virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations

导读：　virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations篇一：2015各城区一模英语七选五 ...

virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations篇一：2015各城区一模英语七选五

2014——2015学年高三年级一模各区七选五分类汇总

姓名： 班级：

东城

Anxiety is your mental watchman. Its fixed pattern is to search for what may be about to go wrong. It continually, and without your conscious permission, scans your When it finds one, it worries it.

Along with depression and anger, anxiety is one of the bad faces of worries. by anxiety, you will feel a lack of security and confidence. When anxiety is severe and pained, it can be a sign of a disorder, such as panic or terror.

Although anxiety seems to have a biological basis, it is habit-forming for many of us. Some of our anxious feelings are in fact wasted energy. Anxiety has gotten out of hand when it is pointless and repeated. When you are faced with a problem at work, before taking a test, or making an important decision, you will feel anxious. When you are controlled by anxiety, you are unable to control your emotions（情感） to the Or you find you are usually anxious at work or around your family.

At times, you should listen to the message of your negative emotions, as uncomfortable as they may be, and change your outward life rather than your If you are worried about the dangers of your brother’s new hobby, sky diving, perhaps you ought to tell him so. Taking action may relieve your By learning to stop always seeking guarantee, not only can you start to undo the automatic cycle of anxiety, but also you learn that you can manage just fine without the need for constant guarantee. This in turn creates a sense of self-confidence and self-respect, which is vital to overcome anxiety.

A. Forthese people, saying NO to others is often of much anxiety.

B. It reviews your work, your love, your play, until it finds an imperfection.

C. Comparing anxiety with depression helps to discuss possible cures for anxiety.

D. These three common emotions are considered the cause of most mental illnesses. E. If that doesn’t work, then it’s time to deal with any automatic thoughts in yourself.

F. If you are anxious about the work, you might get to the office an hour earlier every day.

G. You find yourself waking up anxious, going through the day anxious and going to bed anxious.

西城

For people with thousands of pages to read, speed reading seems like a manna (甘露) from heaven. In addition, speed reading helps lighten the load of information you have to absorb since it provides a filter that you can use in screening all bits of information before you approach them.

Examining how much information you need will help you identify how you should read a certain document to maximize your learning and comprehension. Thorough reading may no longer be necessary in some cases, such as when you only need an outline of a certain document.

Another skill that can ease the burden of a reader is the ability to read words in blocks. Make sure you do not spend too long on a certain block. This will also make reading less tiresome and boring.

To master this important skill, you have to practice reading more and more words in a certain block at one time. A suggestion shared by some experts regarding this step is to increase the distance between you and the document you are reading. If you can read more and more words in one block, you can cut down on the time it usually takes you to read a certain text and you will be able to read more in a shorter period.

Readers should also practice reducing the number of times they go back to previous sections or blocks. Using a pointer such as the tip of a pencil or pen can also help to make the flow of your reading smoother and faster. Thus, your speed in reading will largely depend on the speed of the movement of your pointer.

If you still find yourself confused about the topic even after you have finished reading the document, do not re-read right away. Re-reading immediately will just lead to slower speed in reading. Getting your own reading corner will also help.

Continue practicing and practicing the techniques aforementioned and

soon, you’ll achieve the reading speed that will work best for you.

A. In this technique, your eyes will follow the tip of the pointer.

B. This saves time and reduces the effort that you have to make.

C. Taking a short break first is recommended before reading the material again.

D. As a final note, the most important point is consistent and deliberate practice. E. Your invaluable time can be saved if you can have your reading speed doubled.

F. The first step to increase your reading speed is to identify the specific information you need.

G. Reducing the time you spend on a specific number of words in a block will make

no big difference.

海淀

House Sitting

In many countries of the world people do what is called house sitting. It means that if owners of the house are going away, they want someone to come into their home and look after the house and maybe pets while they are away.

In Australia, many people travel. After people retire, they might buy a van and travel all over the country.

So if someone wants to travel or go away for some reason, they might want someone in their home to care for it and keep the gardens tidy. House sitters might have to care for pets. Also, quite a few people have swimming pools in their back yards and they need cleaning. I feel it is a great way of seeing the country, because you go and stay in a new city, get to meet new people, and have time to go sightseeing in a new area.

There are websites where you find the advertisements by people who want to travel, and by replying to the advertisement, you can make arrangements to go and look after their home.

There are some requirements to be a house sitter. You must be a trusted person, so that the home owner knows you will not steal anything. You must be able to go when the house owner wants you to go, so you need lots of free time. You need to be good with pets, able to care for cats and dogs, or other pets they may have.

Some house sitting jobs are just for a few days or a couple of weeks while the home owner has a short holiday. Sometimes it is for much longer. We have had one house sit for six months, while the home owner travelled to Europe.

Then you can travel to many different countries and stay there. One of the important things to get are references from the home owners where you have stayed. A reference is a written letter to say that you are trustworthy and have looked after their home well. You can show these letters to prospective house sitting jobs and they know you will do a good job.

A. I have done house sitting many times.

B. Thousands of people do this all the time.

C. It is also possible to do house sitting in other countries.

D. Generally you have many opportunities to get a house sitting job.

E. You must take a little care over what your description says about you.

F. This is an international house sitting service for all city and country areas. G. You must have a good car, so you can travel to different parts of the country. 朝阳

Virtual (虚拟) Teams

Virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations where people are by companies and organizations to cut business costs. This is particularly so for businesses that use virtual teams to build global presence, or need less common skills or knowledge from people who are unwilling to travel. A. Yet, there is one significant It is the way the team members communicate. They rely on special communication channels enabled by modern technologies, such as emails, faxes, and teleconferences, and alike. Due to more limited communication channels, the success of virtual teams is much more sensitive to the type of project the group works on, what people are selected, and how the team is managed.

. Not every type of project is suitable for a virtual team. One challenging

case is the projects that rely heavily on integrated work. That is to say, when each person’s work depends significantly on what someone else is doing at the same moment, like in a sports team, there is an ongoing heavy exchange of information in real time, and the tasks have to go through a strict order within a short time.

Not everyone can perform well in a virtual team environment. D. The members must be self-motivated and able to work independently Another important quality is communication skills. The team members must be able to communicate clearly and positively.

Managers of virtual teams need to pay much more attention to having clear goals, performance standards, and communication rules. People have various assumptions on what to expect from each other. G. To avoid misunderstanding, clear rules that everyone understands and agrees on are necessary

One of the biggest challenges of virtual teams is building trust between the team members. Trust is important for unblocking communication between members and increasing motivation of each person in the team. The issue of trust needs special attention at any stage of team existence.

A. Yet, there is one significant difference.

B. Not every type of project is suitable for a virtual team.

C. A virtual team can choose whatever project they like to work on.

D. The members must be self-motivated and able to work independently.

E. Such teams are now widely used by companies and organizations to cut business

costs.

F. Members of virtual teams communicate quite well although they never meet

face-to-face.

G. To avoid misunderstanding, clear rules that everyone understands and agrees on

are necessary.

先读文章比先读选项要好，因为选项之间并没有明显的逻辑关系。

先形式后内容，因为形式更直观更形象更容易理解。又形式为内容服务。 先结构后逻辑，因为结构中孕育着内在的逻辑。结构相对容易判断。

这一考查题型对阅读理解提出了更高层次的要求，即不仅要有阅读速度，要对所读文章的主

virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations篇二：2016高考英语二轮复习 大专题综合测 专题5 七选五

专题五 七选五

(一)

(2015·东北三省四市二模)

You often find somebody who works around you complaining(抱怨) all the time, don't you? ___1__ About 70% of Americans say being around nonstop complainers sometimes has a bad influence on them. Luckily, here are 4 tips to help form positive patterns.

1．Self­awareness

When a negative(消极的) thought pops into your mind, immediately correct it. Instead of telling yourself “That's a nice shirt, but I can't afford it，” change the message to “That will look great with my black pants when I can afford it.” ___2__

Of course everyone complains sometimes. But the less frequently you complain, the better you will feel.

2．Distance yourself ___3__ Excuse yourself and go somewhere quiet, somewhere outdoors in the fresh air. Think of something pleasant before returning. You have to take this seriously because negative people can and will pull you into the quicksand.

3．Don't try to change complainers

If you find yourself trapped in a group of complainers in a meeting or at a social event, simply choose silence. Let their words bounce off you while you think of something else. Attempting to stop the complaining can make you a target. ___4__ If someone says, “I hate Mondays; weekends are too short，” try to think, “I'm glad I rested up over the weekend, so I'm ready to make some improvement on that big project.” 4.___5__

When someone is shouting at you angrily, throw the responsibility back at them by asking, “So what do you intend to do about it？” In most cases, complainers don't really want a solution(解决方法). They just want to speak them out. If you make them aware that they themselves have to find the solutions, they will leave you alone and find someone else to complain to. If so, you will be happy.

A．Find solutions

B．Change responsibility

C．You have got a lot of company.

D．By doing this, it will lead to positive behaviors.

E．But you can redirect the discussion in your own mind.

F．Whenever possible, escape from negative conversations.

G．You will never know what they are going to talk about.

文章大意：本文为说明文。主要介绍了如何应对爱抱怨的人。

1．C 由前一句“You often find somebody who works around you complaining all the time”和后一句“About 70% of Americans say...”可知答案选C。

2．D 根据上文change the message to “That will look great with my black pants when I can afford it”可知，这种想法会帮助我们建立积极的态度。故答案选D。

3．F 从标题句Distance yourself和本段最后“because negative people can and will pull you into the quicksand”，可知要远离消极的人，故选F。

4．E 根据本段最后一句的举例“ I'm glad I rested up over the weekend, so I'm ready to...”可知要从不同的角度思考。故答案选E。

5．B 根据段落内容和关键句“throw the responsibility back at them by”可知答案选B。

(二)

(2015·北京市朝阳区第一次综合练习)

Virtual (虚拟)Teams

Virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations where people are not sitting in the same office at the same time.__1__ This is particularly so for businesses that use virtual teams to build global presence, or need less common skills or knowledge from people who are unwilling to travel.

Virtual teams are governed by the same basic principles as traditional teams. __2__ It is the way the team members communicate. They rely on special communication channels enabled by modern technologies, such as emails, faxes, and teleconferences, and alike. Due to more limited communication channels, the success of virtual teams is much more sensitive to the type of project the group works on, what people are selected, and how the team is managed. __3__One challenging case is the projects that rely heavily on integrated work. That is to say, when each person's work depends significantly on what someone else is doing at the same moment, like in a sports team, there is an ongoing heavy exchange of information in real time, and the tasks have to go through a strict order within a short time. Not everyone can perform well in a virtual team environment. __4__Another

important quality is communication skills. The team members must be able to communicate clearly and positively.

Managers of virtual teams need to pay much more attention to having clear goals，performance standards, and communication rules. People have various assumptions on what to expect from each other.__5__

One of the biggest challenges of virtual teams is building trust between the team members. Trust is important for unblocking communication between members and increasing motivation of each person in the team. The issue of trust needs special attention at any stage of team existence.

A．Yet, there is one significant difference.

B．Not every type of project is suitable for a virtual team.

C．A virtual team can choose whatever project they like to work on.

D．The members must be self­motivated and able to work independently.

E．Such teams are now widely used by companies and organizations to cut business costs.

F．Members of virtual teams communicate quite well although they never meet face to face.

G．To avoid misunderstanding, clear rules that everyone understands and agrees on are necessary.

文章大意：本文为说明文，主要介绍了虚拟团队的含义、规则和作用。

1．E “这样的团队现在被企业和组织广泛采用以节约成本”。本空出现在第一段，因此很可能是对前面提出的“virtual team”这样的概念进行的进一步的解释说明。而本空后面出现的 This is particularly so for business that... 出现了代词 This线索，指代的就是前面说的“虚拟团队”的特性就是“节约成本”，E项符合题意，故选E。

2．A “是，两种沟通却有明显的不同”。本空后面出现的 it is the way the team members communicate.出现 it 代词指代的就是 difference，故选A。

3．B 并不是所有的项目对于“虚拟团队”都是适合的。本空后面出现的：one challenging case，是关键词，后面段落中举例：like in a sport team...更加印证了 B 选项。

4．D 成员必须能够“自我激励”并“独当一面”。本空后面的 another important quality 说明本空应该说的是成员所具有的能力。D选项符合题意。

5．G 为了避免误解，明确每个人都理解并接受的规则是十分必要的。前面出现的 assumption 跟 G 选项中的 misunderstanding 对应。故选G。

(三)

(2015·北京市东城区第二学期综合练习一)

Anxiety is your mental watchman. Its fixed pattern is to search for what may be about to go wrong.It continually, and without your conscious permission, scans your life, even when you are asleep, in dreams and nightmares.__1__ When it finds one, it worries it.

Along with depression and anger, anxiety is one of the bad faces of worries. __2__ Controlled by anxiety, you will feel a lack of security and confidence. When anxiety is severe and pained, it can be a sign of a disorder, such as panic or terror.

Although anxiety seems to have a biological basis, it is habit­forming for many of us. Some of our anxious feelings are in fact wasted energy. Anxiety has gotten out of hand when it is pointless and repeated. When you are faced with a problem at work, before taking a test, or making an important decision, you will feel anxious. When you are controlled by anxiety, you are unable to control your emotions(情感) to the point of it changing your daily routine and habits.__3__ Or you find you are usually anxious at work or around your family.

At times, you should listen to the message of your negative emotions, as uncomfortable as they may be, and change your outward life rather than your emotional life. __4__ If you are worried about the dangers of your brother's new hobby, sky diving, perhaps you ought to tell him so. Taking action may relieve your anxiety.__5__By learning to stop always seeking guarantee, not only can you start to undo the automatic cycle of anxiety, but also you learn that you can manage just fine without the need for constant guarantee. This in turn creates a sense of self­confidence and self­respect, which is vital to overcome anxiety.

A．For these people, saying NO to others is often of much anxiety.

B．It reviews your work, your love, your play, until it finds an imperfection.

C．Comparing anxiety with depression helps to discuss possible cures for anxiety.

D．These three common emotions are considered the cause of most mental illnesses.

E．If that doesn't work, then it's time to deal with any automatic thoughts in yourself.

F．If you are anxious about the work, you might get to the office an hour earlier every day.

G．You find yourself waking up anxious, going through the day anxious and going

to bed anxious.

文章大意：本文是说明文。该文章主要告诉我们如何摆脱焦虑这种情绪。

1．B 根据前文的go wrong和B项中的imperfection和下文的worries判断。故选B项。

2．D 根据前句的depression and anger, anxiety和D中的three common emotions。故选D。

3．G 根据前句unable to control your emotions(情感)和G中的anxious判断。故G正确。

4．F 根据前文的negative emotions, uncomfortable和change your outward life以及F中的anxious about the work, you might get to the office an hour earlier every day判断。故F正确。

5．E 根据前文的Taking action may relieve your anxiety和下文的By learning to stop always seeking guarantee和E中deal with any automatic thoughts in yourself判断。故选E。

(四)

(2015·东北三省三校第二次联合模拟)

After the popularity of the Ice Bucket Challenge, another challenge now is hot in India. Indians give rice to their poor neighbors for a charity(慈善) which is called “Rice Bucket Challenge”. __1__ It is about giving a bucket of rice to someone who is in need and taking a picture named “Rice Bucket Challenge” to share online. The aim of the activity is to help the poor and hungry people in India, and the movement's Facebook page has so far clocked up more than 50,000 likes. __2__ The activity was started by Manju Latha Kalanidhi, a 38­year­old journalist, who thought the Ice Bucket Challenge was a little strange. She said, “Hunger is a disease anybody would connect.” The challenge has gained a lot of support with students signing up in Indian Insitute of Management, and more and more people join in it. __3__

India is the world's second­biggest rice consumer, with a storage of 21.2 million tons of the grains. __4__ It has suffered with mass hunger, and last year was ranked 63 of 78 countries on the International Food Policy Research Institute's global hunger index. How to participate in this activity? First, pick up a bucket of rice from your home and give it to the neighboring people who are in need.__5__ At last, invite online all your friends and ask them to take up the challenge. It is important to post back on Facebook because it will inspire all your friends to come forward. All the people get together and make a difference!

virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations篇三：张静中学2016年高考英语新一轮复习精品 (10)

张静中学2016年高考英语新一轮复习精品（10）

专题五 七选五

(一)

(2015·东北三省四市二模)

You often find somebody who works around you complaining(抱怨) all the time, don't you? About 70% of Americans say being around nonstop complainers sometimes has a bad influence on them. Luckily, here are 4 tips to help form positive patterns.

1．Self-awareness

When a negative(消极的) thought pops into your mind, immediately correct it. Instead of telling yourself “That's a nice shirt, but I can't afford it，” change the message to “That will look great with my black pants when I can afford it.”Of course everyone complains sometimes. But the less frequently you complain, the better you will feel.

2．Distance yourself of something pleasant before returning. You have to take this seriously because negative people can and will pull you into the quicksand.

3．Don't try to change complainers

If you find yourself trapped in a group of complainers in a meeting or at a social event, simply choose silence. Let their words bounce off you while you think of something else. Attempting to stop the complaining can make you a target. If someone says, “I hate Mondays; weekends are too short，” try to think, “I'm glad I rested up over the weekend, so I'm ready to make some improvement on that big project.” When someone is shouting at you angrily, throw the responsibility back at them by asking, “So what do you intend to do about it？” In most cases, complainers don't really want a solution(解决方法). They just want to speak them out. If you make them aware that they themselves have to find the solutions, they will leave you alone and find someone else to complain to. If so, you will be happy.

A．Find solutions

B．Change responsibility

C．You have got a lot of company.

D．By doing this, it will lead to positive behaviors.

E．But you can redirect the discussion in your own mind.

F．Whenever possible, escape from negative conversations.

G．You will never know what they are going to talk about.

文章大意：本文为说明文。主要介绍了如何应对爱抱怨的人。

1．C 由前一句“You often find somebody who works around you complaining all the time”和后一句“About 70% of Americans say...”可知答案选C。

2．D 根据上文change the message to “That will look great with my black pants when I can afford it”可知，这种想法会帮助我们建立积极的态度。故答案选D。

3．F 从标题句Distance yourself和本段最后“because negative people can and will pull you into the quicksand”，可知要远离消极的人，故选F。

4．E 根据本段最后一句的举例“ I'm glad I rested up over the weekend, so I'm ready to...”可知要从不同的角度思考。故答案选E。

5．B 根据段落内容和关键句“throw the responsibility back at them by”可知答案选B。

(二)

(2015·北京市朝阳区第一次综合练习)

Virtual (虚拟)Teams

Virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations where people are not sitting in the same office at the same This is particularly so for businesses that use virtual teams to build global presence, or need less common skills or knowledge from people who are unwilling to travel. way the team members communicate. They rely on special communication channels enabled by modern technologies, such as emails, faxes, and teleconferences, and alike. Due to more limited communication channels, the success of virtual teams is much more sensitive to the type of project the group works on, what people are selected, and how the team is managed. when each person's work depends significantly on what someone else is doing at the same moment, like in a sports team, there is an ongoing heavy exchange of information in real time, and the tasks have to go through a strict order within a short time.

Not everyone can perform well in a virtual team environment. important quality is communication skills. The team members must be able to communicate clearly and positively.

Managers of virtual teams need to pay much more attention to having clear goals，performance standards, and communication rules. People have various assumptions on what to

One of the biggest challenges of virtual teams is building trust between the team members. Trust is important for unblocking communication between members and increasing motivation of each person in the team. The issue of trust needs special attention at any stage of team existence.

A．Yet, there is one significant difference.

B．Not every type of project is suitable for a virtual team.

C．A virtual team can choose whatever project they like to work on.

D．The members must be self-motivated and able to work independently.

E．Such teams are now widely used by companies and organizations to cut business costs. F．Members of virtual teams communicate quite well although they never meet face to face. G．To avoid misunderstanding, clear rules that everyone understands and agrees on are necessary.

文章大意：本文为说明文，主要介绍了虚拟团队的含义、规则和作用。

1．E “这样的团队现在被企业和组织广泛采用以节约成本”。本空出现在第一段，因此很可能是对前面提出的“virtual team”这样的概念进行的进一步的解释说明。而本空后面出现的 This is particularly so for business that... 出现了代词 This线索，指代的就是前面说的“虚拟团队”的特性就是“节约成本”，E项符合题意，故选E。

2．A “是，两种沟通却有明显的不同”。本空后面出现的 it is the way the team members communicate.出现 it 代词指代的就是 difference，故选A。

3．B 并不是所有的项目对于“虚拟团队”都是适合的。本空后面出现的：one challenging case，是关键词，后面段落中举例：like in a sport team...更加印证了 B 选项。

4．D 成员必须能够“自我激励”并“独当一面”。本空后面的 another important quality 说明本空应该说的是成员所具有的能力。D选项符合题意。

5．G 为了避免误解，明确每个人都理解并接受的规则是十分必要的。前面出现的 assumption 跟 G 选项中的 misunderstanding 对应。故选G。

(三)

(2015·北京市东城区第二学期综合练习一)

Anxiety is your mental watchman. Its fixed pattern is to search for what may be about to go wrong.It continually, and without your conscious permission, scans your life, even when you are When it finds one, it worries it.

Along with depression and anger, anxiety is one of the bad faces of worries. Controlled by anxiety, you will feel a lack of security and confidence. When anxiety is severe and pained, it can be a sign of a disorder, such as panic or terror.

Although anxiety seems to have a biological basis, it is habit-forming for many of us. Some of our anxious feelings are in fact wasted energy. Anxiety has gotten out of hand when it is pointless and repeated. When you are faced with a problem at work, before taking a test, or making an important decision, you will feel anxious. When you are controlled by anxiety, you are unable to control your emotions(情感) to the point of it changing your daily routine and Or you find you are usually anxious at work or around your family.

At times, you should listen to the message of your negative emotions, as uncomfortable as they may be, and change your outward life rather than your emotional life. If you are worried about the dangers of your brother's new hobby, sky diving, perhaps you ought to tell him so. Taking action may relieve your learning to stop always seeking guarantee, not only can you start to undo the automatic cycle of anxiety, but also you learn that you can manage just fine without the need for constant guarantee. This in turn creates a sense of self-confidence and self-respect, which is vital to overcome anxiety.

A．For these people, saying NO to others is often of much anxiety.

B．It reviews your work, your love, your play, until it finds an imperfection.

C．Comparing anxiety with depression helps to discuss possible cures for anxiety.

D．These three common emotions are considered the cause of most mental illnesses. E．If that doesn't work, then it's time to deal with any automatic thoughts in yourself.

F．If you are anxious about the work, you might get to the office an hour earlier every day. G．You find yourself waking up anxious, going through the day anxious and going to bed anxious.

文章大意：本文是说明文。该文章主要告诉我们如何摆脱焦虑这种情绪。

1．B 根据前文的go wrong和B项中的imperfection和下文的worries判断。故选B项。

2．D 根据前句的depression and anger, anxiety和D中的three common emotions。故选D。

3．G 根据前句unable to control your emotions(情感)和G中的anxious判断。故G正确。

4．F 根据前文的negative emotions, uncomfortable和change your outward life以及F中的anxious about the work, you might get to the office an hour earlier every day判断。故F正确。

5．E 根据前文的Taking action may relieve your anxiety和下文的By learning to stop always seeking guarantee和E中deal with any automatic thoughts in yourself判断。故选E。

(四)

(2015·东北三省三校第二次联合模拟)

After the popularity of the Ice Bucket Challenge, another challenge now is hot in India. Indians give rice to their poor neighbors for a charity(慈善) which is called “Rice Bucket Challenge”. It is about giving a bucket of rice to someone who is in need and taking a picture named “Rice Bucket Challenge” to share online. The aim of the activity is to help the poor and hungry people in India, and the movement's Facebook page has so far clocked up more than year-old journalist, who thought the Ice Bucket Challenge was a little strange. She said, “Hunger is a disease anybody would connect.” The challenge has gained a lot of support with students signing up in Indian India is the world's second-biggest rice consumer, with a storage of 21.2 million tons of the

International Food Policy Research Institute's global hunger index. How to participate in this activity? First, pick up a bucket of rice from your home and give it to the neighboring people who important to post back on Facebook because it will inspire all your friends to come forward. All the people get together and make a difference!

A．Besides, hand the rice bucket over to other people who are in need.

B．It is not an activity involving dumping a bucket of rice on someone's head.

C．The activity raises the public awareness and charitable donations to agriculture.

D．The AirAsia India airline says its staff including senior management will join.

E．Then, take a picture and post it on Facebook with “Rice Bucket Challenge”．

F．But it is far from enough for this country.

G．The initial inspiration came from the ice bucket challenge.

文章大意：这是一篇说明文。它讲述了“冰桶挑战”热爆全球，印度随后又出现以赠米取代淋冰水的“米桶挑战”(Rice Bucket Challenge)，希望唤起大众关注贫民挨饿的苦况。“米桶挑战”与“冰桶挑战”概念相似，但参加者不是要淋米，而是向有需要的人捐出一桶米，拍下照片，再向其他人发出挑战。

1．B 根据前后句说的是“米桶挑战”。因此这里应该补充说明“米桶挑战”。故答案选B“它不是把一桶米饭倒在某人头上的活动”。

2．G 根据后句说这次活动是由Manu Latha Kalanidhi 发起的，因此该句应介绍这次活动起因，“这次活动最初的启发是冰桶挑战”，故选G。

3．D 这个句子前面说“这次活动获得了许多人的支持．.....”，并且“more and more people join in it”，可知该句应填具体哪些人想参加，因此答案选D印度航空公司亚洲航空说它的职员包括高层管理人员也要参加。

4．F 前句说“印度是世界上第二个最大的大米消费者．.....”，又根据后句说“它已经遭受了大规模的饥饿。”可知该句应该是表示转折意义的句子，故选F“但是对于这个国家来说还远远不够。”

5．E 根据前句用表示顺序的词“First，...”，后句用了“At last...”描述，因此这句应该选E，然后照张相片，发到脸谱网上，并且注明“米桶挑战”字样。

(五)

(2015·甘肃省二诊)

Many people think that they have to accept whatever life throws at them. They'll say, “This is my fate. I cannot change it.” factors.

virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations篇四：北京各区一模七选五集2015.4

北京各区一模七选五集2015.4

第二节（共5 小题；每小题2 分，共10 分）

1. 海淀2015.4 71. B 72. A 73. D 74. G 75. C

House Sitting

In many countries of the world people do what is called house sitting. It means that if owners of the house are going away, they want someone to come into their home and look after the house and maybe pets while they are away.

In Australia, many people travel. After people retire, they might buy a van and travel all over the country. 71 So if someone wants to travel or go away for some reason, they might want someone in their home to care for it and keep the gardens tidy. House sitters might have to care for pets. Also, quite a few people have swimming pools in their back yard and they need cleaning. 72 I feel it is a great way of seeing the country, because you go and stay in a new city, get to meet new people, and have time to go sightseeing in a new area.

73 There are websites where you find the advertisements by people who want to travel, and by replying to the advertisement, you can make arrangements to go and look after their home. There are some requirements to be a house sitter. You must be a trusted person, so that the home owner knows you will not steal anything. You must be able to go when the house owner wants you to go, so you need lots of free time. 74 You need to be good with pets, able to care for cats and dogs, or other pets they may have.

Some house sitting jobs are just for a few days or a couple of weeks while the house owner have a short holiday. Sometimes it is for much longer. We have had one house sit for six months, while the home owner travelled to Europe.

75 Then you can travel to many different countries and stay there. One of the important things to get are references from the home owners where you have stayed. A reference is a written letter to say that you are trustworthy and have looked after their home well. You can show these letters to prospective house sitting jobs and they know you will do a good job.

A. I have done house sitting many times.

B. Thousands of people do this all the time.

C. It is also possible to do house sitting in other countries.

D. Generally you have many opportunities to get a house sitting job.

E. You must take a little care over what your description says about you.

F. This is an international house sitting service for all city and country areas.

G. You must have a good car, so you can travel to different parts of the country.

2. 东城2015.3 71. F 72. A 73. E 74. G 75. C

How to get started

You might have more than one hundred channels on cable to to choose; 71 However, the only real way to find idea is to get out there, see it and experience it. 72 Children under two years old travel free, so there is no excuse. Ideally you should discover one new city or country a year. Go to as many places as you have pages in your passports.

The tourist can be very hard; the trick is to mix with the local people, respect their culture and the doors will open for you to explore. 73 . You can see what it looks like in the picture, but you don’t know what it is like on the inside until you have taken a bite. Take a risk and find a new favorite. Films and books are a great source of inspiration. The sound of Music will send

you to Salzburg, Moulin Rouge to Paris; Picnic at Hanging Rock to Australia. 74 While Brain Stocker’s Dracula will pack you off to Pennsylvania.

You will, of course, need to know something special ahead of time. You need to know the culture of the country you are visiting. In some countries, such as Saudi Arabia, shoulders should be covered. In Japan it is considered the height of bad manners to blow your nose in the street. 75

If you still don’t feel you’ve found the place you are looking for, you could cautiously ask to see a selection of your friends’ holiday plans, or go to the tourism website to see what destination they have on offer.

A. Travel should start at an early age.

B. . Adults may travel as much as possible.

C. It is worth checking things out before signing the deposit (保证金).

D. Everyone should visit the Mona Lisa in the Louvre in Paris at least once.

E. Picking a destination is like deciding which chocolate to Choose from a box.

F. You may be able to google any piece of information you like on the Internet.

G. If you are feeling a literary dip into Tess of the D’Urbervilles, you will head to Dorset.

3. 丰台2015.4 BADGE

Personal Shoppers

I was shopping with Thomas, who has been working as a personal shopper for the past five years. “Personal shoppers are in great demand these days,” he told me as we were walking past designer clothes shops. 71 He said that there were many people who wanted to be fashionable, but they didn’t know where to start. They needed a professional to advise them.But why? I always call my best friend to help me find the perfect dress, not a stranger!

“ 72 The first thing I do is help my customer improve their image. I teach them to choose colours and clothes that suit them, and how to use make-up,” Thomas told me. “Then I organize the customer’s wardrobe. 73 The third service has to do with actual shopping: the personal shopper and the customer visit shops and buy clothes according to the customer’s personality, lifestyle and needs.” Of course, each of the above services costs between 150 and 225 euros! 74 “Most of my customers are rich business people who call me for important meetings or business parties,” explained Thomas. “However, I also work for people in all kinds of jobs and for retired men and women who want a change of look.”

We spent the rest of the day shopping. Every time we came out of a shop, we had one more bag. In the end, I went home with a beautiful dress, two pairs of trousers, some lovely tops and a couple of coats. I’d never had a shopping day like this before! I admit that I’d spent more than I usually do, but I wouldn’t have found such beautiful clothes without Thomas. 75

A．I can help in three different ways．

B．I asked him why this had happened．

C．It depends on the customer's preferences．

D．I might even throw away some old clothes．

E．I just wish personal shoppers were a bit cheaper!

F．People need help with choosing the right clothes．

G．I just wonder how many people have this kind of money to spend．

4. 2015.4朝阳 71. EABDG

Virtual （虚拟）Teams

Virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations where people are not sitting in the same office at the same time.71This is particularly so for businesses that use virtual teams to build global presence, or need less common skills

or knowledge from people who are unwilling to travel.

Virtual teams are governed by the same basic principles as traditional teams.72 It is the way the team members com-

municate. They rely on special communication channels enabled by modern technologies, such as emails, faxes, and teleconferences, and alike. Due to more limited communication channels, the success of virtual teams is much

more sensitive to the type of project the group works on, what people are selected, and how the team is managed.

73 One challenging case is the projects that rely heavily on integrated work. That is to say, when each person’s work

depends significantly on what someone else is doing at the same moment, like in a sports team, there is an ongoing heavy exchange of information in real time, and the tasks have to go through a strict order within a short time.

Not everyone can perform well in a virtual team environment. 74 Another important quality is communication skills.

The team members must be able to communicate clearly and positively.

Managers of virtual teams need to pay much more attention to having clear goals,performance standards, and communication rules. People have various assumptions on what to expect from each other.75

One of the biggest challenges of virtual teams is building trust between the team members. Trust is important for

unblocking communication between members and increasing motivation of each person in the team. The issue of trust needs special attention at any stage of team existence.

A. Yet, there is one significant difference.

B. Not every type of project is suitable for a virtual team.

C. A virtual team can choose whatever project they like to work on.

D. The members must be self-motivated and able to work independently.

E. Such teams are now widely used by companies and organizations to cut business costs. F. Members of virtual teams communicate quite well although they never meet face-to-face.

G. To avoid misunderstanding, clear rules that everyone understands and agrees on are necessary.

5. 2015.4石景山 71-75 CAGED

Cold-Hearted Youth

Laughter is a great thing. It has been proven to be physically and mentally effective on the youth. They find humor in things that people wouldn’t have generally found funny in the past. More and more young people respond to negative situations with laughter. Their responses to negative situations are becoming increasingly worrying, and this needs to be addressed.

hurt so badly that they break bones or suffer major injuries. Unfortunately, not rushing to their aid or calling an ambulance, they double over in laughter.

To make matters worse, many teens laugh not just at physical accidents; they are also failing to take important topics seriously, such as the government or the state of our world. Children and teens nowadays show alarming indifference and insensitivity toward things that should arouse The sad thing is, it’s not their fault.

Teaching youth that violence is okay and entertaining, or teaching them that the state of our world is not a big deal is telling them not to be caring and concerned. They are the next generation, and they’re not going to be able to contribute to be world if important issues do not matter to them As a whole, society heeds to concentrate on bringing back natural human emotion and easing A. Search online for videos of some accidents.

B. Don’t try to laugh by putting someone else down.

C. However, laughter can be bad, and is increasingly becoming so.

D. We are humans, not cold machines, and we need to start acting that way.

E. How can they help others when they don’t take their physical or emotional pain seriously? F. The fact that the youth are always laughing at the wrong things have nothing to with education. G. I believe youth are laughing at serious subjects because they think important topics don’t matter to them anymore.

6. 2015.4西城 FBACD

For people with thousands of pages to read, speed reading seems like a manna （甘露) from heaven. In addition, speed

reading helps lighten the load of information you have to absorb since it provides a filter that you can use in screening all bits of information before you approach them．

71 Examining how much information you need will help you identify how you should read a certain document to maximize your learning and comprehension．Thorough reading may no longer be necessary in some cases, such as when you only need an outline of a certain document．

Another skill that can ease the burden of a．reader is the ability to read words in blocks．Make sure you do not spend too long on a certain block． 72 This will also make reading less tiresome and boring．

To master this important skill, you have to practice reading more and more words in a certain block at one time．A suggestion shared by some experts regarding this step is to increase the distance between you and the document you are reading．If you can read more and more words in one block, you can cut down on the time it usually takes you to read a certain text and you will be able to read more in a shorter period．

Readers should also practice reducing the number of times they go back to previous sections or blocks．Using a pointer such as the tip of a pencil or pen can also help to make the flow of your reading smoother and faster． 73 Thus, your speed in reading will largely depend on the speed of the movement of your pointer．

If you still find yourself confused about the topic even after you have finished reading the document, do not re-read right away．Re-reading immediately will just lead to slower speed in reading． 74 Getting your own reading corner will also help．

75 Continue practicing and practicing the techniques aforementioned and soon, you'll achieve the reading speed that will work best for you．

A．In this technique, your eyes will follow the tip of the pointer．

B．This saves time and reduces the effort that you have to make．

C．Taking a short break first is recommended before reading the material again．

D．As a final note, the most．important point is consistent and deliberate practice．

E．Your invaluable time can be saved if you can have your reading speed doubled．

F．The first step to increase your reading speed is to identify the specific information you need． G．Reducing the time you spend on a specific number of words in a block will make no difference．

virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations篇五：七选五专训

七选五专训

(一)

You often find somebody who works around you complaining(抱怨70% of Americans say being around nonstop complainers sometimes has a bad influence on them. Luckily, here are 4 tips to help form positive patterns.

1．Self-awareness

When a negative(消极的) thought pops into your mind, immediately correct it. Instead of telling yourself “That's a nice shirt, but I can't afford it，” change the message to “That will look great with my black pants when I can afford it.” ___Of course everyone complains sometimes. But the less frequently you complain, the better you will feel.

2．Distance yourself pleasant before returning. You have to take this seriously because negative people can and will pull you into the quicksand.

3．Don't try to change complainers

If you find yourself trapped in a group of complainers in a meeting or at a social event, simply choose silence. Let their words bounce off you while you think of something else. Attempting to stop the complaining can make ，” try to think, “I'm glad I rested up over the weekend, so I'm ready to make some improvement on that big project.” When someone is shouting at you angrily, throw the responsibility back at them by asking, “So what do you intend to do about it？” In most cases, complainers don't really want a solution(解决方法). They just want to speak them out. If you make them aware that they themselves have to find the solutions, they will leave you alone and find someone else to complain to. If so, you will be happy.

A．Find solutions

B．Change responsibility

C．You have got a lot of company.

D．By doing this, it will lead to positive behaviors.

E．But you can redirect the discussion in your own mind.

F．Whenever possible, escape from negative conversations.

G．You will never know what they are going to talk about.

(二)

Virtual (虚拟)Teams

Virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations where people are not sitting in the same office This is particularly so for businesses that use virtual teams to build global presence, or need less common skills or knowledge from people who are unwilling to travel.

members communicate. They rely on special communication channels enabled by modern technologies, such as emails, faxes, and teleconferences, and alike. Due to more limited communication channels, the success of virtual teams is much more sensitive to the type of project the group works on, what people are selected, and how the team is managed. son's work depends significantly on what someone else is doing at the same moment, like in a sports team, there is an ongoing heavy exchange of information in real time, and the tasks have to go through a strict order within a short time. cation skills. The team members must be able to communicate clearly and positively.

Managers of virtual teams need to pay much more attention to having clear goals，performance standards,

One of the biggest challenges of virtual teams is building trust between the team members. Trust is important for unblocking communication between members and increasing motivation of each person in the team. The issue of trust needs special attention at any stage of team existence.

A．Yet, there is one significant difference.

B．Not every type of project is suitable for a virtual team.

C．A virtual team can choose whatever project they like to work on.

D．The members must be self-motivated and able to work independently.

E．Such teams are now widely used by companies and organizations to cut business costs.

F．Members of virtual teams communicate quite well although they never meet face to face.

G．To avoid misunderstanding, clear rules that everyone understands and agrees on are necessary.

(三)

Anxiety is your mental watchman. Its fixed pattern is to search for what may be about to go wrong.It conti-nually, and without your conscious permission, scans your life, even when you are asleep, in dreams and night- When it finds one, it worries it.

Controlled by anxiety, you will feel a lack of security and confidence. When anxiety is severe and pained, it can be a sign of a disorder, such as panic or terror.

Although anxiety seems to have a biological basis, it is habit-forming for many of us. Some of our anxious feelings are in fact wasted energy. Anxiety has gotten out of hand when it is pointless and repeated. When you are faced with a problem at work, before taking a test, or making an important decision, you will feel anxious. When you are controlled by anxiety, you are unable to control your emotions(情感) to the point of it changing Or you find you are usually anxious at work or around your family.

At times, you should listen to the message of your negative emotions, as uncomfortable as they may be, and If you are worried about the dangers of your brother's new hobby, sky diving, perhaps you ought to tell him so. Taking action may relieve your anxie-ty, but also you learn that you can manage just fine without the need for constant guarantee. This in turn creates a

sense of self-confidence and self-respect, which is vital to overcome anxiety.

A．For these people, saying NO to others is often of much anxiety.

B．It reviews your work, your love, your play, until it finds an imperfection.

C．Comparing anxiety with depression helps to discuss possible cures for anxiety.

D．These three common emotions are considered the cause of most mental illnesses.

E．If that doesn't work, then it's time to deal with any automatic thoughts in yourself.

F．If you are anxious about the work, you might get to the office an hour earlier every day.

G．You find yourself waking up anxious, going through the day anxious and going to bed anxious.

(四)

After the popularity of the Ice Bucket Challenge, another challenge now is hot in India. Indians give rice to their poor neighbors for a charity(慈善) which is called “Rice Bucket Challenge”. __It is about giving a bucket of rice to someone who is in need and taking a picture named “Rice Bucket Challenge” to share online. The aim of the activity is to help the poor and hungry people in India, and the movement's Facebook page has so year-old journalist, who thought the Ice Bucket Challenge was a little strange. She said, “Hunger is a disease anybody would connect.” The challenge has gained a lot of support with students signing up in Indian Insitute of Manage-India is the world's second-has suffered with mass hunger, and last year was ranked 63 of 78 countries on the International Food Policy Re-search Institute's global hunger index. How to participate in this activity? First, pick up a bucket of rice from your them to take up the challenge. It is important to post back on Facebook because it will inspire all your friends to come forward. All the people get together and make a difference!

A．Besides, hand the rice bucket over to other people who are in need.

B．It is not an activity involving dumping a bucket of rice on someone's head.

C．The activity raises the public awareness and charitable donations to agriculture.

D．The AirAsia India airline says its staff including senior management will join.

E．Then, take a picture and post it on Facebook with “Rice Bucket Challenge”．

F．But it is far from enough for this country.

G．The initial inspiration came from the ice bucket challenge.

(五)

Many people think that they have to accept whatever life throws at them. They'll say, “This is my fate. I cannot change it.” We want to be happy and live our life to the fullest, but we have to do our share of making the effort to live the life of our dreams. You just don't sit around and wait for a million dollars to fall from the sky. You have to get off the couch, get your eyes off the TV screen, get your hands off the phone (unless it contributes to your success), and get your mind and body to work.

If your life is not meant the way you want it to be, don't just say: “Our time will come. ” or ____“Don't

expect your luck to change, unless you do something about it.” If something goes wrong, don't just regard it as a temporary setback; but use it as feedback. Learn your lesson, make the most of the situation, and do something to solve the problem. It's not enough to think positive; you also have to act positive. So it is with your own life. It is not enough to hope for the best, but you have to DO your best. In other words, A．I think so.

B．Of course not.

C．You'd better let it be.

D．Things will get better some day.

E．Do something to improve your life.

F．Remember that you harvest what you sow.

G．You've got to do anything you can to save the person.

(六)

Housework not good exercise, says study The contribution of domestic physical activity to meeting current recommendations for health. It questions whether activities like do-it-incorrectly think housework is proper exercise. __ She said housework was “in-versely related to leanness”. She said this suggested that either people overestimate how hard housework was an exercise, or they eat too much because they think they have lost lots of calories doing household chores.

A．However, her study found the opposite.

B．People who do housework usually eat more.

C．A new study says housework is not the quality exercise many people think it is.

D．The research showed that people who included housework as exercise tended to be heavier.

E．The study is called Does “doing housework keep you healthy”？

F．They think doing exercise is of great benefit to healthy.

G．It says any activity is better than none.

(七)

iPads vs. Textbooks

What if you could have your whole backpack at the touch of your fingertips? In the first month of the Apple iPads release, 25million were sold! People all over the world use iPads for all sorts of different things, but one of To begin with, iPads are less expensive. Textbooks become outdated and schools have to buy new books, but cause they last a while and can be updated. with books can cause back problem. A solution to that is an iPad, which only weighs 1.33 pounds and can hold all

of a student's textbooks.

Third, schools should get rid of their textbooks and get iPads because they have more capabilities. Some not do those tasks, but iPads can easily do them with just a tap of the fingertip.

Lastly, iPads are a better choice for schools instead of textbooks because these devices allow students to In conclusion, schools should get rid of their clumsy textbooks and switch to iPads. iPads have allowed this generation to have their entire backpack in the palm of their hands.

A．These tablets are perfect for busy students.

B．Second, iPads cost less and are more popular.

C．Therefore, they can use the saved money for other programs.

D．iPads have already replaced textbooks in over 600 American counties.

E．Moreover, in high school, textbooks have an average of 4.8 pounds each.

F．Schools have every reason to do away with their school books and switch to iPads.

G．iPads absorb the need to buy calculators, dictionaries, and other items that are found within the device.

(八)

Have you ever been in a situation where you have done something just to make someone else happy?

press people or I thought that if I made someone else happy it would certainly make me happy. I understand that all of us want our close friends and family to be proud of us, so we work hard in school or in our careers to meet But if you are trying to realize other people's dreams without keeping yourself satisfied, you will never be happy.

So you have to be clear and honest with yourself about what you want in your life. If you are honest with 排斥) by others. They think and say “If I choose this job or career path, that person will think I am out of my mind”， or “I really want to start this business but those people will think that I won't make any money”. __ Don't think this way. If you follow other people's wishes but cannot be true to yourself, you will have a hard time feeling great about yourself.

A．The truth is that you are really trying to make someone else happy.

B．So why don't I follow what they say?

C．And you will develop a drive from your heart.

D．So we should try our best to realize our dreams.

E．But we sometimes have to meet expectations from others.

F．Why do so many people want to live their dreams for someone else?

G．There is nothing wrong with that.

(九) some tips for making sure you are invited back again.

Be considerate

Every family has their own way of doing things. Keep these things in mind when you're visiting.

virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations篇六：Report of Virtual Team By Ruicheng Qian(2049301)

Report of Virtual Team

To Respected Professor Phillip Beaumont And

Miss Sandra Stewart

Name: Ruicheng Qian ID: 2049301

DATE: 06/11/2012

Abstract

The Virtual team is a new pattern of a network group form where the team member gather together from various places in the world on a required basis for the period of a mission. This new team pattern has emerged because of modern progress in communication technology. This report compares Virtual team with the conventional team to find out the major differences and point out the advantages and disadvantages of virtual team. A comprehensive framework of analysis was built to evaluate the success of virtual team. In addition, this paper also concludes the factors that lead to successful virtual team and failure virtual team base on case study and academic research works.

Table of Contents

Abstract...................................................................2

Introduction.............................................................4

Discussion...............................................................5

I. Definition and differences from conventional team...5

II. Evaluate the success of virtual team.........................9

III. Situation of virtual teams and successful factors...13

IV. Case study of successful team and failure team.....14

Conclusion............................................................16

References.............................................................17

Introduction

In the current society, the organizational working properties are vastly changing. Cooperation is increasingly becoming the trend of globalization, the competition from domestic and international society has become more and more aggravated, the working environment that based on the product change to the based on service or knowledge. In addition, information and communication technology have developed very quickly that created more complex and dynamic work mode. In view of these changes, the enterprise leaders pay more attention to build the virtual team combine with the advanced technology. The virtual team defined as teams “with a common purpose that uses technology to cross time zones, distance, and the boundaries of organizations” (Lipnack and Stamp, 1999), like it could make up the best team mates may be located anywhere in the world and the workers tend to be more productive, like less commuting and traveling time. Compare with the face to face team(conventional team), the time also counts a lot, virtual team is the 24 hours workday and a flexible organization is more competitive and responsive to the marketplace. So Virtual teams

allow companies to procure the best talent without geographical restrictions. As the development of new technology and the advantages of successful virtual team, this pattern of team mode plays an increasing significant role in the current society. Many organizations and individuals spend a lot of time doing the research work and investigations on the structure and modes of virtual team, using some cases study to conclude the factors that lead to successful or non-successful virtual teams.

Discussion

Before to analysis the virtual team, the definition of virtual team must be clear and specific. Different researchers put forward different views to the definition of virtual team, some people think that virtual team is a group of people, who are scattered in different time and space and organization boundary, but they work together, to complete the task. According to Wikipedia, virtual team is a group of individuals who work across time, space and organizational boundaries with links strengthened by webs of communication technology. Powell, Piccoli and Ives define virtual teams in their literature review

virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations篇七：10-tips-manage-virtual-team

10 Tips for Managing your Virtual Team

1. Plan and standardise: Adopt a disciplined approach using well-tried project management methodology such as

2. Technology: Telephone, fax, email, video conferencing, forum, chat rooms, blog, remote access, networked database, are amongst the plethora of physical and virtual project management tools at your disposal.

3. People management: Adopt creative staff selection methods, such as video interviews, to cross geographical boundaries. Transcend time and distance and instil team spirit using soft-skills and team building with a virtual kick-off meeting, team biographies, and similar techniques.

4. Goals, reporting, roles and responsibilities: Include in this category the establishment of a chain of command, expectations and the scheduling of things such as hand-off times.

5. Visibility: Embed and make visible project elements such as goals, tasks and individual, as well as project progress, on your chosen virtual project management system, to boost mutual trust and understanding and to call on the problem solving abilities of the whole team if necessary.

6. Individual and team development: Facilitate staff coaching on soft-skills – such as leadership, that features in APMP training – and on software application skills. Ongoing feedback should include reward, recognition (through name checks, for instance) and constructive criticism.

7. Cultural differences: When working with, or for people, from other countries recognise that culture differences go beyond clothing or language and that attitudes and behaviour in one culture might perplex another.

8. Communication style: Accommodate the different ways people communicate: written, oral, formal, informal, and the like, but remember that communication is as much non-verbal as verbal, so also encourage collaboration through virtual face-to-face meetings.

9. Planning for virtual communication:

1. Devise security procedures and guidelines for communication and share with members and interested parties, such as stakeholders.

2. Build virtual in- and out-trays for questions, shared resources, and so forth.

3. Before a virtual meeting, allocate adequate time and then post a deadline for responses on subjects under consideration.

4. Fix frequent meeting times – say, for brainstorming or problem solving – for an optimum number of people to communicate simultaneously and arrange for others’ views to be logged on the system.

5. Agree and offer a range of communication tools that include everything from phones to blogs, to use in different situations.

Virtual teams give access to global talent and bring time and cost savings – but how do you manage them?

10 Tips for Managing your Virtual Team

6. Allow time for humans to think and interact.

7. Arrange meetings that accommodate people’s communication method of choice (visual, verbal, written and so on); where several occur simultaneously, perhaps choose one person to lead, and one person to manage the content of, each meeting.

8. Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of synchronous and asynchronous communication in terms of technology and the attending humans.

10. Desired deliverables of communication software: These include the ability to manage the project, facilitate blogs, forums, blogs, and techniques that allow private communication.

NB: For an uplifting example of virtual team management click on this .

virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations篇八：MGT 651 - Virtual Teams

The Evolution of Virtual Teams

Chris Vance

Management 651, Section 1

Dr. Martin

April 22, 2004

Virtual teams are becoming more important to organizations. It is now rare that individual companies carry out projects completely by themselves (Lipnack & Stamps, 2002). By employing virtual teams, companies can do things that are impossible within the prevailing model of side-by-side, nine-to-five work (Lipnack & Stamps, 2002). MIT professor Tom Allen has been researching the communication radius (Lipnack & Stamps, 2002). He suggests that people who work more than 50 feet apart, rarely communicate with each other even if they are in the same office (Lipnack & Stamps, 2002). This suggests problems within the typical bureaucratic organization. Since virtual teams

overcome this communication obstacle, they will become more important in the future as globalization of markets takes place.

Benefits of virtual teams encompass much more than communication issues; they solve many complex managerial problems. One obvious benefit is cost savings.

Minimizing travel costs, eliminating office space, and reducing product costs are a few key ways in which an organization can reduce costs. Virtual teams also allow greater diversity within an organization. People who bring various experience, expertise,

educational levels and culture can enhance a companies overall productivity. In addition, a company may improve customer service, increase access to information, foster more accurate communication and save time so they can compete on a global level.

Lipnack and Stamps (2002) said virtual teams are considered to be humanities fourth great socioeconomic technological threshold. Teams have been in place since the nomadic era. The first information based cultures were hunters and gathers. They worked in small groups to accomplish their daily tasks in order to survive. The second era is called the agricultural era. Family size increased as population grew larger. The third era

is the industrial age. This gave birth to bureaucracy. Factories replaced farms as the economic engine. This age spawned the new digital civilization. The fourth era is the information age. The world’s economies are information based, electronically connected and globally interdependent. The information age brought us networks which are the foundation of virtual teams.

There are thousands of people works together effectively via virtual team worldwide. There are more and more users joined in virtual team. Also, new applications are widely spread every day. Behnke (2001) presented in his paper Competitive Intelligence Review that virtual teams usually achieve their multidirectional goal by using this kind of tool to execute a job successfully such as email, email newsletters, mailing lists or listservs, online conferencing and bulletin boards, chat, instant messaging, internet broadcasts, and crossover with non-internet media etc. Following section will introduce some application examples in common use present.

Cascio (2000) illustrated that virtual coworker maybe not at the same location in his article ―Academy of Management Executive”. Therefore, it is very important of

―preparation and rework of seminars‖. To the high quality of the project, team members need to provide the efficient and adequate preparation and rework of seminars.

External service providers are helpful to successful project today. Lipnack and Stamps (1999) illustrated the ―control of external service providers‖ in their article

―Strategy & Leadership‖. It mentions that the team needs more planning and controlling if there is external service providers join in.

Boudreau, Loch , Robey, and Straub (1998) studied ―virtual teams‖ and described their organizational standpoint of virtual teams in Academy of Management Executive.

An effective project management plays an important role in the virtual team. A project planning and execution can be subdivided into several parts as work packages. Team members can get the assignments and check the current status. Then update their current work progress and working hours. Also, coworkers can exchange files to help finishing project.

Duarte (1999) illustrated the relationship between traditional work and new way of work—Virtual Team in his book Mastering virtual teams: Strategies, tools, and

techniques that succeed. He mentioned that the so-called "home office", is widely used by organizations and their members. The virtual team member needs access to dates, important files and addresses if he or she is at home. For companies, which want to make this data available to coworkers working from home, Virtual team provide for members to transfer the office organization via Internet. Thus coworkers can share or work their data from anywhere in the world.

Jarvenpaa, Knoll, and Leidner (1998) studied global virtual teams in their paper Journal of Management Information Systems. It illustrated the precise task sharing and coordination helps to make the smaller expense for individual and to finish work in the same time. Networks and virtual enterprises can help to collect information, discuss project, and exchange files.

Coutu (1998) studied ―trust in virtual teams‖ and organization and published their results in Quality. It mentions ―release management‖ that product manager plan and administer their renewals topic-referred in so-called releases in order to introduce the innovations at fixed dates. Virtual team supports this procedure professionally. You can carry out a complete release administration with the project management modules. Your

coworkers can enter improvement suggestions at any time. All suggestions can be

evaluated and prioritized. Coworkers and persons in charge can be assigned. All assigned workers update the progress of the respective work package themselves. Thus all resources can be used purposefully and with a high effectiveness.

Haywood (1998) presented some examples of application of virtual teams in his book Managing Virtual Teams: practical techniques for high-technology project managers. It mentioned the connection of customers and suppliers that virtual team provides coworkers the platform to contact or trade for the cooperation with customers and suppliers easier and more effectively.

The various types of virtual teams can be found in many corporations around the world. Studies of virtual teams have been published in a variety of journals, and these provide insight into how corporations create their virtual teams and what purpose these teams are to serve. The following cases illustrate the many benefits organizations received by implementing virtual teams.

Buckenmyer, Eom, and Stough (2000) studied ―virtual corporations‖ and

teamwork and published their results in Industrial Management and Data Systems. There are many ―virtual corporations‖ including Nokia, Nike, Reebok, Intersolve Group, and Apple. Sun Microsystems has implemented many successful virtual teams throughout their history. A few of these teams included the ―SunExpress' Customer Order Cycle Team,‖ ―SunService's Live Call Transfer Team,‖ ―SunService's Two Day Customer Quality Index Team,‖ and ―Reliability Management System (RMS) Team.‖ When Sun was facing quality problems, they formed a virtual team composed of FedEx, Motorola, and Xerox CEOs (Lipnack & Stamps, 1999, p. 17). Sun also formed virtual teams

virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations篇九：How to Be a Good Team Leader



How to Be a Good Team Leader Being able to work effectively on a team is critical in the current job market where every employee is closely measured. Team work is also essential in school, sports, and group activities. Here are some ideas on how to be a good leader. Ad

Steps

 If someone makes a mistake, do not get angry. Your team mates are humans and everyone makes mistakes. Just try to help them and be kind. Your job is to try to prevent errors, demonstrate the proper course of action, and make up for errors when they occur.

 Don't try to act too dominant. If you start acting bossy and telling people what to do, they are going to be upset. Try telling them in a friendly way but also in a way that shows you are in charge.

 If possible, choose members of your team who can work well together. If this isn't possible, your job is to mentor the weakest member, help him become better in the team. Use peer help-- assign your stronger member as a partner with a weak person and let him demonstrate how to do the job.

 A good leader always helps others & never leaves anyone behind.

 Lead by example. If you try your absolute hardest in

every practice and every game, other team members will, too.

Guiding others through modeling (in the sense of providing a role model) and through willingness to serve others first (compare followership)

Talent and technical/specific skill at some task at hand

Initiative and entrepreneurial drive

Charismatic inspiration - attractiveness to others and the ability to leverage this esteem to motivate others

virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in situations篇十：Ways To Be a Good Team Player

Ways To Be a Good Team Player

by Margaret Steen, for Yahoo! HotJobs

When it comes to choosing a candidate for a new job or a promotion, employers consistently say they want "a team player."

This means someone who can "put the team goals and the team

accountability ahead of their own individual situation," says Steve Kass, president for the Great Plains district of Robert Half International. But how, exactly, do you go about showing that you're a team player? Experts offer the following five suggestions for concrete ways you can show your dedication to the team.

1. Meet your deadlines.

When Accountemps, a division of RHI, surveyed senior executives at large companies about what it meant to be a team player, the most common reply was "meets deadlines."

When you're doing one part of a larger project, as is often the case when you're on a team at work, you can hold up everyone else if you don't get your work done on time. A good team player is someone other team members know they can depend on.

2. Be candid.

Glenn Parker, a team-building consultant in Princeton, N.J. and author of "Team Players and Teamwork: New Strategies for Developing Successful Collaboration," believes companies used to have a one-dimensional view of a team player: someone who worked hard and didn't ask questions. "But the world has changed," he says. "The idea of just supporting things is not as valued as it was."

Indeed, in the Accountemps survey, "supports his or her manager" was low on the list of qualities a team player should have. This doesn't mean managers want to be undermined -- but many do appreciate suggestions and constructive criticism.

3. Adapt quickly.

You may work with teams whose members are in different locations. It's likely you'll be a member of several different teams at work, too, each focused on a different goal.

Today, with advances in technology, increased globalization and more diversity in the workplace, team players need to be "more complex, adaptive, creative and flexible," Parker says.

One way to demonstrate how adaptable you are is to offer to change the way you work if it seems like it would help your teammates, Kass said.

Attitude is important, too. People used to assume that trust among team members had to be built over a long period. In today's fast-paced business world, there may not be time for that. So, Parker says, successful team members begin by assuming that their coworkers are capable, dependable, and engaged.

4. Appreciate others' work styles.

One person may be good at facilitating communication; another likes to challenge the group's assumptions. The best teams will have a mix of these styles and members who appreciate each other's contributions. "The really good team player, regardless of style, is somebody who can understand and appreciate and work with people whose style is different from theirs," Parker says.

5. Avoid politics.

In Accountemps' survey, avoiding politics was second only to meeting deadlines when it came to defining a good team player. "This means," says Kass, "that you don't let yourself get distracted by issues that aren't crucial to the team's mission."

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