was ill at ease as she had never been to such parties.
I am terribly ill at ease with strangers.
127. fail： neglect or be unable (to do sth)
He never fails to write (ie always writes) to his mother
every week.
She did not fail to keep (ie She did keep) her word.
Your promises have failed to (ie did not) materialize.
128.reproach: blame, sth. that brings disgrace or discredit
The youth's bad behaviour is a constant reproach to his parents.
She remained as a reproach to me: I blame myself, because I could not reach her.
The corrupt caders are a reproach to the Party.
A coward is a reproach to an army.
The slums are a reproach to our city.
129. immerse: to put deep under water
I immersed myself in work so as to stop thinking about her.
130. jukebox: coin-operated record player, about two times the size of a home refrigerator
131. boom: to make a deep hollow sound, roar
132. tune
melody, esp a well-marked one
tuneful：having a pleasing tune; melodious
133. chrome: (铬) an alloy of chromium (铬) with other metal (esp when used as a protective coating on other metals) Here: something plated / coated / gilded with chromium, it refers to the shining edge of the jukebox, which was made of chrome.
134. rainbow glass: on top of the jukebox is the cabin for storing all the records, the front of which is a piece of glass of some fancy colour like rainbows
135. astound: amaze, astonish, surprise
136. stolid: showing no excitement when strong feelings might be expected
137. carmine: deep purplish red colour
scarlet: bright red
cardinal: bright red
crimson: deep red
florid: (face) red
138. frizzle: (of hair) to curl tightly, to set the hair in a mass of tight curls
frizzy: (of hair) very curly, like wool
139. perm: (also permanent wave, AmE. infml permanent) infml esp. BrE the putting of waves or curls into straight hair by chemical treatment so that they will last for several months
140. blunt: Here: not trying to be polite or tactful
141. to advantage: in a way that shows its good points or merits
The picture is seen to better advantage from a distance
Hang the picture opposite the window so that it will show up to advantage.
Her tight-fitting skirt and sweater in orange colour displayed a soft and slender body in an effect good enough to be envied.
142. teeter: to seesaw , to move up and down or to and fro, waver: to move uncertainly or unsteadily
The drunken man teetered on the edge of the pavement.
She was teetering along / about / around in very high-heeled shoes.
143. sore: (of a part of the body) tender and painful, sensitive, hurting when touched
a sore knee
144. jerkwater: remote and unimportant, trivial
145. stink: to give a strong bad smell
the stinking ninth category
landlords, rich peasants, counter revolutionaries, bad elements, Rightists, traitors, spies, and capitalist roaders
146. confide: to tell a secret, to tell sth. confidentially, reveal, disclose
147. blur: become unclear, obscure, dim; that appears hazy and indistinct
The town was just a blur on the horizon.
Everything is a blur when I take my glasses off.
Her eyes blurred with tears.
148. repel: to cause feeling of dislike, to drive back by or as if by force
Let go at once! You repel me.
her untidy appearance repelled him.
His filthy hair and grimy clothes repelled her.
Bryan carried a palm-fan like a sword to repel his enemy.
149. despise: to regard as worthless, low, bad; dislike very angrily (No Signpost)
I despise such people; they've no character.
He despises people who were lavish with their praises.
cf: mockery
the self-pity in her voice: She thought that no one except Doc. Macleod had treated her well.
150. biddy: a hired woman, esp., a cleaner, an eccentric woman
151. stockyard: a yard in which cattle, sheep, swine or horses are kept temporarily for slaughter, market or shipping
152. handle: (sl) title: have a handle to one's name, ie have a title, eg `Sir' or `Lord'
Churchill has a handle to his name---Sir.
some handle: a special name; Isn't that an impressive name?
(some: considerable)
It was really some speech you made.
It was quite some party.
cf:
I suggest that we find some hotel first.
I have to arrange her in some good girls’ school.
153. mere: nothing more than,
the merest: as small or unimportant as possible
The merest little thing makes him nervous.
154. defiant: showing defiance; openly opposing or resisting sb/sth
a defiant manner, look, speech
155. momentary: lasting for a very short time
156. swell: stylish, socially prominent, excellent
157. perturb: trouble, make anxious, agitate
a perturbing rumour
158. gauche: socially awkward, clumsy, lacking social experience or grace
159. slattern: an untidy slovenly woman, also slut, prostitute
160. dressed any old how: dressed in a very careless way.
anyhow: without any regular order, in a careless manner, in any manner whatever, unsystematically
You can arrange them anyhow.
The well-groomed (groom: take care of) woman can't wear her hair just anyhow.
The books were lying on the shelves just/all anyhow. He made notes anyhow across the page.
Anyhow can be used as an adj. as well
The room was all anyhow.
old: used as an intensive
Any old thing will do.
Come any old time.
We’re having a high old time (very good time).
161. brew: to prepare beer, etc. by soaking or boiling grain, leaves, etc.
162. attributes: the accessories, modifiers, nowadays so called, in China, hardware; what is needed for a resort to be considered flourishing; objects recognized as symbols
163. resort: a holiday place, or place considered good for the health
164. place of belonging: place they belong to
165. Perhaps they had been unable to find such a place ...having ceased to care any longer whether they lived or not.
This obviously is an analogy (类比), in which the loons are compared to Piquette, who had been unable to find a place to live, and had simply died out, having ceased to care any longer whether SHE lived or not
Part IV Discussion
1 What do the Loons symbolize and how is the disappearance of the loons related to the theme of the story?
2 Why was the story told from the point of view of a white girl?
3 What do you think of the society at the time?
Book Two
Unit 1 Face to Face with Hurricane Camille
Part I. Background information
1. What is a Hurricane? In what way is it different from regular storms and typhoons and cyclones?
Hurricane is a tropical storm in which winds attain speeds greater than 75miles per hour. The term is restricted to storms occurring over the North Atlantic Ocean.
Similar storms occurring over the West Pacific Ocean and China Seas are called typhoons and those over the Indian Ocean are called tropical cyclones. Hurricane are given girl’s names (alphabetical order)and typhoons are given serial numbers.
Part II Writing Workshop
Discussion 1
We all know there are four basic types of composition, what are they?
Narration, description, exposition, argumentation)
Which type of composition is this one?
Discussion 2
What are the characteristics of narration?
Narration—story-telling —novel
• plot structure (a story is a narrative of events in their time-sequence; a plot is also a narrative of events, the emphasis falling on causality. A story arouses only curiosity; a plot demands intelligence and memory. E.M.Forster)( The king died and then the queen. Story/The king died and then the queen died of grief. Plot)
o introduction
o rising action
o climax :the turning point in the action, the crisis at which the rising action reverses and becomes the falling action. The highest interest
o falling action
o resolution
• conflict (opposing forces)
• characterization (characters, modern novels)
• setting
• theme
• point of view
• sequencing (usu. chronological)time-sense: imperative to a story
• transitions
simple narrative(without plot) and novel(with plot)
Narration is concerned with action, with life in motion, with a meaningful series of actions. It revolves around people, called characters (protagonist, hero), in some kind of struggle or conflict against other people, nature, society or themselves(antagonist, enemy). The actions, that is, incidents and events are generally presented in order of their occurrence, following the nature time sequence of the happenings. As the conflict develops, suspense and tension increase until the highest point or the climax of the struggle is reached. After the climax, the story quickly moves to a conclusion, which is sometimes called a denouement.
Action usually dominates narration; however, some narratives focus on character, theme or atmosphere.
Narrative writing appears in and is not limited to novels, short stories, biographies, autobiographies, historical accounts, essays, poems, and plays.
The chief purpose of narration is to interest and entertain, though, of course, it may be used to instruct and inform. It is conventionally said that narration deals with time, description with space.
Exercises:
1 What is the focus of this piece of narration? Plot/ character/theme/atmosphere
2 Who is the protagonist and who/what is the antagonist: man vs hurricane
Part III Detailed Study
1. Face to Face with Hurricane Camille: All headings and titles are generally succinct and particular care is given to the choice of words. The aim is to present the article, story, etc. as vividly and as forcefully as possible to attract the attention of would-be readers.
face to face: The phrase in this context means "confronting one another." This phrase connotes a sense of urgency and danger. The confrontation is generally with something dangerous, difficult or hard to resolve, e.g., face to face with the enemy, face to face with the tiger, face to face with the problem.
2. John Koshak, Jr.: Jr. is the abbreviation of junior. This term is generally used in the United States and is put after the name of a son to indicate he has the same first name as his father. The term Sr. (senior) is sometimes put after the name of the father. This is done only with men's names. If the name continues into the third generation, Roman numerals (I. II. III. etc. ) are used. This happens mainly among big, rich, upper class families, e.g. John Rockefeller I , John Rockefeller II, and John Rockefeller III.
3. Radio and television warnings ... Gulf of Mexico: The National Weather Service of the United States broadcast warnings of potential hurricanes.
Warnings had sounded: Radio and television had broadcast warnings about the hurricane.
August 17: Hurricane Camille devastated the area for two days August 17, 18.
lashed: a specific verb, meaning to strike with great force, e.g.
waves lashed the cliffs
Gulf of Mexico: Most hurricanes in this area are formed over the Caribbean Sea and they move over the Gulf of Mexico to strike the Gulf States of the United States -- Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, etc.
4. It was certain ... the Koshaks lived:
pummel: to beat or hit with repeated blows. The Koshaks will have to put up with many onslaughts of the fierce storm.
Gulfport: seaport in S. Miss., on the Gulf of Mexico
Miss: abbreviation for Mississippi
the Koshaks: When a "s" is added to a surname and used with the definite article "the", the term, then, stands for the whole family.
e.g. the Koshaks: the Koshak family, all the Koshaks in the family
the Browns: the Brown family
the Lis: the Li family
5. coastal communities: people living together in towns, cities, villages, along the coast
6. aged 3 to 11: The youngest child was three years and the eldest 11 years old. The other five were older than 3 and younger than 11.
7. John, 37: elliptical, John who was 37 years old
8. all of Magna Products' ... on the first floor:
all of: every one, every bit of, every piece of. It is used with a plural verb.
Magna Products: name of the company owned and run by John Koshak Jr.
engineering drawings: diagrams and sketches for machines
art work: designs, models, pictures for the various toys
first floor: in U. S., the ground floor; in Europe and Great Britain, the floor above this
9. Hurricane Betsy: The storm lashed Florida, Mississippi and Louisiana in 1965 from Sept. 7-10, causing the death of 74 persons.
10. Koshak had moved his family to a motel:
motel: a blend or portmanteau word, formed by combining parts of [mo(torist) + (ho)tel]
11. We' re elevated 23 feet: In British English one would probably say "We' re 23 feet above sea level."
12. we' re a good 250 yards from the sea: We' re at least 250 yards distant from the sea.
a good: a general intensive, meaning “at least,” "full", e.g. we waited a good six hours
13. we can batten down and ride it out: a metaphor, comparing the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.
batten: to fasten canvas over the hatches of a ship, especially in preparing for a storm
ride it out: to stay afloat during a storm without too much damage
. Since water mains ... and pails: They were afraid the water supply might be cut off so they filled the bathtubs and pails with water.
main: a principal pipe, conduit, or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc.
14. A power failure . .. for the lantern:
power failure: a breakdown in the supply of electricity
check out: to examine (the batteries and fuel) and see if they were all right
15. gray clouds ... on the rising wind:
scudded in: driven inland by the wind
Gulf: the Gulf of Mexico
rising wind: wind that was getting stronger and stronger
16. A neighbor ... with the Koshaks:
whose husband was in Vietnam: This was 1969. The husband of this neighbor was in the American army fighting in Vietnam.
sit out the storm: to stay until the end of the storm
17. Another neighbor ... of his doge: The dash in this sentence indicates that some words have been left out and the structural pattern has been changed from a statement to an indirect question. The sentence might read as follows:" Another neighbor came by on his way inland and asked if the Koshaks would mind taking care of his dog."
come by: American English, to pay a visit
18. Stay away ... storm-shattered panes:
stay away: keep far away from; don't go near
concerned about: anxious, uneasy, worried about glass flying from storm-shattered panes' small pieces of glass flying around in the air when the panes of a window are shattered by the storm
19. As the wind ... through the walls:
mounted to a roar: The sound of the wind gets louder as the force of the wind increases. The roaring round indicates the wind has reached hurricane strength.
seemingly: apparently; as if
20. At 8:30 ... the generator:
power failed: electricity was cut off
Pop: (slang) father; also a familiar term of address to any elderly man
turned on the generator: started their generator to produce their own electric power
21. The French doors ... windows disintegrated:
French doors: two adjoining doors that have glass panes from top to bottom and they open in the middle
blew in: burst open by the storm, the two adjoining doors (of the French doors) flew inwards
gun-like reports: loud explosive noises like guns being fired
windows disintegrated: windows broke up, windows broke into pieces
douse: to put out (a light, fire, generator, etc..) quickly by pouring water over it
22. That water tasted salty' when Charlie licked some drops of water on his lips he found they tasted salty like sea water. From this he concluded they were in real trouble for it seemed the sea had reached them although they were 23 feet above sea level and 250 yards from the sea.
23. Count them! Nine!: elliptical "Count them! There are nine children!"
24. The children ... in a fire brigade: simile, comparing the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire.
25. The wind sounded ... yards away: simile, comparing the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train
26. more or less taken responsibility ... two children: Charlie had to some extent taken upon himself the task of looking after the neighbor and her two children.
more or less: rather; to some extent e.g. We hope our explanations will prove more or less helpful.
to take responsibility for: to consider oneself answerable for
The pattern for the phrase is: to take the responsibility for (of doing) something.
27. with outward calm: to appear calm (but to be worried in one's mind)
28. A moment later ... through the air' personification, the hurricane acting as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air
in one mighty swipe: in a big, hard, sweeping blow
skim: to throw so as to cause to bounce swiftly and lightly
29. Miami, Fla.: Fla. is abbreviated form of Florida, a southern state of the United States.
30. In its concentrated ... 200 m. p. h.: The hurricane was concentrated within a breadth of about 70 miles and in this area the hurricane threw or hurled out winds that reached nearly 200 m.p.h.).
m. p. h.: miles per hour
m. p. g.: miles per gallon
r. p. m.: revolutions per minute
g. p. m.: gallons per minute
f. p. s.: feet per second
31. Telephone poles ... snapped them: simile, the sound of the snapping poles compared to the firing of guns
20-inch-thick pines: 20-inch-thick pine trees; pine trees 20 inches in diameter
32. She carried ... trailed away: Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.
bar: a measure in music; the notes between two vertical lines on a music sheet
trail away: to grow gradually weaker, dimmer
33. With two walls ... television room: Because the two walls of the bedroom where they were seeking shelter were breaking up, John ordered everyone to go into the television room.
with: as the result of, because of,
Examples: With the staff greatly reduced, they had to stop work.
With the flood water rising rapidly, the residents on the banks of the river were evacuated.
He was faint with hunger.
bedroom sanctuary: the bedroom which was a place of refuge and protection
into the television room: elliptical
34. Without reason ... into the TV room: He did not drag the two pieces of furniture into the TV room for a special purpose. He did it mechanically and perhaps he felt he shouldn't stand there doing nothing. The mattress, however, came in handy later on.
a cedar chest: a box made of cedar wood
a double mattress: a bed mattress for a double bed, a bed designed or made for two people
TV room: room where TV set is kept
35. Make it a lean-to against the wind: Put up the mattress as a protection against the wind.
a lean-to: noun; a shed or other small outbuilding with a sloping roof, the upper end of which rests against the wall of another building. The mattress was set up slanting, the bottom resting perhaps on the door-sill and the top part slanting inwards so that the adults could prop it up with their heads and shoulders, while the kids could sit under it.
36. blowndown power lines ... over the roads: simile, blowndown power lines compared to black spaghetti
blowndown power lines: Wires carrying electricity were blown down by the wind. They lay in a tangled mess on the ground.
black spaghetti: Italian noodles, generally white but called black here because of the black color of the power lines
37. returnees: a person who returns, as home from military service or to school after dropping out (American English)
38. Before dawn ... refugee centers: The writer shows how rapidly the rehabilitation work was carried out.
National Guard: in the U.S. the organized militia forces of the individual states, a component of the Army of the U. S when called into active Federal service
civil defense: a system of warning devices, fallout shelters, volunteer workers, etc. organized as a defense of the population
against enemy actions in time of war. The principal U.S. civil defense agency was established in 1950 and in 1961 civil defense functions were transferred to the Defense Department.
move in: to come into the storm devastated area
communications centers: places that provided postal, telegraph and telephone services
39. By 10 a. m.... and bedding: Relief work was also started very quickly by the Salvation Army and the Red Cross.
canteen trucks: trucks distributing food and drink to the refugees
staffers: members of the Red Cross staff
40. he pitched in with Seabees: He set to work energetically with the Seabees.
Seabee: members of the construction battalions of the Civil Engineer Corps of the United States Navy, that build harbor facilities, airfields, etc. Seabee stands for CB, short for Construction Battalion.
41. But the blues . .. the adults: But sometimes the grown-up people felt a bit unhappy and depressed.
the blues: short for blue devils; a depressed, unhappy feeling (American colloquialism)
42. We lost practically ... nothing important: These two sentences are rather important for they express the writer's theme or purpose-human lives are important and not material possessions.
The family came through it: The family survived the storm
Part III Quiz
I. Choose the one which is equal to the word given blow:
1. lash
A. strike violently
B. pass by
C. move slowly
D. stride
2. pummel
A. push forward
B. punish severely
C. hit with repeated blow
D. beat heavily
3. gruff
A. serious
B. grievous
C. rough
D. gentle
4. elevate
A. put down
B. lift up
C. face to
D. push down
5. demolish
A. destroy
B. reduce
C. increase
D. beat
6. scud
A. go smoothly
B. go straight and fast
C. go up and down
D. go violently
7. interior
A. situated inside
B. situated outside
C. interrelate
D. internecine
8. ferocity
A. capability
B. fierceness
C. impediment
D. ferment
9. shudder
A. shuffle in
B. walk out
C. curl up
D. shake
10. sanctuary
A. a warm place
B. shelter
C. a clean place
D. a harm place
11. maroon
A. stay brave and along
B. leave hopeful
C. stay helpless
D. leave helpless and alone
12. vantage
A. variable situation
B. comfortless position
C. advantage
D. disadvantage
13. debris
A. small individual parts
B. completely good places
C. well preserved pieces
D. scattered broken pieces
14. implore
A. request earnestly
B. inform eagerly
C. ask for leave
D. ask for leave
15. skim
A. hit violently
B. move lightly over
C. go fast and quietly
D. move gradually away
16. rampage
A. walk for pleasure
B. produce branches
C. rage
D. range
17. festoon
A. celebrate
B. fasten
C. scatter
D. decorate
18. extinguish
A. put out
B. put up
C. put on
D. put down
19. disintegrate
A. joint together
B. break up into pieces
C. regard as a individual
D. look down upon
20. frustrate
A. discourage
B. bring about good result
C. come out fruitfully
D. worry about the result
21. prop
A. support
B. place
C. suspend
D. propose
22. tilt
A. cultivate
B. incline
C. level
D. disintegrate
23. endure
A. conduct
B. control
C. bear
D. engulf
24. bar
A. music note
B. hot rail
C. brick
D. block
25. thrust
A. dreadful weapon
B. sharp knife
C. pierce wind
D. driving force
26. diminish
A. mummify
B. reduce
C. micro command
D. increase
27. assume
A. assert
B. pronounce
C. suppose
D. declare
28. perish
A. incarnate
B. die
C. increase
D. submit
29. lap
A. cover
B. destroy
C. beat
D. put
30. vanish
A. import
B. exist
C. appear
D. disappear
II. Complete the word according to the definition:
1. violent windstorm h
2. letters; letter writing c
3. machine for generating g
4. to put into water; throw water over d
5. to rise to higher level of rank, power etc. m
6. state in trouble or difficulty m
7. to save from loss, fire, wreck etc. s
8. of the mind p
9. to strike or fill with respect combined with fear and reverence a
10. done, carried out, with order or method m
11. impressive or sensational s
12. something owned p
13. difficult or impossible to understand or comprehend i
14. forceful, often vindictive anger w
15. to lay waste or destroy d
16. a place or structure to which a vessel or aircraft can be moored m
17. to break suddenly with a brisk, sharp, cracking sound s
18. to grasp and hold tightly. c
19. to defeat completely and decisively o
20. one of the glass-filled divisions of a window or door p
21. a usually rectangular pad of heavy cloth filled with soft material or an arrangement of coiled springs, used as or on a bed m
22. to strike or affect in a manner similar to lashing w
23. to seek advice or information of c
24. unwilling; disinclined r
25. a person who performs or offers to perform a service of his or her own free will v
Unit 2 Marrakech
Part I Background Information
1) Orwell was a British journalist, political author and novelist, who wrote two of the most famous novels of the 20th century 'Animal Farm' and 'Nineteen Eighty-Four'.
Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair on 25 June 1903 in eastern India, the son of a British colonial civil servant (sub-deputy opium agent for the Indian Civil Service). He was educated in England and, after he left Eton, joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, then a British colony. Abhorring imperialism, he resigned in 1927 and decided to become a writer. Orwell's Burma experience heightened his suspicions of social inequities and his sympathy for oppressed peoples. On his return to England in 1927 he aggressively transferred this suspicion and sympathy to the British class structure. In 1928 he moved to Paris where lack of success as a writer forced him into a series of menial jobs( tramp, beggar, low-paid jobs) . He described his experiences in his first book, 'Down and Out in Paris and London', published in 1933 - he took the name George Orwell, shortly before its publication. This was followed by his first novel 'Burmese Days' in 1934.
An anarchist in the late 1920s, in the 1930s he began to consider himself a socialist.( A proponent for socialism, Blair now wanted to write for the ‘common man’ and purposefully lived as a tramp in London and the Home Counties and stayed with miners in the north. ) In 1936 he was commissioned to write an account of poverty among unemployed miners in northern England, which resulted in 'The Road to Wigan Pier' (1937). Late in 1936, Orwell travelled to Spain to fight for the Republicans against Franco's Nationalists. He was forced to flee in fear of his life from Soviet-backed communists who were suppressing revolutionary socialist dissenters. The experience turned him into a lifelong anti-Stalinist. (When the communists partly gained control and tried to purge the POUM, many of Blair's friends were arrested, shot, or disappeared. He and Eileen barely escaped with their lives in 1937.)
Between 1941 and 1943, Orwell worked on propaganda for the BBC. In 1943, he became literary editor of the Tribune, a weekly left-wing magazine. By now he was a prolific journalist, writing articles, reviews and books.
In 1945, Orwell's 'Animal Farm' was published. A political fable set in a farmyard but based on Stalin's betrayal of the Russian Revolution, it made Orwell's name and ensured he was financially comfortable for the first time in his life. 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' was published four years later. Set in an imaginary totalitarian future, the book made a deep impression, with its title and many phrases - such as 'Big Brother is watching you', 'newspeak' and 'doublethink' - entering popular use. However, Orwell's health was deteriorating and he died of tuberculosis on 21 January 1950.
“Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever. Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself.”
He focused on specific aspects of his literature and tried to strengthen his work by following certain standards. All of Orwell’s writings consist of proper use of the English language, political views, and artistic presentation. When Orwell began writing in his later years, he mainly wrote in prose structure. He was very particular about using proper grammar and making his writing have good rhythm. Orwell’s lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details
Through reading he found six standards that all of well-written literature followed. His six basic rules are the following: “Never use a metaphor simile, or figure of speech that you are used to seeing in print; never use a long word where a short word will do; if it is possible to cut the word out, always cut it out; never use the passive where you can use the active; never use a foreign word, scientific word, or jargon word when you can think of an everyday English equivalent; and break any of these rules sooner than say anything barbarous(anything wrong) ” (Scheiss Wayne). His rules are short and simple but keep writing from going astray from its original subject. These six principles create clear sentences that are east to understand and straight to the point.
The subject of "Shooting an Elephant" (1936), Orwell's other well-known and widely anthologized essay on his Burma experience, is the impossibility of either objectivity or the effacement of the writer's own political role in the events he describes. The essay explodes a paradox particular to nearly all Orwell's travel writings, his participation in the events he describes as a first-person test of political conscience. While serving as a subdivisional police officer in Lower Burma, Orwell was called on to kill an escaped elephant rampaging through the small town of Moulmein.
In the essay "Marrakech," George Orwell uses literary techniques that allows the reader to grasp Orwell's intent of showing the reader that colonialism has corrupted the views of white society.
"Marrakech," an essay by George Orwell, accomplishes a key balance by providing descriptive imagery, literal and direct views that are presented through the diction, and transitioning the narrator from one setting to the next. This balance allows the reader to fully grasp Orwell's intent of showing the reader that colonialism has corrupted the views of the white society, leading to their lack of acknowledgement of any dignity that the most unfortunate people in humanity may have.
2) Marrakech or Marrakesh (Amazigh: Murakush, Arabic مراكش Murrākush), known as the "Red City", is an important and former imperial city in Morocco. It has a population of 1,070,838 (as of 2004),[1] and is the capital of the mid-southwestern economic region of Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz, near the foothills of the snow-capped Atlas Mountains.
Like many North African and Middle Eastern cities, Marrakech comprises both an old fortified city (the médina) and an adjacent modern city (called Gueliz). It is served by Ménara International Airport (RAK is the code for the airport) and a rail link to Casablanca and the north. Marrakech is the third largest city in Morocco after Casablanca and Rabat.[citation needed]
Marrakech has the largest traditional market (souk) in Morocco and also has one of the busiest squares in Africa and the world, Djemaa el Fna.[2] The square bustles with acrobats, story-tellers, water sellers, dancers, and musicians. By night, the square turns into food stalls, becoming a huge open-air restaurant with bu
Part II Writing Workshop
What is Expository Writing?
Exposition is a type of oral or written discourse that is used to explain, describe, give information or inform. The creator of an expository text can not assume that the reader or listener has prior knowledge or prior understanding of the topic that is being discussed. One important point to keep in mind for the author is to try to use words that clearly show what they are talking about rather then blatantly telling the reader what is being discussed. Since clarity requires strong organization, one of the most important mechanisms that can be used to improve our skills in exposition is to provide directions to improve the organization of the text.
What are some Expository Organizational Patterns
In order to give you more information about oral and written exposition we have provided you with eight different examples of expository organizational patterns. You will find that most of these organizational patterns are very familiar to you. You may have never really considered them to be "kind" of organizational patterns. As you read through the different types of organizational patterns that are presented below, try to figure out how many of these organizational patterns do you already find yourself writing or speaking on a daily basis?
Pattern Description Cue Words Graphical Organizer/Sample Passages
Circumlocution Depicts a pattern in which the speaker discusses a topic, then diverts to discuss a related but different topic. View
Narrative Interspersion A pattern or a sub-pattern imbedded in other patterns in which the speaker or writer intersperses a narrative within the expository text for specific purposes, including to clarify, or elaborate on a point or to link the subject matter to a personal experience. View
Recursion When the speaker discusses a topic, then restates it using different words or symbolism. It is used to drive home a point and to give special emphasis to the text. View
(Ball, 1991, "Organizational Patterns in the Oral and Written Language of African American Adolescents", adapted from dissertation submitted to Stanford University.)
Pattern Description Cue Words Graphical Organizer/Sample Passages
Description The author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples
for example, char- acteristics are View
Sequence The author lists items or events in numerical or chronological order. first, second, third; next; then; finally View
Comparison The author explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different. different; in contrast; alike; same as; on the other hand View
Cause and Effect The author lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects. reasons why; if...then; as a result; therefore; because View
Problem and Solution The author states a problem and lists one or more solutions for the problem. A variation of this pattern is the question- and-answer format in which the author poses a question and then answers it. problem is; dilemma is; puzzle is solved; question... answer
Effective Writing Skills:
1. making effective use of specific verbs
2. using the methods of contrast, illustration, comparision, etc.
3. clever choice of words and scenes and tenses
Part III detailed study
A.Rhetorical Devices:
1. rhetorical questions
2. repetition
3. metaphor
4. simile
5. elliptical sentences
B. Special Difficulties
1. Making sentences more compact by proper subordination, such as subordinate clauses, appositives, prepositional or verbal phrases.
2. Discriminating groups of synonyms:
--wail, cry, weep, sob, whimper, moan
--glisten, glitter, flash, shimmer, sparkle
3. Paraphrasing some sentences
4. Identifying figures of speech
C. Questions
1. Orwell shows the poverty of the natives in at least five ways. Identify them.
2. Could paragraphs 4-7 just as well come after 8-15 as before? Why or why not?
3. Does this essay give readers a new insight into imperialism?
4. Comment on Orwell’s lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details.
Unit 4 Inaugural Address
Part I Background Information
1) The inauguration of the President of the United States occurs upon the commencement of a new term of a President of the United States.
The only inauguration element mandated by the United States Constitution is that the President make an oath or affirmation before that person can "enter on the Execution" of the office of the presidency. However, over the years, various traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long event, including parades, speeches, and balls.
This day, now known as Inauguration Day, was on March 4 from 1798 until 1933. Since then, Inauguration Day has occurred on January 20 (the 1933 ratification of the Twentieth Amendment changed the start date of the term).
From the presidency of Andrew Jackson through Jimmy Carter, the primary Inauguration Day ceremony took place on the Capitol's East Portico[1]. Since the 1981 inauguration of Ronald Reagan, the ceremony has been held at the Capitol's West Front. The inaugurations of William Howard Taft in 1909 and Reagan in 1985 were moved indoors at the Capitol due to cold weather.
2) John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
After Kennedy's military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 during World War II in the South Pacific, his aspirations turned political. With the encouragement and grooming of his father, Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat, and served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election, one of the closest in American history. He was the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), the first President born in the 20th century, and the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43.[1][2] Kennedy is the first and only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize.[3] Events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War.
Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with the crime but was shot and killed two days later by Jack Ruby before he could be put on trial. The FBI, the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that Oswald was the assassin, with the HSCA allowing for the probability of conspiracy based on disputed acoustic evidence. The event proved to be an important moment in U.S. history because of its impact on the nation and the ensuing political repercussions. Today, Kennedy continues to rank highly in public opinion ratings of former U.S. presidents.[
3) The Cold War (1945–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939–1945), between the USSR and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States. Although the primary participants' military forces never officially clashed directly, they expressed the conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, a nuclear arms race, espionage, proxy wars, propaganda, and technological competition, e.g. the Space Race.
Part II Writing Workshop
1. Type of literature: political speech
2. Objectives of a political speech:
--to explain
--to convince
--to persuade
3. Features:
a. Well organized and highly rhetorical
b. Biblical style/language
c. Often-quoted passages
Assignment: Write up a public speech advocating environmental protection and make a speech in class.
Part III Detailed Study
A. Rhetorical Devices:
1. metaphor
2. antithesis
3. parallelism
4. repetition
B. Special Difficulties
1. Biblical language/quotations/style
2.Using the following methods for force, vividness and emotional appeal:
--Parallel and balanced structure
--Repetition of important words
--Antithesis
3.Paraphrasing some sentences
4.Identifying figures of speech
C. Questions
1. Cite examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice and use of words.
2. Is the address well organized? Comment on the order in which he addressed all the different groups of nations and people.
3. Is Kennedy’s argument and persuasion based mainly on facts and logic or on an appeal to emotions? Would this type of speech be successful on all occasions?
4. Is the tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses? Give your reasons.
Unit 5 Love Is a Fallacy
Part I Background Information
1) Max Shulman (March 14, 1919–August 28, 1988) was a 20th century American writer and humorist best known for his television and short story character Dobie Gillis, as well as for best-selling novels.
Shulman's works include the novels Rally Round the Flag, Boys!, The Feather Merchants, The Zebra Derby, and Sleep Till Noon. He was also a co-writer, with Robert Paul Smith, of the long-running Broadway play, The Tender Trap, starring Robert Preston, which was later made into a successful movie.
Shulman collegiate character "Dobie Gillis" was the subject of a series of short stories compiled under the title, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, which became the basis for a CBS television series of the same name, and had previously been the subject of a film, The Affairs of Dobie Gillis (1953). Shulman also wrote the series' theme song. The same year the series began, Shulman published a Dobie Gillis novel, I Was a Teenage Dwarf (1959). After his success with Dobie Gillis, Shulman syndicated a humor column, "On Campus," to over 350 collegiate newspapers at one point.[citation needed]
2) Logos (Greek λόγος) is an important term in philosophy, analytical psychology, rhetoric and religion. It derives from the verb λέγω legō: to count, tell, say, or speak.[1] The primary meaning of logos is: something said; by implication a subject, topic of discourse or reasoning. Secondary meanings such as logic, reasoning, etc. derive from the fact that if one is capable of λέγειν (infinitive) i.e. speech, then intelligence and reason are assumed.
Its semantic field extends beyond "word" to notions such as "thought, speech, account, meaning, reason, proportion, principle, standard", or "logic". In English, the word is the root of "logic," and of the "-ology" suffix (e.g., geology).[2]
Heraclitus established the term in Western philosophy as meaning both the source and fundamental order of the cosmos. The sophists used the term to mean discourse, and Aristotle applied the term to argument from reason.
In order to understand what a fallacy is, one must understand what an argument is. Very briefly, an argument consists of one or more premises and one conclusion. A premise is a statement (a sentence that is either true or false) that is offered in support of the claim being made, which is the conclusion (which is also a sentence that is either true or false).
There are two main types of arguments: deductive and inductive. A deductive argument is an argument such that the premises provide (or appear to provide) complete support for the conclusion. An inductive argument is an argument such that the premises provide (or appear to provide) some degree of support (but less than complete support) for the conclusion. If the premises actually provide the required degree of support for the conclusion, then the argument is a good one. A good deductive argument is known as a valid argument and is such that if all its premises are true, then its conclusion must be true. If all the argument is valid and actually has all true premises, then it is known as a sound argument. If it is invalid or has one or more false premises, it will be unsound. A good inductive argument is known as a strong (or "cogent") inductive argument. It is such that if the premises are true, the conclusion is likely to be true.
3) A fallacy is, very generally, an error in reasoning. This differs from a factual error, which is simply being wrong about the facts. To be more specific, a fallacy is an "argument" in which the premises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree of support. A deductive fallacy is a deductive argument that is invalid (it is such that it could have all true premises and still have a false conclusion). An inductive fallacy is less formal than a deductive fallacy. They are simply "arguments" which appear to be inductive arguments, but the premises do not provided enough support for the conclusion. In such cases, even if the premises were true, the conclusion would not be more likely to be true.
Part II Detailed Discussion of the Text
A. stylistic analysis
1. Type of literature: a piece of narrative writing
--protagonist/antagonists
--climax
--denouement
2. The main theme
3. Well chosen title and words
4. Style
--a very fast pace with a racy dialogue full of American colloquialism and slang
--employing a variety of writing techniques to make the story vivid, dramatic and colorful
B. Effective Writing Skills:
1. Employing colorful lexical spectrum, from the ultra learned terms to the infra clipped vulgar forms
2. Too much figurative language and ungrammatical inversion for specific purposes
3. The using of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes to maintain the speed of narration
C. Rhetorical Devices:
1. metaphor
3. antithesis
4. transferred epithet
4. hyperbole
5. metonymy
6. litotes
7. ellipsis
8. synecdoche
9. inversion
10. simile
11. mixed metaphor
12. rhetorical questions
D. Special Difficulties
1. Analyzing the logical fallacies
2. Using inverted sentences to achieve emphasis
3. Effectively using many figures of speech
4. Understanding colloquial expressions and slang
5. Allusions:
--Frankenstein
--Pygmalion
6. Paraphrasing some sentences
7. Identifying figures of speech
E. Questions
1. Define and give an example of each of the logical fallacies discussed in this essay.
2. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man?
3. Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does her language create?
4. Why does the writer refer to Pygmalion and Frankenstein? Are these allusions aptly chosen?
5. In what sense is the conclusion ironic?
Part III Role-Play and Acting
Choose a Scene from the text and act
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