Education is an enormous and expensive part

导读：　Education is an enormous and expensive part篇一：阅读理解中文 ...

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Education is an enormous and expensive part篇一：阅读理解中文

第十七篇：Eiffel Is an Eyeful引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔（2012教材新增文章）

第十八篇：Goal of American Education（2011年教材中为C级文章）美国教育的目标（2012教材新增文章）

第十九篇：The Family家庭（2012教材新增文章）

第二十篇：Tales of the Terrible Past讲述可怕的过去（2012教材新增文章）

第二十一篇：Spacing in Animals动物的空间距离（2012教材新增文章）

第二十二篇：Some Things We Know about Language我们知道的关于语言的一些事情（2012教材新增文章）

第二十三篇：The Only Way Is Up只好向上

第二十四篇：Clone Farm克隆农场

第二十五篇：Income收入

第二十六篇：Seeing the World Centuries Ago看许久以前的世界（2012教材新增文章）

第二十七篇：Importance of Services服务业的重要性

第二十八篇：The National Park Service国家公园的服务机构

第二十九篇：I'll Be Batch（2014新增文章）

第三十篇："Lucky" Lord Lucan - Alive or Dead“幸运的”鲁肯伯爵一是死是活（2012教材新增文章，2013真题）

第三十一篇 Pool Watch泳池监护

第三十二篇 The Cherokee Nation柴罗基部落

第三十三篇：Oseola McCarty老妇人（2012年4月真题）（2012教材新增文章）

第十七篇 Eiffel Is an Eyeful

With Paris laid out in miniature6 below，it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view7. But the graffiti also raises a question ： Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased to be the world, s tallest structure,is la Tour Eiffel still so popular8?

The reasons are as complex as the iron work that graces9 a structure some 90 stories high. But part of the answer is, no doubt, its agelessness. Regularly maintained, it should never rust away. Graffiti is regularly painted over,but the tower lives on.

But to what12? After all,the tower doesn' t have a purpose. It ceased to be the world‟ s tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building13 went up in New York. Yes，television and radio signals are beamed from the top,and Gustave Eiffel,a frenetic builder who died on December 27，aged 91 ,used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication. But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there _ a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will14. To the technically minded15, it's an engineering triumph. For lovers, it's romantic.

"The tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way16”，says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.

词汇：meter [ˈmi:tə] 米[ˈtauə] 塔, 高楼wind [wind]

Eiffel /'aifel/ Tower (法国巴黎的)埃菲尔铁塔

eyeful /'aiful/ n.引人注目的景象

scribble /'skribl/ v.乱涂，乱画

graffiti /grs'fizti：/ n•涂写,涂画

iron work 铁制品；铁工

agelessness /'eid3lisnis/ n.永恒，永不过日寸

rust /rASt/ v.生锈（rust away 锈烂掉）

frenetic /frs'netik/ a办极度激动的

tinker /'tiqko/ n.白铁匠，能做各种小修小补的人

aerodynamics /leorsudai'naemiks/ n•空气动力学

注释：

Eiffel Is an Eyefiil:引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔。由于Eiffel和Eyeful读音相似，使用Eyeful而不是其他的词是有其修辞效果的。埃菲尔铁塔是古斯塔夫•埃菲尔（Gustave Eiffel，1832— 1923，法国工程师)为1889年的巴黎博览会设计的。该塔在塞纳河南岸，高300公尺（984 英尺）。埃菲尔铁塔的法文是第二段最后一句中的“la Tour Eiffel"。

some:意为“approximately;about，，（大约，将近）。如它 40 people attended the rally.大约有40个人参加了集会。 the world comes to scribble:世界各地的人们来此涂鸦。

graffiti:在此用作graffito的动词形式，意思是“涂鸦，在墙或其他表面上创作的画或铭刻”。

transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move.使最有法兰西色彩的纪念碑成为动感世界的象征。the most + adj. + of + n.意为“在……中最为…… 的” 如：Beethoven is the greatest of musicians.贝多芬是最伟大的音乐家。on the move:在运动中。

in miniature:小型的，小规模的，缩影的

would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view.宁愿花时间留下到此一游的痕迹,而不去观赏风景。would rather…than:宁愿……而不……： He would rather

stay at home watching DVD than going to the cinema.他宁愿待在家里看 DVD,而不愿到电影院去看电影。

在原句 Why is la Tour Eiffel still so popular?的 Why 与 la Tour Eiffel still so popular?之间插 AT nearly 114 years after it was completed, and decades after it ceased to be the world's tallest structure.

graces:在此作动词，意为“to give beauty, elegance, or charm to”（使……优美，优雅或具有魅

力）o

Hugues Richard:法国自行车运动员，多次打破自行车运动的世界纪录，于2002年4月8日以19分钟零4秒的成绩骑自行车登上埃菲尔铁塔的第二层，第六次打破自行车运动的世界纪录。

“It‟s iron lady,it inspires us. ”：“这是铁娘子，能让人产生灵感。”It指埃菲尔铁塔。

But to what?这是一个省略句,接着上段Hugues Richard的话发问，完整的句子可以是:But what does it inspire people to? the Chrysler Building:是美国纽约帝国大厦（the Empire State Building)建成之前，世界第一高楼，共77层，设计师是William Van Alen。

a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will:—张空白的画布，任游客自由遐想

To the technically minded:对于那些善于从技术角度考虑问题的人来说，从技术的角度来说。

"The tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way. ”：“这座塔将在我们所有的人离去后长久存在。”outlast：意为“ to last longer than”（比……持久）。out-：前缀，意思是“比…… 更…”。如：Women are said to outlive men.据说女人比男人长寿。 by a long way ：副词，意思是“大大地”。

练习：

1. Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move?

A) Tourists from all over the world come to the Eiffel Tower by car or by plane.

B ) Tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower.

C) The Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in the world.

D ) The Eiffel Tower represents all the towers in the world.

2. What seems strange to the author?

A) Visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view.

B ) Visitors spends much time watching other people scribbling.

C ) Only Japanese,Brazilians and Americans like to mark their presence.

D ) Scribbling spread from country to country.

3. Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard?

A ) He is a cyclist.

B ) He is a record holder.

C ) He climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds.

D ) He cycled up to the tower's second floor.

4. What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for?

A) Sending radio and television signals all over the world.

B ) Conducting research in various fields.

C) Giving people inspiration.

D ) Demonstrating French culture.

5. Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “（The Eiffel Tower is like)a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will ______？

A ) Visitors can do whatever they want on the tower.

B ) Visitors can paint on the tower whatever they want.

C ) Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.

D) Visitors can draw on a blank canvas provided by the Tower management company.

答案与题解：

1. B第一段提供了答案。见注释3、4、5。

2. A 第二段第一句中的句型 would rather do something than doing something else,也可以用 prefer doing something to doing something else的句型来表达。所以，A是正确选项。句型解释见注释7。

3. C第四段i诉我们,Hugues Richard蹬车上塔，打破世界纪录。C不是正确选项，因为他 cycling up to the tower's second floor,而不是 climbing up the tower.

4. B A不是正确选项，因为Gustave Eiffel没有也不可能使用该塔向全世界发射电视信号。第五段的最后一句提供了答案。

5. C第六段的大意是：对不同的人，埃菲尔铁塔有不同的象征意义。见注释14。

第十七篇引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔

世箅各地的人们都来到大约300米高，接近埃菲尔铁塔顶端的地方涂鸦。日本人、巴西人、美国人都在冰冷的铁上涂上自己的名字、喜好和政治观点，使这最具有法兰西色彩的纪念碑成为动感世界的象征。

从塔上可以看到巴黎市的远景，但奇怪的是观光者们宁愿花时间留下到此一游的痕迹，而不去观赏风景。但这些涂鸦者也引起了一个问题：为什么在建成114年后，埃菲尔铁塔仍然这么受欢迎?尽管它在几十年前减已经不是世界上最高的建筑物了。

这个问题的答案就像那构成90层的铁塔的工程一样复杂。一部分的理由是，毫无疑问，铁塔是永不过时的。周期性的维护使得它永远不会被腐蚀掉。埃菲尔铁塔定期油漆，覆盖那些涂鸦, 但是它仍将继续存在下去。

“埃菲尔是巴黎的象征，而巴黎又代表了法国。所以，埃菲尔十分具有象征性。” Hugues Richard说道。这位31岁的法国人保持着在19分零4秒的时间内骑自行车经过747级台阶登上铁塔二层的纪录。“这是铁娘子，能让人产生灵感，”他说。

但是它能使人们产生怎样的灵感呢？毕竟，铁塔并没有任何&的。1930年纽约的克莱斯勒大厦取代它成为世界上最高的建筑。但是电视和广播信号仍然从塔顶发送出来，而古斯塔夫•埃菲尔，这个狂热的建造者利用它的高度进行气象学、空气动力学和无线电通讯的研究。他在12月27 日逝世，终年91岁。

本质上来说，铁塔伫立在那儿本身就是一个灵感——它就像一张空白的画布，任游客自由遐想。对于那些善于从技术角度考虑伺题的人来说，它是一个工程上的胜利;而对于恋人们来说，它则象征着浪漫。

“这座塔将在我们所有的人离去后长久存在。”埃菲尔铁塔管理公司的伊莎贝尔说。

第十八篇Goal of American Education

Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety.

Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone — not just for a privileged elite. Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child, regardless of ability, and also the needs of society itself. This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects. It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. Students choose their curricula depending on their interests, future goals, and level of ability. The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.

Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and “Americanizing” the millions of immigrants who have poured into this country from many different backgrounds and origins. Schools still play a large role in the community, especially in the small towns.

The approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many, not only because it is informal, but also because there is not much emphasis on learning facts. Instead, Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves and to develop their own intellectual and creative abilities. Students spend much time, learning how to use resource materials, libraries, statistics and computers. Americans believe that if children are taught to reason well and to research well, they will be able to find whatever facts they need throughout the rest of their lives. Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.

This is America's answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast-moving time: “How can one prepare today's child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand?”

1. Which of the following best states the goal of American education?

A. To teach every learner some practical skills.

B. To provide every learner with rich knowledge.

C. To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability.

D. To train every student to be a responsible citizen.

2. It is implied in the passage that

A. all high-school students take the same courses.

B. every high-school student must take some practical ability training courses.

C. every public school offers the same academic subjects.

D. the subject every student takes may vary.

3. American schools place great emphasis on the learner's

A. enrichment of knowledge.

B. accumulation of facts.

C. acquisition of the ability to be creative.

D. acquisition of the ability to work with his hands.

4. According to the passage, American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT

A. the brightest students.

B. the slow students.

C. the students from foreign countries.

D. the immigrants.

5. Which of the following best states the feature of American education that makes it different from education in other countries?

A. The large number of its schools.

B. The variety of the courses offered in its schools.

C. Its special consideration given to immigrants.

D. Its underlying goal to develop every child's abilities to the fullest extent.

答案与题解：

1.【C】 A，B:D均只指出了美国教育目标的一个方面。

2.【D】文中提到学生可以根据自己的兴趣、目标和能力来选择课程。

3.【C 】A，B，D都只提到教育的某一个方面，但美国教育最强调的是对学生独立解决问题能力的培养o

4.【c】本文中没有提到外国留学生。

5.【D】给每个学生最充分地发挥自己能力的机会是美国教育的最重要特点。

译文：

美国教育的目标

教育是美国人的生活中很重要的一部分，花销也大。其规模宏大，种类多样。

Education is an enormous and expensive part篇二：阅读理解

阅读理解

第十七篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful

Some2 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble3. Japanese,Brazilians, Americans — they graffiti4 their names,loves and politics on the cold iron — transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move5. With Paris laid out in miniature6 below，it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view7. But the graffiti also raises a question ： Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased to be the world, s tallest structure,is la Tour Eiffel still so popular8?

But to what12? After all,the tower doesn' t have a purpose. It ceased to be the world’ s tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building13 went up in New York. Yes，television and radio signals are beamed from the top,and Gustave Eiffel,a frenetic builder who died on December 27，aged 91 ,used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication. But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there _ a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will14. To the technically minded15, it's an engineering triumph. For lovers, it's romantic.

"The tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way16”，says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.

第十八篇Goal of American Education

Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety.

Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and “Americanizing” the millions of immigrants who have poured into this country from many

different backgrounds and origins. Schools still play a large role in the community, especially in the small towns.

Education is an enormous and expensive part篇三：英语(二)优化标准预测试卷一

高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试

英语（二）

本试卷满分100分；考试时间为150分钟。考生答卷前必须将自己的姓名和准考证号写在答题卡上。必须在答题卡上答题，写在试卷上的答案无效。

第一部分：阅读判断（第1-10题，每题1分，共10题）下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的信息是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

优化标准预测试卷（一）

Coming Soon to a Theater Near You！

What are special effects? Do you enjoy movies that use a lot of special effects Dinosaurs from the distant past! Space battles from the distant future! There has been a revolution in special effects, and it has transformed the movies we see.

The revolution began in the mid 1970s with George

Lucas’s Star Wars, a film that stunned(震惊) audiences. That revolution continues to the present, with dramatic changes in special-effects technology .The company behind these changes is Lucas’s Industrial Light & Magic(ILM). And the man behind the company is Dennis Muren, who has worked with Lucas since Star Wars.

Muuren’s interest in special effects began very early.

At the age of 6, he was photographing toy dinosaurs and spaceships. At 10, he had an 8 millimeter movie camera and was making these things move through stop-motion. (Stop-motion is a process in which objects are shot with a camera, moved slightly, shot again, and so on. When the shots are put together, the objects appear to move.)

Talk to Muren and you’ll understand what ILM is all about: taking on new challenges. By 1989, Muren decided he pushed the old technology as far as it would go.

He saw computer graphics(图像)（CG） technology as the wave of the future and took a year off to master it.

With CG technology, inages can be scanned into a computer for processing, for example, and many separate shots can be combined into a single image. CG technology

has now reached the point, Muren says, where special effects can be used to do just about anything so that movies can tell stories than ever before. The huge success of Jurassic Park and its sequel(续集)， The Lose World, the stars of which were computer-generated dinosaurs, suggests that this may very well be true.

1. The special-effects revolution began in the mid 1980s with Star Wars. （） A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 2. Dennis Muren, one good friends of Lucas, worked for ILM. （） A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 3. ILM is the company responsible for many of the changes in special-effects technology.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 4. Muren dedicated himself to the improvement of old technology. （） A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 5. Dennis Muren started his schooling at a very early age. （） 6. At the age of 10, Muren was able to use computer

graphics technology to make thing move. （） A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 7. By the stop-motion process，many separate shots can be combined into single image. （） A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 8. Muren feels that with CG technology, special effects can be used to make movies more expressive. （） A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 9. Today’s film makes emphasize special effects at the expense of the story. （） A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 10. Computer-generated images have been used in many films. （） A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

第二部分：阅读选择（第11-15题，每题2分，共10分）；阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项（A，B，C，D）中选出1个最佳选项。

Goal of American Education

Education is an enormous and expensive part of

American Lfie. Its size is matched by its variety.

Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone—not just for a privileged elite. Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child, regardless of ability, and also the needs of society itself. This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects. It surprises many people when they come here to find high school offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. Students choose their curricula depending on their interests, future goals, and level of ability. The under- lying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.

a large ole in the community, especially in the small towns.

The approach to teaching may see, unfamiliar to many, not only because it is informal, but also because there in not much emphasis on learning facts. Instead, Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves and to develop their own intellectual and creative abilities. Students spend much time, learning how to use resource materials, libraries, statistics and computer. Americans believe that if children are taught to reason well and to research well, they will be able to find whatever facts they need throughout the rest of their lives. Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.

This is America’s answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking them- selves in the fast-moving time:”How can one prepare today’s child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand? ”

11. Which of the following best states the goal of American education? （） A. To teach every learner some practical skill.

B. To provide every learner with rich knowledge. C. To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability.

D. TO give every student to be a responsible citizen. It is implied in the passage that________. （） A. all high-school students take the same courses B. every high-school student must take some practical ability training courses

C. every public school offers the same academic subjects

D. the subjects every student takes may vary

American school place great emphasis on the learner’s ________ . （） A. enrichment of knowledge B. accumulation of facts

C. acquisition of the ability to be creative

D. acquisition of the ability to work with his hands According to the passage, American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT________. A. the brightest students B. the slow students

C. the students from foreign countries D. the immigrants

15. Which of the following best states the feature of American education that makes it different from education in other countries? （） A. The large number of its school. B. The variety of the courses in its school. C. Its special consideration given to immigrants. D. Its underlying goal to develop every child’s abilities to the fullest extent.

第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子（第16-25题，每题1分，共10分）

阅读下面短文请完成短文后的2项测试任务：（1）第16-20题后所给的6个选项中为第①-⑤段每段选择1个正确的小标题；（2）从第21-25题后所给的6个选项中选择5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

Mc Grady’s art is a spectacle

When Tracy Mc Grady is healthy, his play can be so beautiful that even his own teammates on the court

12.13. 14.

cannot help but admire it in the middle of a game.

“It’s hard for me, because I’m fan of basketball.”Houston point guard Rafer Alston told the Houston Chronicle newspaper after Mc Grady’s 44-point performance against Utah on January 5. “When he’s shooting the ball like that, a lot of time I’m standing there watching and, all of a sudden, the other team’s getting the ball and going on a fast break, and I’m getting yelled at by the coach.“ Indeed, Mc Grady’s body control, his energy, his shooting-watching these are like watching an artist at work, blending colours, constructing sentences, or playing music.

Unfortunately, Mc Grady, 27, hasn’t always been on the job. Already this season, he’s missed seven games with back spasms. After Yao Ming was injured on Dec. 23, it appeared Houston would be without both of its stars. Mc Grady, however, returned three days later and has been playing well ever since, scoring more than 30 points in each of the last six games. As of Tuesday. Houston can’t seem to get on without him. Mc Grady was injured, the Rockets won two and lost five.

“Listen, there are only four or five people on the entire planer that can do the things he can do with the basketball. ” forward Shane Battier said of Mc Grady. “From a fan’s perspective—and we’re fans even though we’re players—it’s really fun to watch him do that. From a player’s perspective, his game can affect the entire team. No question. We see him, and we get excited, and that pumps us up. He keeps making shots, and suddenly it seems to become easier for everybody. ”

But it won’t, really. Houston has just begun an important stretch on their schedule. Four of the next seven games will be played away from Houston—and without Yao. Six of the games will be against teams with attempt to dull the impact of his art. Instead of watching, Mc Grady’s teammates will need to create a little art of their own. 16. Paragraph①____________ 17. Paragraph②____________ 18. Paragraph③____________ 19. Paragraph④____________ 20. Paragraph⑤____________

A. Necessity for the Teammates to Improve Their Own

Skills

B. Evaluation from Tow Different Perspectives C. Spectacular Performance on the Court D. Players Houston Can’t Do without E. Mc Grady, an Excellent Basketball Player F. Mc Grady’s Injury

21. Mc Grady plays basketball so well__________.

22. He has helped his team gain more points in some games__________.

23. Yao Ming missed several games___________. 24. There are ver few people on the Earth_________. 25. Everyone will have to contribute_________. A. That his teammates cannot help admiring him B. That he is often yelled at by the coach C. Who can play basketball so well D. Because he had been injured E. If Houston hopes to win F. Since和returned

第四部分：填词补文（第26-30题，每题2分，共10分）

下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true 第五部分：填词补文（第31-40题，每题1.5分，共15分）请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Critical Reading

Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more

just

understanding

what

author

saying .____26____Here are the thing you should do to be a critical reader.

Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. ______27_____

Question assertions made by the author. Don’t accept what is written at face value. _____28_____ Look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities.

Compare what is written with other written work on the subject. Look to see that what is written is consistent with others have written about the subject. _____29______

Analyze assumptions made by the author.

in order to make assertions. In many cases, the author’s assumptions are not directly stated. ____30_____ Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.

A. This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions.

B. Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made.

C. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.

D. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.

E. If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies. F. In doing this, be certain that the sources are credible.

下面短文有10处空白，短文后列出12个词，其中10个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 American Roads

The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place another in the shortest possible time. Although these wide modern ____31____ are generally smooth and well maintained, with few sharp curves and straight sections, a direct route is not always the most ___32___ one. Large highways often pass by scenic areas and interesting small ____33____. Furthermore, these highways generally connect large urban centers, which ____34___ hat they become crowded with heavy traffic during rush hours, when the “fast, direct ”route becomes a very slow route. However, there is almost always another route to take __35__ you are not in a hurry. Not far from the ___36___ new “superhighways”, there are often older, __37__ heavily roads; others are uneven roads curving through the country. These secondary routes may go ___38___ steep slopes, along high cliffs, or down frightening hillside to

Education is an enormous and expensive part篇四：建行考试英语部分训练加翻译加参考答案

建行考试英语部分训练加翻译加参考答案英语阅读理解分析

1.TV Shows and Long Bus Trips

Long bus rides are like televisions shows. They have a beginning，a middle，and an end-with commercials thrown in every three or four minutes. The commercials are unavoidable. They happen whether you want them or not. Every couple of minutes a billboard glides by outside the bus window. “Buy Super Clean Toothpaste.”“Drink Good‘n Wet Root Beer.”“Fill up with Pacific Gas.”Only if you sleep，which is equal to turning the television set off，are you spared the unending cry of “You Need It！ Buy It Now！”

The beginning of the ride is comfortable and somewhat exciting， even if you‘ve traveled that way before. Usually some things have changed-new houses，new buildings，sometimes even a new road. The bus driver has a style of driving and it’s fun to try to figure it out the first hour or so. If the driver is particularly reckless or daring，the ride can be as thrilling as a suspense story. Will the driver pass the truck in time？Will the driver move into the right or the left-hand lane？After a while，of course，the excitement dies down. Sleeping for a while helps pass the middle hours of the ride. Food always makes bus rides more interesting. But you‘ve got to be careful of what kind of food you eat. Too much salty food can make you very thirsty between stops. The end of the ride is somewhat like the beginning. You know it will soon be over and there’s a kind of expectation and excitement in that. The seat of course，has become harder as the hours have passed. By now you‘ve sat with your legs crossed，with your hands in your lap，with your hands on the arm rests-even with your hands crossed behind your head. The end comes just at no more ways to sit.

1. According to the passage， what do the passengers usually see when they are on a long bus trip？

A） Buses on the road.

B） Films on television.

C） Advertisements on the board.

D） Gas stations.

2. What is the purpose of this passage？

A） To give the writer‘s opinion about long bus trips.

B） To persuade you to take a long bus trip. C） To explain how bus trips and television shows differ.

D） To describe the billboards along the road.

3. the writer of this passage would probably favor

A） bus drivers who weren‘t reckless

B） driving alone.

C） a television set on the bus.

D） no billboards along the road.

4. The writer feels long bus rides are like TV shows because

A） the commercials both on TV shows and on billboards along the road are fun.

B） they both have a beginning， a middle， and an end， with commercials in between.

C） the drivers are always reckless on TV shows just as they are on buses.

D） both traveling and watching TV are not exciting.

5. The writer thinks that the end of the ride is somewhat like the beginning because both are

A） exciting.

B） comfortable.

C） tiring.

D） boring

KEY： CADBA

2. Goal of American Education

Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety.

means that public schools offer more than academic subjects. It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. Students choose their curricula depending on their interests, future goals, and level of ability. The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.

1. Which of the following best states the goal of American education?

A. To teach every learner some practical skills.

B. To provide every learner with rich knowledge.

C. To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability.

D. To train every student to be a responsible citizen.

2. It is implied in the passage that

A. all high-school students take the same courses.

B. every high-school student must take some practical ability training courses.

C. every public school offers the same academic subjects.

D. the subject every student takes may vary.

3. American schools place great emphasis on the learner's

A. enrichment of knowledge.

B. accumulation of facts.

C. acquisition of the ability to be creative.

D. acquisition of the ability to work with his hands.

4. According to the passage, American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT

A. the brightest students.

B. the slow students.

C. the students from foreign countries.

D. the immigrants.

5. Which of the following best states the feature of American education that makes it different from education in other countries?

A. The large number of its schools.

B. The variety of the courses offered in its schools.

C. Its special consideration given to immigrants.

D. Its underlying goal to develop every child's abilities to the fullest extent.

3.Income

Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive.

Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government（which is not a factor of production）, not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.

On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.

The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.

1. This passage is mainly about

A. the classification of income.

B. the difference between national income and personal income.

C. the concept of income.

D. the difference between disposable income and non-disposable income.

2. Which of the following statements is true according to the first paragraph?

A. GNP equals national income plus indirect business taxes.

B. GNP excludes both capital consumption allowances and indirect business taxes.

C. Personal income is regarded as the total money income received by an individual after his or her taxes are paid.

D. The money that goes for capital consumption is not regarded as income.

3. It can be known from this passage that the government levy tax on

A. corporation profits.

B. every individual even though his income is very low.

C. those who work in joint ventures.

D. those who work in government departments.

4. According to this passage, the money you get as interest from government bonds is

A. money earned.

B. not money earned but money received.

C. money received because you have contributed to the economy.

D. money earned because you have furnished a service to the economy.

5. The passage implies that

A. people willingly pay taxes because they want to do something useful to the

Education is an enormous and expensive part篇五：2013高级计算机操作员技能试题2

线

此

过

超

准

不

题

答

生

考

计算机操作员高级操作技能考核试卷考件编号: 注意事项一、本试卷依据2008年颁布的《计算机操作员》国家职业标准命制。二、请根据试题考核要求，完成考试内容。三、请服从考评人员指挥，保证考核安全顺利进行。试题1、计算机安装、连接、调试（1）本题分值：5分。（2）考核时间：15分钟。（3）考核形式：实操（4）具体考核要求： a) 按照EIA/TIA568B标准制作网线，使其可以实现正常的网络连接。要求：1、按照EIA/TIA568B标准制作 2、RJ45接头与网线连接牢靠、无松动、接触不良现象 3、网线保护层与RJ45接头连接处无外露现象（5）否定项：若考生出现下列情况之一，则应及时终止其考试，考生该题成绩记为零。a) 考生蓄意扰乱考场秩序，故意在操作中损坏计算机的； b) 考生机器出现问题，耽误了考试时间，应终止考试，等待更换机器重新考试；c) 考生出现作弊及向监考老师询问与考试相关的问题。试题2、文字录入（1）本题分值：20分。（2）考核时间：30分钟。（3）考核形式：实操（4）具体考核要求： a) 英文基本录入：在十分钟之内录入以下英文内容，错误率不高于千分之三。

考件编号:

Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life.Its size is matched by its variety. Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone-not just for a privileged elite.Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child,regardless of ability,and also the needs of society itself.This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects.It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing,sewing,radio repair,computer programming or driver training,along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics,history,and languages.Students choose their curricula depending on their interests,future goals,and level of ability.The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities,and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.

Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and “Americanizing”the millions of immigrants who have poured into this country from many different backgrounds and origins.Schools still play a large role in the community,especially in the small towns.

The approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many,not only because it is informal,but also because there is not much emphasis on learning facts.Instead,Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves and to develop their own intellectual and creative abilities.Students spend much time,learning how to use resource materials,libraries,statistics and computers.Americans believe that if children are taught to reason well and to research well,they will be able to find whatever facts they need throughout the rest of their lives.Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.

This is America’s answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast-moving time:”How can one prepare today’s child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand?”which of the following best states the goal of American education? To give every student the opportunity to fully develp his/her ability.It is implied in the passage that the subjects every student takes may vary.

b) 中文基本录入：在十分钟之内录入以下中文内容，错误率不高于千分之三。

考件编号:

在青花瓷的家族里，元青花的名字一听就如雷贯耳。然而，元代青花瓷从诞生之日起，就给后世留下了众多的谜团。

第一个谜就是它的纹饰为什么是蓝色的。蒙古人尚白尚蓝，是受波斯文化的影响。蒙古当时跟西域的关系十分密切，在13世纪初，由于成吉思汗的异军突起，他和他的继承者们多次征服了今天的西亚、中亚，打通了中西方文化交流的通道。大批阿拉伯人、波斯人和突厥人涌入中国，其中包括工匠、天文学家、医学家等，他们带来了西域的文化。蓝色是西域波斯文化的主色调，今天我们去中东地区仍然可以看见到处都是以蓝色为主色调的建筑物。

第二个谜就是它的发展没有初创期，没有萌芽期，它是突然成熟的。过去任何一个瓷窑，其发展脉络都能看得清清楚楚。元青花则不然，你看见的时候，它就不是襁褓中的婴儿，而是亭亭玉立的大姑娘了。这有多种解释：有的说元青花不是元代早期出现的，而是元代中晚期出现的，那个时候，波斯人带来了现成的原材料和成熟的制作工艺，元青花直接受波斯文化的影响。另外一种说法是元代以后有大量的北方工匠南迁，他们的绘画水平都非常高，他们来到南方的景德镇等地驻扎下来，在景德镇漂亮的瓷胎上重新开始绘画，就跟一个画家到另外一个地方画画似的，只不过是换了纸，换了颜料而已，技艺上没有什么区别。元青花的这种突然成熟，从学术角度来讲，至今还有许多问题尚待研究。

第三个谜是元青花的纹饰为什么题材众多。元青花跟其他瓷器的题材表现上有所不同，它的题材尤其多。元青花早期的题材大都是花卉、鸟兽、龙凤，后期才出现了人物题材。后期画人物的第一个原因是元青花受元曲和小说的影响，注意展现情节。第二个原因是在元朝后期，朱元璋没有拿下江山之前，曾长时间驻扎在景德镇。他对景德镇的瓷器生产应该是有过极大影响的，由于他对战争故事的关注，以人物为纹饰的作品开始逐渐增多。

第四个谜是元青花造型硕大，大件瓷器特别多，如大盆、大罐、大瓶等。土耳其的托布卡比宫里有元青花大件瓷器几十件，都是中国当时出口的。元青花大器特别多有一个原因，就是跟蒙古这个民族的性格有关。蒙古人性格粗犷，不拘小节。比如江西高安出土的元青花当中有一个“把杯”，所谓“把杯”，就是高足杯，下面的足可以用手攥住。为什么做成这个样子呢？因为元人是马上民族，他们骑在马上，一只手腾出来就可以攥住这个杯子。“欲饮琵琶马上催”就是这个感觉。高安出土的这个“把杯”，上面写着两句诗，颇耐人寻味，非常有意思：“人生百年常在醉，算来三万六千场。”意思是我能够活一百年的话，一年三百六十天，我天天喝醉一次，也无非是三万六千次，人生苦短啊！

元青花自其诞生之日起，就迅速繁荣起来。后来的明清两代的瓷器发展都受其影响颇大，瓷器都以青花为主。元青花是汉族文化、西域波斯文化、蒙古文化的结晶。正是因为其产生的特殊历史背景和蕴藏的民族文化内涵，千百年来，它以扑朔迷离的光泽闪烁在历史的记忆中。

随着考古学家通过国内、外资料对元青花的进一步研究，其神秘的面纱必将被揭起。 c) 公式录入：在文档的结尾处录入下列公式。

pz1a/21a 2S/n

d) 完成以上操作后，将最终结果以“高级2.doc”为文件名，保存至考生文件夹

中（此操作步骤不计分）。

（5）否定项：若考生出现下列情况之一，则应及时终止其考试，考生该题成绩记为零。

考件编号:

a) 考生蓄意扰乱考场秩序，故意在操作中损坏计算机的；

b) 考生机器出现问题，耽误了考试时间，应终止考试，等待更换机器重新考试； c) 考生出现作弊及向监考老师询问与考试相关的问题。

Education is an enormous and expensive part篇六：英语(二)衔接考试模拟试题三

2014年12月高等教育自学考试贵州大学衔接考试

英语（二）模拟试题三

（课程代码：00015）

本试卷共9页，满分100分；考试时间150分钟。

A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007, toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power in Kent County. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries.

“It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride,” said the woman.

The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake struck at 8.19 a. m. and was centered under the English Channel, about 8.5 miles south of Dover and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel.

Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds.

“I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me”, said Hendrick van Eek,27, of Canterbury about 60 miles southeast of London. “Then I heard the sound of cracking, and it was getting heavier and heavier. It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down .”

There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year, but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8 magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham.

The country’s strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France. Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time before another earthquake struck this part of England. However, people should not be scared too much by this prediction, Musson said, as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours 一、阅读判断（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A

：如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B

：如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。 1

before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum. 1. During the April 28 earthquake the whole England was left without power. _B_______

A. True B. False C. Not given 2. The Channel Tunnel was closed for 10 hours after the earthquake occurred. _____C___

A. True B. False C. Not given 3. It was reported that one lady had got her head and neck injured but not seriously. __A______

A. True B. False C. Not given

4. France and several other European countries sent their medical teams to work side by side with the British doctors. ____C____

A. True B. False C. Not given 5. Many walls and chimneys were damaged during this quake. ____A____

A. True B. False C. Not given 6. The April 28 quake was stronger than the one of 2002. ___C_____

A. True B. False C. Not given

7. The country’s strongest earthquake took place in London in 1580. ____B____

A. True B. False C. Not given 8. Musson predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later. _____A___

A. True B. False C. Not given 9. It can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquakes. _____A___

A. True B. False C. Not given 10. The modern earthquake warning system of Britain could detect a forthcoming quake. ___A_____

A. True B. False C. Not given

二、阅读选择（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项（A、B、C、D）中选出一个最佳选项。

Education is an enormous and expensive part of American Life. Its size is matched by its variety.

Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone--not just for a privileged elite.

Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child, regardless of ability, and also the needs of society itself. This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects. It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. Students choose their curricula depending on their interests, future goals, and level of ability. The underlying goal of American

education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.

This is America’s answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast-moving time: “How can one prepare today’s child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand?” 11. Which of the following best states the goal of American education? __C____ A. To teach every learner some practical skills. B. To provide every learner with rich knowledge. C. To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability. D. To train every student to be a responsible citizen. 12. It is implied in the passage that ___D___. A. all high-school students take same courses B. every high-school student must take some practical ability training courses C. every public school offers the same academic subjects D. the subjects every student takes may vary

13. American schools place great emphasis on the learner’s __C____. A. knowledge B. accumulation of facts C. acquisition of the ability to be creative D. acquisition of the ability to work with his hands 14. According to the passage, American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT __C___.

A. the brightest students B. the slow students C. the students from foreign countries D. the immigrants

15. Which of the following best states the feature of American education that makes it different from education in

other countries? ___D___ A. The large number of its schools. B. The variety of the courses offered in its schools. C. Its special consideration given to immigrants.

D. Its underlying goal to develop every child’s abilities to the fullest extent.

三、概括段落大意和补全句子（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的2项测试任务：（1）从第16-20题后所给的6个选项中为第 ①-⑤段每段选择1个正确的小标题：（2）从第21-25题后所给的6个选项中选择5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

__①__ When Tracy McGrady is healthy, his play can be so beautiful that even his own teammates on the court cannot help but admire it in the middle of a game.

__②__ “It’s hard for me, because I’m a fan of basketball.” Houston point guard Rarer Alston told the Houston Chronicle newspaper after McGrady’s 44-point performance against Utah on January 5. “When he’s shooting the ball like that, a lot of times I’m standing there watching and, all of a sudden, the other team’s getting the ball and going on a fast break, and I’m getting yelled at by the coach.” Indeed, McGrady’s body control, his energy, his shooting--watching these are like watching an artist at work, blending colors, constructing sentences, or playing music.

__③__Unfortunately, McGrady, 27, hasn’t always been on the job. Already this season, he’s missed seven games with back spasms. After Yao Ming was injured on Dec.23, it appeared Houston would be without both of its stars. McGrady, however, returned three days later and has been playing well ever since, scoring more than 30 points in each of the last six games, as of Tuesday. Houston can’t seem to get on without him. When McGrady was injured, the Rockets won two and lost five.

__④__ “Listen, there are only four or five people on the entire planet that can do the things he can do with the basketball ”forward Shane Battier said of McGrady. “From a fan’s perspective--and we’re fans even though we’re players--it’s really fun to watch him do that. From a player’s perspective, his game can affect the entire team. We see him, and we get excited, and that pumps us up. He keeps making shots, and suddenly it seems to become easier for everybody.”

__⑤__But it won’t, really. Houston has just begun an important stretch on their schedule. Four of the next seven games will be played away from Houston--and without Yao. Six of the games will be against teams with winning records. Opponents will double-team McGrady in an attempt to dull the impact of his art. Instead of watching, McGrady’s teammates will need to create a little art of their own.

Task 1

16.Paragraph①__E___

17. Paragraph②__C____

18. Paragraph③__D____

19. Paragraph④__B____

20. Paragraph⑤___A___

A. Necessity for the Teammates to Improve Their Own Skills

B. Evaluation from Two Different Perspectives

C. Spectacular Performance on the Court

D. Players Houston Can’t Do without

E. McGrady, an Excellent Basketball Player

F. McGrady’s Injury

Task 2

21. McGrady plays basketball so well___A___.

22. He has helped his team gain more points in some games ___B___.

23. Yao Ming missed several games__D____.

24. There are very few people on the Earth__C____.

25. Everyone will have to contribute__E____.

A. that his teammates cannot help admiring him

B. that he is often yelled at by the coach

C. who can play basketball so well

D. because he had been injured

E. if Houston hopes to win

F. since he returned

四、填句补文（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）下面短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原位，以恢复文章原貌。

Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. 26C___. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.

Question assertions made by the author. Don’t accept what is written at face value. __28B__ Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support, also look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities. Compare what is written with other written work on the subject. Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject.__29E__

Analyze assumptions made by the author. Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions. In many cases, the author’s assumptions are not directly stated. __30A__. Once you identify

Education is an enormous and expensive part篇七：自考《英语(二)》模拟试卷3

第一部分：阅读判断(第1～10题，每题1分，共10分)下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该旬的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

回答1-10题

Coming Soon to a Theater Near You!

What are special effects? Do you enjoy movies that use a lot of speciai effects Dinosaurs from the distant past! Space battles from the distant future! There has been a revolution in special effects, and it has transformed the movies we see. The revolution began in the mid 1970s with George Lucas’s Star Wars ,a film that stunned audiences. That revolution continues to the present, with dramatic changes in special-effects technology. The company behind these changes is Lucas’s Industrial Light&- Magic(ILM). And the man behind the company is Dennis Muren, who has worked with Lucas since Star Wars.

Muren’s interest in special effects began very early. At the age of6,he was photographing toy dinosaurs and spaceships. At 10, he had an 8 millimeter movie camera and was making these things move through stop-motion. (Stop-motion is a process in which objects are shot with a camera, moved slightly, shot again, and so on. When the shots are put together,the objects appear to move)

Talk to Muren and you’ll understand what ILM is all about:tak-ing on new challenges. By 1989,Muren decided he had pushed the old technology as far as it would go.

He saw computer graphics(图像)(CG) technology as the wave of the future and took a year off to master it.

With CG technology,images can be scanned into a computer for processing, for example, and many separate shots can be combined in- to a single image. CG technology has now reached the point, Muren says,where special effects can be used to do just about anything so that movies can tell stories better than ever before. The huge success of Jurassic Park and its sequel(续集), The Lost World, the stars of which were computer-generated dinosaurs.

The special-effects revolution began in the mid 1980s with Star Wars. ( )

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

Dennis Muren,one good friends of Lucas,worked for ILM. ( )

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

ILM is the company responsible for many of the changes in specialeffects technology.( )

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

Muren dedicated himself to the improvement of old technology. ( )

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

Dennis Muren started his schooling at a very early age. ( )

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

At the age of 10，Muren was able to use computer graphics technology to make things move.( )

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

By the stop—motion process，many separate shots can be combined into a single image.( )

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

Muren feels that with CG technology，speeial effects can be used to make movies more expressive.( )

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

Today’S film makers emphasize special effects at the expense of the story.( )

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

Computer-generated images have beenused in many films. ( )

A.Right

B.Wrnng

C.Not mentionpcl

第二部分：阅读选择(第11～15题，每题2分，共10分)阅读下面短文。请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、

C、D)中选出1个最佳选项。

回答11-15题

Goal of American Education

Education is an enormous and expensive part of American Lfie Its size is matched by its variety.

Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other comuntries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone--not just for a privileged elite.

Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child, regardless of ability,and also the needs of society itself. This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects. It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing,sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training,along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history,and languages. Students choose their curricula depending on their interests,future goals, and level of ability. The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities,and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.

Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and "Americanizing" the millions of immigrants who have poured into this country from many different backgrounds and origins. Schools still play a large role in the community, especially in the small towns.

The approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many, not only because it is informal, but also because there is not much emphasis on learning facts. Instead, Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves and to develop their own intellectual and creative abili- ties. Students spend much time,learning how to use resource materi- als,libraries,statistics and computers. Americans believe that if chil- dren are taught to reason well and to research well, they will be able to find whatever facts they need throughout the rest of their lives. Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.

This is America’s answer to the searching question that thought- ful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast-mov- ing time:"How can one prepare today’s child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand?" Which of the following best states the goal of American education? ( )

A.To teach every learner some practical skills.

B.To provide every learner with rich knowledge.

C.To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/herability.

D.To train every student to be a responsible citizen.

It is implied in the passage that ( )

A.all high-school students take same courses

B.every high-school student must take some practical ability training courses

C.every public school offers the same academic subjects

D.the subjects every student takes may vary

Americanschoolsplace great emphasison the learner’s ( )

A.ment of knowledge

B.accumulation of facts

C.acquisition of the ability to be creative

D.acquisition of the ability to work with his hands

According to the passage,American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT ( )

A.the brightest students ( )

B.the slow students

C.the students from foreign countries

D.the immigrants

Which of the following best states the feature of American education that makes it different from education in other countries? ( )

A.The large number of its schools.

B.The variety of the courses offered in its shcools.

C.Its special consideration given to immigrants.

D.Its underlying goal to develop every child’s abilities to the fullest extent.

第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子(第16～25题，每题1分。共10分)阅读下面短文，请完成短文后2项测试任务：(1)从第16～20题后题给的6个选项中威第①～②段每段选择1个正确的小标题;(2)从第21～25题后所给的6个选项中选择5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子

回答16-25题

McGrady’s art is a spectacle

__①__ When Tracy McGrady is healthy, his play can be so beautiful that even his own teammates on the court cannot help but admire it in the middle of a game.

__②__ "It’s hard for me, because I’m a fan of basketball." Houston point guard Rarer Alston told the Houston Chronicle newspaper after McGrady’s 44-point performance against Utah on January 5. "When he’s shooting the ball like that,a lot of times I’m standing there watc- hing and,all of a suden, the other team’s getting the ball and going on a fast break, and I’m getting yelled at by the coach." Indeed,McGrady’s body control, his energy, his shooting-watching these are like watching an artist at work, blending colours, constructing sen-tences,or playing music.

__③__Unfortunately,McGrady,27,hasn’t always been on the job. Already this season,he’s missed seven games with back spasms. After Yao Ming was injured on Dec. 23, it appeared Houston would be without both of its stars. McGrady, however, returned three days later and has been playing well ever since, scoring more than 30 points in each of the last six games, as of Tuesday. Houston can’t seem to get on without him. When McGrady was injured, the Rockets won two and lost five.

__④__"Listen, there are only four or five people on the entire planet that can do the things he can do with the basketball "forward Shane Battier said of McGrady. "From a fan’s perspective-and we’re fans even though we’re players-it’s really fun to watch him do that. From a player’s perspective,his game can affect the entire tearn No question We see him,and we get excited,and that pumps us up. He keeps making shots,and suddenly it seems to become easier for everybody."

__⑤__But it won’t,really. Houston has just begun an important stretch on their schedule. Four of the next seven games will be played away from Houstop--and without Yao. Six of the games will be against teams with winning records. Opponents will double-team McGrady in an attempt to dull the impact of his art. Instead of watching, McGrady’s teammates will need to create a little art of their own.

Paragraph①______

A.Necessity for the Teammates to Improve Their Own Skills

B.Evaluation from Two Different Perspectives

C.Spectacular Performance on the Court

D.Players Houston Can’t Do without

E.McGrady,an Excellent Basketball Palyer

F.McGrady’s Injury

Paragraph②______

A.Necessity for the Teammates to Improve Their Own Skills

B.Evaluation from Two Different Perspectives

C.Spectacular Performance on the Court

D.Players Houston Can’t Do without

E.McGrady,an Excellent Basketball Palyer

F.McGrady’s Injury

Paragraph③______

A.Necessity for the Teammates to Improve Their Own Skills

B.Evaluation from Two Different Perspectives

C.Spectacular Performance on the Court

D.Players Houston Can’t Do without

E.McGrady,an Excellent Basketball Palyer

F.McGrady’s Injury

Paragraph④______

A.Necessity for the Teammates to Improve Their Own Skills

B.Evaluation from Two Different Perspectives

C.Spectacular Performance on the Court

D.Players Houston Can’t Do without

E.McGrady,an Excellent Basketball Palyer

F.McGrady’s Injury

Paragraph⑤______

A.Necessity for the Teammates to Improve Their Own Skills

B.Evaluation from Two Different Perspectives

C.Spectacular Performance on the Court

D.Players Houston Can’t Do without

E.McGrady,an Excellent Basketball Palyer

F.McGrady’s Injury

McGrady plays basketball so well______

A.that his teammates cannot help admiring him

B.that he is often yelled at by the coach

C.who can play basketball so well

D.because he had been injured

E.if Houston hopes to win

F.since he returned

He has helped his team gain more points in some games ______

A.that his teammates cannot help admiring him

B.that he is often yelled at by the coach

C.who can play basketball so well

D.because he had been injured

E.if Houston hopes to win

F.since he returned

Yao Ming missed several games______

A.that his teammates cannot help admiring him

B.that he is often yelled at by the coach

C.who can play basketball so well

D.because he had been injured

E.if Houston hopes to win

F.since he returned

There are very few people on the Earth______

A.that his teammates cannot help admiring him

B.that he is often yelled at by the coach

C.who can play basketball so well

D.because he had been injured

E.if Houston hopes to win

F.since he returned

Everyone will have to contribute______

A.that his teammates cannot help admiring him

B.that he is often yelled at by the coach

C.who can play basketball so well

D.because he had been injured

E.if Houston hopes to win

F.since he returned

第四部分：填句补文(第26～30题，每题2分。共10分)下面的短文有5处空白。短文后有6个句子.其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置。以恢复文章原貌。

回答26-30题

Critical Reading

Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. __26__ Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.

Consider the context of what is written. You may he reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours. Or, you may he reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. __27__

Question assertions made by the author. Don’t accept what is written at face value. __28__ Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support, Also look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities.

Compare what is written with other written work on the subject.Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject.__29__

Analyze assumptions made by the author. Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions. In many cases,the author’s assumptions are not directly stated. __30__ Once you identify anassumption, you

Education is an enormous and expensive part篇八：2015年职称英语阅读理解中英互译整理打印版

第四部分阅读理解

第17篇 Eiffel Is an Eyeful

"Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France. It is very symbolic”，says Hugues Richard10,a 31- year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling up to the tower's second floor 一 747 steps in 19 minutes and 4 seconds, without touching the floor with his feet. "It's iron lady，It inspires us11 ”， he says. But to what12? After all,the tower doesn' t have a purpose. It ceased to be the world’ s tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building13 went up in New York. Yes，television and radio signals are beamed from the top,and Gustave Eiffel,a frenetic builder who died on December 27，aged 91 ,used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication.

But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there _ a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will14. To the technically minded15, it's an engineering triumph. For lovers, it's romantic.

"The tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way16”，says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.

第18篇Goal of American Education

Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety.

第19篇The Family

The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one another. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America，the elderly often do not live with the family ; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.

There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies，such as North

America，and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits，who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans，the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.

The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time，the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents，mother and father，brothers and sisters，uncles，aunts，and cousins. In North America today，there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced，separated，or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family，not just in North America, but throughout the world，continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.

第20篇Tales of the Terrible Past

It is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history. Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner，storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously. Among those taking on the task of recounting history are some black writers who attempt to examine slavery from different points of view.

Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison deals specifically with the legacy of slavery in her book Beloved. The main character in this novel，a former slave called Sethe，lives in Ohio in the years following the Civil War，but she cannot free herself from her horrific memories. Through a series of flashbacks and bitter reminiscences，the reader learns how and why Sethe escaped from the plantation she had lived on; the fate of her husband，who also tried to escape; and finally，what happened to the child called Beloved. Morrison's scenes of torture and murder are vivid and strongly convey the desperation of the slaves and the cruelty of their owners.

Charles Johnson's Middle Passage approaches slavery from a different，yet no less violent，vantage point. His main character，Rutherfprd Calhoun，is a ne'er-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave ship bound for Africa to collect its "cargo". Put to work after he is discovered，Calhoun witnesses firsthand the appalling conditions in which the captured Africans are transported. When they finally rebel and take over the ship，he finds himself in the middle -- and is forced to come to terms with who he is and what his values are.

Neither Beloved nor Middle Passage is an easy read，but both exemplify African American writers' attempts to bring significant historical situations alive for a modem audience.

第21篇Spacing in Animals

Flight Distance

Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance—the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard’s flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.

Critical Distance

Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the

approach, he soon penetrates the lion's critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man. Social Distance

Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group—that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group—it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.

Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short—apparently only a few yards—among some animals, and quite long among others.

Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother's voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.

第22篇Some things we know about language

Many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so．But some things we do know．

First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort．There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one mother．Furthermore, in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a language． Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language．There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped, who are, as we say, uncivilized. but the languages they speak are not primitive．In all known 1anguages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing． This has not always been well understood；indeed, the direct contrary has often been stated． Popular ideas of the 1anguage of the American Indians will illustrate．Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises．Study has proved this to be nonsense．There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian languages, and a11 of them rum out to be very complicated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek．

A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate．That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language．

Finally, we know that language changes．It is natural and normal for language to change； the only languages which do not change are the dead ones．This is easy to understand if we look backward in time．Change goes on in all aspects of language．Grammatical features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly．Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.

第23篇 The Only Way Is Up

Think of a modem city and the first image that come to mind is the skyline. It is full of great buildings, pointing like fingers to heaven. It is true that some cities don't permit buildings to go above a certain height. But these are cities concerned with the past. The first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is to build skyscrapers.

When people gather together in cities, they create a demand for land. Since cities are places where money is made, that demand can be met. And the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground. That means building upwards. The technology existed to do this as early as the 19th century. But the height of buildings was limited by one important factor. They had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs. People could not be expected to climb a mountain at the end of their journey to work, or home.

Elisha Otis, a US inventor, was the man who brought us the lift-or elevator, as he preferred to call it. However, most of the technology is very old. Lifts work using the same pulley system the Egyptians used to create the Pyramids. What Otis did was attach the system to a steam engine and develop the elevator brake, which stops the lift falling if the cords that hold it up are broken. It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention. In fact, he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds, giving people the chance to try them out before selling the idea to architects and builders.

"It breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space we carry around with us -- and you just can't choose to move away," says workplace psychologist, Gary Fitzgibbon. Being trapped in this setting can create different types of tensions, he says. Some people are scared of them. Others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss. Some stand close to the door. Others hide in the comers. Most people try and shrink into the background. But some behave in a way that makes others notice them. There are a few people who just stand in a comer taking notes.

Don't worry about them. They are probably from a university.

第24篇 The Romance of Arthur

Most cultures have some sort of hero who represents the best values of what its people believe in. The unusual thing about King Arthur is that legends of his heroism have persisted for several centuries and spread far beyond England, the place where they began.

western coast of England and because he was the illegitimate son of King Uther Pendragon, he was spirited away by the magician Merlin and his true identity kept from him. He became king after freeing the sword Excalibur from the stone into which it was thrust. He married the beautiful Guinevere and assembled in his court all the noblest knights of the land, including Lancelot, with whom Guinevere would later be unfaithful to him. He was finally defeated in battle by his illegitimate son Mordred, and his body was spirited away to the isle of A Valon.

This romantic tale greatly appealed to the English and the French in the Middle Ages, when the code of chivalry-ideal qualities of knighthood-constituted an important part of many stories. Tales of the heroism of Galahad, Percival, Gawain, and many other of Arthur's

knights were circulated as well. In England today, there are many sites claiming a piece of the Arthurian an legend.

There is a mined castle at Tintagel. Near Glastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey

where Arthur’s and Guinevere's bodies were supposedly exhumed in the 12th century. Neither of these proves that the legend is true, but they do keep its mystique alive.

第25篇 Income

Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees. Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions,

but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.

第26篇Seeing the World Centuries Ago

If you enjoy looking through travel books by such familiar authors as Arthur Frommer or Eugene Fodor，it will not surprise you to lean that travel writing has a long and venerable history. Almost from the earliest annals of recorded time individuals have found ready audiences for their accounts of journeys to strange and exotic locales.1

One of the earliest travel writers，a Greek geographer and historian named Strabo，lived around the time of Christ. Though Strabo is known to have traveled from east of the Black Sea west to Italy and as far south as Ethiopia，he also used details gleaned from other writers to extend and enliven his accounts. His multivolumed work Geography provides the only surviving account of the cities，peoples，customs，and geographical peculiarities of the whole known world of his time.

Two other classic travel writers，the ltalian Marco Polo and the Moroccan Ibn Battutah，lived in roughly the same time period. Marco Polo traveled to China with his father and uncle in about A.D.1275 and remained there 16 or 17 years，visiting several other countries during his travels. When Marco returned to ltaly he dictated his memoirs，including stories he had heard from others，to a scribe，with the resulting book II milione being an instant success.Though difficult to attest to the accuracy of all he says，Marco's book impelled Europeans to begin their great voyages of exploration.

lbn Battutah's interest in travel began on his required Muslim joumey to Mecca in 1325，and during his lifetime he journeyed through all the countries where Islam held sway. 3 His travel book

The Rihlah is a personalized account of desert journeys，court intrigues，and even the effect of the Back Death in the various lands he visited . In almost 30 years of traveling it is estimated that Ibn

Battutah covered more than 75，000 miles.

第27篇Importance of Services

The United States has moved beyond the industrial economy stage to the point where it has become the world’s first service economy. Almost three-fourths of the nonfarm labor force is employed in service industries, and over two-thirds of the nation’s gross national product is accounted for by services. Also, service jobs typically hold up better during a recession than do jobs in industries producing tangible goods.

During the 20-year period of 1966 to 1986, about 36 million new jobs were created in the United States—far more than in Japan and Western Europe combined. About 90 percent of these jobs were in service industries. During this same time span, some 22 million women joined the labor force—and 97 percent of these women went to work in the service sector. These employment trends are expected to continue at least until the year 2000. For the period 1986-2000, the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that over 21 million new jobs will be created and 93 percent of them will be in service industries.

Moreover, most of this explosive growth in services employment is not in low-paying jobs, contrary to the beliefs of many economists, business and labor leaders, and politicians. These people argue that manufacturing jobs, which have been the economic foundation of America's middle class, are vanishing. They claim that factory workers are being replaced with a host of low-wage earners. It is true that manufacturing jobs have declined, with many of them going to foreign countries. It is also true that there has been growth in some low-paying service jobs. Yet cooks and counter people still represent only 1 percent of the U. S. labor force today: Furthermore, for many years the fastest-growing occupational category has been “professional, technical, and related work.” These jobs pay well above the average, and most are in service industries.

About one-half of consumer expenditures are for the purchase of services. Projections to the year 2000 indicate that services will attract an even larger share of consumer spending. A drawback of the service economy boom is that the prices of most services have been going up at a considerably faster rate than the prices of most tangible products. You are undoubtedly aware of this if you have had your car or TV set repaired, had your shoes half-soled, or paid a medical bill in recent years.

When we say that services account for close to one-half of consumer expenditures, we still grossly understate the economic importance of services. These figures do not include the vast amounts spent for business services. By all indications, spending for business services has increased even more rapidly than spending for consumer services.

第28篇The National Park Service

America's national parks are like old friends. You may not see them for years at a time, but just knowing they're out there makes you feel better. Hearing the names of these famous old friends -Yosemite, Yellowstone, Grand Canyon -revives memories of visits past and promotes dreams of those still to come. From Acadia to Zion, 369 national parks are part of a continually evolving system. Ancient fossil beds, Revolutionary War battlefields, magnificent mountain ranges, and monuments to heroic men and women who molded this country are all a part of our National Park System (NPS). The care and preservation for future generations of these special places is entrusted to the National Park Service. Uniformed Rangers, the most visible representatives of the Service, not only offer park visitors a friendly wave, a helpful answer, or a thought-provoking history lesson, but also are skilled rescuers, firefighters, and dedicated resource protection professionals. The National Park Service ranks also include architects, historians, archaeologists, biologists, and a host of other experts who preserve and protect everything from George Washington's teeth to Thomas Edison's wax recording.

Modern society has brought the National Park Service both massive challenges and enormous opportunities. Satellite and computer technologies are expanding the educational possibilities of a national park beyond its physical boundaries. Cities struggling to revive their urban cores are turning to the Park Service for expert assistance to preserve their cultural heritage, thirsty for recreational outlets are also working with the NPS to turn abandoned railroad tracks into bike and hiking trails, as well as giving unused federal property new life as recreation centers.

To help meet these challenges and take advantage of these opportunities, the National Park Service had formed partnerships - some dating back 100 years, some only months old - with other agencies, state and local governments, corporations, American Indian tribes and Alaska Natives, Park Friends groups, cooperating associations, private organizations, community groups and individuals who share the National Park ethic.

National Park Week 1996 is a celebration of these partnerships.

第29篇 I’ll Be Bach

Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can’t tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Cope’s computer. It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers，brains work like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take out the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is left. According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.

Cope built a huge database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the pieces into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They weren’t good,

but it was a start.

Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could analyze more complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.

A few years later，Cope’s computer program, called “Emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera. The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computer’s musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.

Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn’t like of her music, but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!

第31篇 Pool Watch

Swimmers can drown in busy swimming pools when lifeguards fail to notice that they are in trouble. A report says that on average 15 people drown in British pools each year, but many more suffer major injury after getting into difficulties. Now a French company has developed an artificial intelligence system called Poseidon that sounds the alarm when it sees someone in danger of drowning.

When a swimmer sinks towards the bottom of the pool, the new system sends an alarm signal to a poolside monitoring station and a lifeguard's pager (呼机). In trials at a pool in Ancenis, near Nantes, it saved a life within just a few months, says Alistair McQuade, a spokesman for its maker, Poseidon Technologies. Poseidon keeps watch through a network of underwater and overhead video cameras. AI software analyses the images to work out swimmers' trajectories (轨迹). To do this reliably, it has to tell the difference between a swimmer and the shadow of someone being cast onto the bottom or side of the pool.

It does the same with an image from another camera viewing the shape from a different angle. If the two projections are in the same position, the shape is identified as a shadow and is ignored. But if they are different, the shape is a swimmer and so the system follows its trajectory.

To pick out potential drowning victims, anyone in the water who starts to descend slowly is added to the software's "pre-alert" (预先警戒) list, says McQuade. Swimmers who then stay immobile on the pool bottom for 5 seconds or more are considered in danger of drowning. Poseidon double-checks that the image really is of a swimmer, not a shadow, by seeing whether it obscures (使模糊) the pool's floor texture when viewed from overhead. If so, it alerts the lifeguard, showing the swimmer's location on a poolside screen.

The first full-scale Poseidon system will be officially opened next week at a pool in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. One man who is impressed with the idea is Travor Baylis, inventor of the clockwork (时钟装置) radio. Baylis runs a company that installs swimming pools - and he was once an underwater escapologist (脱身杂技演员) with a circus (马戏团). "1 say full marks to them if this works and can save lives," he says.

第32篇The Cherokee Nation

Long before the white man came to the America, the land belonged to the American Indian nations. The nation of the Cherokees lived in What is now the southeastern part of the United States.

After the white man came, the Cherokees copied many of their ways. One Cherokee named Sequoyah saw how important reading and writing was to the white man. He decided to invent a way to write down the spoken Cherokee language. He began by making word pictures. For each word he drew a picture. But that proved impossible-there were just too many words. Then he took the 85 sounds that made up the language. Using this own imagination and an English spelling book, Sequoyah invented a sign for each sound. His alphabet proved amazingly easy to learn. Before long, many Cherokees knew how to read and write in their own language. By 1828, they were even printing their own newspaper.

In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed a law. It allowed the government to remove Indians from their lands. The Cherokees refused to go. They had lived on their lands for centuries. It belonged to them. Why should they go to a strange land far beyond the Mississippi River?

The army was sent to drive the Cherokees out. Soldiers surrounded their villages and marched them at gunpoint into the western territory. The sick, the old and the small children went in carts, along with their belongings. The rest of the people marched on foot or rode on horseback. It was November, yet many of them still wore their summer clothes. Cold and hungry, the Cherokees were quickly exhausted by the hardships of the journey. Many dropped dead and were buried by the roadside. When the last group arrived in their new home in March 1839, more than 4,000 had died. It was indeed a march of death. 第34篇 To Have and Have Not

It had been boring hanging about the hotel all afternoon. The road crew were playing a game with dollar notes. Folding them into small planes to see whose would fly the furthest.1 Having nothing better to do，I joined in and won five，and then took the opportunity to escape with my profit. Despite the evil-looking clouds，I had to get out for a while.

I headed for a shop on the other side of the street. Unlike the others，it didn't have a sign shouting its name and business，and instead of the usual impersonal modern lighting，there was an appealing glow inside. Strangely nothing was displayed in the window. Not put off by this，I went inside. It took my breath away. I didn't know where to look, where to start. On one wall there hung three hand-stitched American quilts that were in such wonderful condition they might have been newly-made. I came across tin toys and antique furniture, and on the wall in front of me, a 1957 Stratocaster guitar , also in excellent condition. A card pushed between the strings said $50. I ran my hand along a long shelf of records, reading their titles. And there was more...

“Can I help you？” She startled me. I hadn't even seen the woman behind the counter come in. The way she looked at me, so directly and with such power. It was a look of such intensity that for a moment I felt as if I were wrapped in some kind of magnetic or electrical field. I found it hard to take and almost turned away. But though it was uncomfortable. I was fascinated by the experience of her looking straight into me, and by the feeling that I was neither a stranger, nor strange, to her.

Besides amusement her expression showed sympathy. It was impossible to tell her age；she reminded me faintly of my grandmother because, although her eyes were friendly, I could see that she was not a woman to fall out with. I spoke at last. 'I was just looking really,' I said, though secretly wondering how much of the stuff I could cram into the bus.

The woman turned away and went at once towards a back room, indicating that I should follow her. But it in no way lived up to the first room. The light made me feel peculiar, too. It came from an oil lamp that was hung from the centre of the ceiling and created huge shadows over everything. There were no rare electric guitars, no old necklaces, no hand-painted boxes with delicate flowers. It was also obvious that it must have taken years, decades, to collect so much rubbish, so many old documents arid papers.

I noticed some old books, whose gold lettering had faded, making their titles impossible to read. 'They look interesting,' I said, with some hesitation. 'To be able to understand that kind of writing you must first have had a similar experience,' she said clearly. She noted the confused look on my face, but didn't add anything.

She reached up for a small book which she handed to me. 'This is the best book I can give you at the moment,' she laughed. “If you use it.” I opened the book to find it full. or rather empty, with blank white pages, but paid her the few dollars she asked for it, becoming embarrassed when I realised the notes were still folded into little paper planes. I put the book in my pocket, thanked her and left.

第36篇 Life as a Movie Extra

Ordinary people have always been attracted to the world of movies and movie stars. One way to get closer to this world is to become a movie extra. Although you have seen movie extras, you may not have paid attention to them. Extras are the people seated at tables in a restaurant while the two main actors are in conversation. They are the guests at the wedding of the main characters. They are the people crossing the street while “the bad guy" is being chased by the police. Extras don’t normally speak any lines, but they help make the scenes look real1.

Being a movie extra might seem like a lot of fun. You get to see what life is like behind the scenes. But don’t forget that being an extra is really a job, and it’s mostly about doing nothing. First-time extras are often shocked to learn how slow the process of movie making is. In a finished movie, the action

may move quickly. But it can sometimes take a whole day to shoot a scene that appears for just a few minutes on the screen.

The main requirement for being an extra is the ability to wait. You may report to work at 5 or 6 a. m.，and then you wait until the director is ready for your scene. This could take several hours. Then there may be technical problems, and you have to wait some more. After the director says “action”and you do the first “take”，you may have to do it again if he or she is not satisfied with the scene. In fact, you may have to do the same scene over and over again. You could be on the set for hours, sometimes waiting outdoors in very hot or cold weather.2 You may not be finished until 11 p. m. or midnight. The pay isn’t good, either — often only a little bit above minimum wage. And you must pay the agent who gets you the job a commission of about 10 percent. So who would want to be a movie extra? In spite of the long hours and low pay, many people still apply for the job. Some people truly enjoy the work. They like being on a movie set, and they enjoy the companionship of their fellow extras. Most of them have flexible schedules, which allow them to be available.3They may be students, waiters, homemakers, retired people, or unemployed actors. Some unemployed actors hope the work will help them get real acting jobs, but it doesn’t happen often. Most people in the movie industry make a sharp distinction between extras and actors, so extras are not usually considered for large parts.

The next time you see a movie，don’t just watch the stars. Take a closer look at the people in the background, and ask yourself : Who are they? Why are they there? What else do they do in life? Maybe there is someone in the crowd who is just like you.

第37篇 Pop Music in Africa

Young musicians in African countries are creating a new kind of pop music. The tunes and the rhythms of their music combine African traditions with various forms of music popular today, such as hip-hop, rap, rock, jazz, or reggae. The result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world, but at the same time is distinctly African. It is different also in another way: Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues in Africa today.

Eric Wainaina is one of these African musicians. He grew up in Nairobi, Kenya, in a family of musicians. As a teenager, he listened to pop music from the United States, and later he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music. Now he has produced a CD in Kenya. Eric's most popular song, "Land of ‘A Little Something’” is about Kenya's problem of bribery, or paying others for illegal favors. He wants people to listen to his songs and think about how to make Kenya a better place to live.

Another musician who writes serious songs is Witness Mwaijaga from Tanzania. Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women. At the age of fifteen she lost her home, but she was luckier than other homeless young people. She could make a living by writing songs and singing on the street. By the time she was eighteen years old, she had become a star. Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania, especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women1.

Baaba Maal, from Senegal, also feels that pop music must go beyond entertainment. He says that in Senegal, storytellers have always been important people. In the past, they were the ones who kept the history of their people alive. Baaba believes that songwriters now have a similar responsibility. They must write about the world around them and help people understand how it could be better. The words of his songs are important, in fact. They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans, as well as the rights of women, love for one' s family, and saving the environment2.

One of South Africa's most popular musicians is Brenda Fassie. She is sometimes compared to Madonna, the American pop star, because she likes to shock people in her shows. But she also likes to make people think. She became famous in the 1980s for her simple pop songs against apartheid. Now that apartheid has ended, her songs are about other issues in South African culture and life. To sing about these, she uses local African languages and a new pop style called kwaito.

In recent years, people outside of Africa have also begun to listen to these young musicians. Through music, the younger generation of Africans are connecting with the rest of the world and, at the same time, influencing the rest of the world.

第39篇 Eat to Live

A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it's not much fun—and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to1 most of that youthful vigor even if we don't start to diet until old age.

Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse's liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won't reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins2.

Spindler's team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old—equivalent to about 70 human years.

The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production4—probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.

“This is the first indication that thee effects kick in5 pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D. C. No one yet knows if calorie works in people as it does in mice, bus Spindler is hopeful. “There's attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.

If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, out bodies are les efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.

But Spindler isn't sure the trade-off is worth it6. “The mice get less disease, they live longer but they're hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it's still hard to go to a restaurant and say: 'I can only eat half of that'.”

Spindler hopes we soon won't need to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction. 第40篇New US Plan for Disease Prevention

Urging Americans to take responsibility for their health1 , Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson on Tuesday launched a$15 million program to try to encourage communities to do more to prevent chronic diseases like heart disease，cancer and diabetes.

The initiative highlights the cost of chronic diseases2 - the leading causes of death in the United States——and outlines ways that people Can prevent them，including better diet and increased exercise.

“In the United States today, 7 of 10 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness，disability and health care costs are caused by chronic diseases, "the Health and Human Services Department said in a statement.

The causes are often behavioral——smoking，poor eating habits and a lack of exercise.

“I am convinced that preventing disease by promoting better health is a smart policy choice for our future，”Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative.

“Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the escalating costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle choices."

Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than $351 billion in 2003.

“These leading causes of death for men and women are largely preventable，yet we as a nation are not taking the steps necessary for US to lead healthier, longer lives，”he said.

The $15 million is slated to go to communities to promote prevention，pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more. Daily exercise such as walking can prevent and even reverse heart disease and diabetes，and prevent cancer and strokes.

The money will also go to community organizations，clinics and nutritionists who are being encouraged to work together to educate people at risk of diabetes

Education is an enormous and expensive part篇九：阅读理解-综合B(共17篇)

第四部分阅读理解(综合B)

第十七篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful（综B、理C）

Some 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble. Japanese, Brazilians, Americans —they graffiti their names, loves and politics on the cold iron — transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the moves.

With Paris laid out in miniature below, it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view. But the graffiti also raises a question: Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed, and decades after it ceased to be the world's tallest structure, is la Tour Eiffel still so popular?

"Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France. It is very symbolic", says Hugues Richard, a 3l-year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling up to the tower's second floor- 747 steps in l9 minutes and 4 seconds, without touching the floor with his feet. "It's iron lady, it inspires us", he says.

But to what After all, the tower doesn't have a purpose. It ceased to be the world's tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building went up in New York. Yes, television and radio signals are beamed from the top, and Gustave Eiffel, a frenetic builder who died on December 27, aged 9l, used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication.

But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there — a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will. To the technically minded, it's an engineering triumph. For lovers, it's romantic.

"The tower will outlast all of us, and by a long way", says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.

练习：

1. Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move?

A. Tourists from all over the world come to the Eiffel Tower by car or by plane.

B. Tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower.

C. The Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in the world.

D. The Eiffel Tower represents all the towers in the world.

2. What seems strange to the author?

A. visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view.

B. Visitors spend much time watching other people scribbling.

C. Only Japanese, Brazilians and Americans like to mark their presence.

D. Scribbling spread from country to country.

3. Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard?

A. He is a cyclist.

B. He is a record holder.

C. He climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds.

D. He cycled up to the tower’s second floor.

4. What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for?

A. Sending radio and television signals all over the B. Conducting research in various fields.

world. D. Demonstrating French culture.

C. Giving people inspiration.

5. Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “( The Eiffel Tower is like ) a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will?”

A. Visitors can do whatever they want on the tower.

B. Visitors can paint on the tower whatever they want.

C. Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.

D. Visitors can draw on a blank canvas provided by the Tower management company.

参考译文：引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔

世界各地的人们都来到大约300米高，接近埃菲尔铁塔顶端的地方涂鸦。日本人、巴西人、美国人在这块冰冷的铁上涂上自己的名字、喜好和政治观点，使这最具有法兰西色彩的纪念碑成为动感世界的象征。

从塔上可以看到巴黎市的远景，但奇怪的是观光者们宁愿花时间留下到此一游的痕迹，而不去观赏风景。但这些涂鸦者也引起了一个问题：为什么在建成114年后，埃菲尔铁塔仍然这么受欢迎?尽管它在几十年前就已经不是世界上最高的建筑物了。

这个问题的答案就像那构成90层的铁塔的工程一样复杂。一部分的理由是，毫无疑问，铁塔是永不过时的。周期性的维护使得它永远不会被腐蚀掉。埃菲尔铁塔定期油漆，覆盖那些涂鸦，但是它仍将继续存在下去。

“埃菲尔是巴黎的象征，而巴黎又代表了法国。所以，埃菲尔十分具有象征性。”Hugues Richard说道。这位3l岁的法国人保持着在19分零4秒的时间内骑自行车经过747级台阶登上铁塔二层的记录。“这是铁娘子，能让人产生灵感。”他说。

但是它能使人们产生怎样的灵感呢?毕竟，铁塔并没有任何目的。1930年纽约的Chrysle大厦取代它成为世界上最高的建筑。但是电视和广播信号仍然从塔顶发送出来，而Gustave Eiffel，这个狂热的建造者利用它的高度进行气象学、空气动力学和无线电通讯的研究。他在12月27日逝世，终年91岁。

本质上来说，铁塔伫立在那儿本身就是一个灵感——它就像一张空白的画布，任游客自由遐想。对于那些善于从技术角度考虑问题的人来说，它是一个工程上的胜利：而对于恋人们来说，它则象征着浪漫。

“这座塔将在我们所有的人离去后长久存在。”埃菲尔铁塔管理公司的Isabelle Esnou说。

参考答案：1.B 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.Ｃ

第十八篇Goal of American Education（综B）

Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety.

Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and ―Americanizing‖ the millions of immigrants who have poured into this country from many different backgrounds and origins. Schools still play a large role in the community, especially in the small towns.

This is America's answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast-moving time: ―How can one prepare today's child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand?‖

练习：

1. Which of the following best states the goal of American education?

A. To teach every learner some practical skills.

B. To provide every learner with rich knowledge.

C. To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability.

D. To train every student to be a responsible citizen.

2. It is implied in the passage that______.

A. all high-school students take the same courses.

B. every high-school student must take some practical ability training courses.

C. every public school offers the same academic subjects.

D. the subject every student takes may vary.

3. American schools place great emphasis on the learner's______.

A. enrichment of knowledge.

B. accumulation of facts.

C. acquisition of the ability to be creative.

D. acquisition of the ability to work with his hands.

4. According to the passage, American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT______.

A. the brightest students.

B. the slow students.

C. the students from foreign countries.

D. the immigrants.

5. Which of the following best states the feature of American education that makes it different from education in other countries?

A. The large number of its schools.

B. The variety of the courses offered in its schools.

C. Its special consideration given to immigrants.

D. Its underlying goal to develop every child's abilities to the fullest extent.

参考译文：美国教育的目标

教育是美国人的生活中很重要的一部分，花销也大。其规模宏大，种类多样。

与其他大多数国家相比，美国教育的不同在于美国教育是为每一个人设置的~"不只是为享有特权的优等生。学校是要满足每个孩子的需要，不论其能力如何，同时也要满足社会本身的需求。这意味着公立学校提供的教育不只限于学术方面的课程。很多人来到美国之后会吃惊地发现，高中除了提供传统课程，例如：数学、历史和语言之外，他们还提供一些课程如打字、缝纫、无线电修理、计算机课程或驾驶训练课程。学生选择课程是根据个人喜好、目标以及能力水平。美国教育的潜在目标是将每一个孩子的能力最充分地发挥出来，培养每一个孩子的公民和社区觉悟感。

成千上万的移民者涌入这个国家，他们的出身背景不同。传统上,学校在建立民族团结以及使移民者美国化两方面起着重大作用。在社区中，尤其在小城镇，学校仍然起着重要作用。

大家对美国的教学方法彳以乎也很陌生。因为这种教学方法不仅不正式，而且不把重点放在学习具体知识上。相反，美国人教孩子独立思考，教他们自己去开发自己的智慧以及创造能力。学生花很多时间学习怎样使用参考资料、图书馆、数据以及计算机。美国人认为只要孩子具有好的推理能力，好的研究方法，他们就能在以后找到自己所需的具体知识。他们还认为懂得怎样解决问题比积累事实更重要。

在这个变化万千的时代里，全世界细心的父母都在思考一个尖锐而深刻的问题：―怎样为孩子的明天做准备呢？孩子的明天既不能预料也不能理解。‖上述的教学方法正是美国对这一问题的回答。

参考答案：1.Ｃ 2.Ｄ 3.Ｃ 4.Ｃ 5.Ｄ

第十九篇The Family（综B）

The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. The family‘s form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influence. Until recently，the most common form in North America was the nuclear family, consisting of a married couple with their minor children．The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one another. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so．In North America, the elderly often do not live with the family; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes．

There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies, such as North America, and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits, who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions, mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans, the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility．

The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time, the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents，mother and father，brothers and sisters，uncles，aunts，and cousins．In North America today, there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced, separated, or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family, not just in North America, but throughout the world, continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions．

练习:

1. Another good title for this passage would be_____.

A) What Makes a Family? B) The Life of the Inuits.

C) Living with Hardship. D) The Failure of the Nuclear Family.

2. A nuclear family is defined as_____.

A) a married couple with their minor children B) a single father with，minor children

C) parents，grandparents，and children D) parents，children，and aunts and uncles

3. The information in this passage would most likely be found in_____.

A) an anthropology textbook B) a biology textbook C) a mathematics textbook D) a geography textbook

4. The information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through _____.

A) listing statistics B) telling a story C) pointing out similarities D) pointing out differences

5. The word mobility means_____.

A) money B) readiness to move C) organization D) skill

参考译文：家庭

Education is an enormous and expensive part篇十：职称英语阅读理解

第十七篇 Eiffel Is an Eyefull

Some 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble. Japanese , Brazilians , Americans - they graffiti their names , loves and politics on the cold iron - transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move.

With Paris laid out in miniature below,,it seems strange that visitors would father waste time marking their presence than admiring the view. But the engineering triumph. For lovers, it's romantic . "The tower will outlast.all of us, and by a long way'6 " .says Isabelle Esnous , whose company manages Eiffel Tower.

l. Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move ? A) Tourists from all over the world come to the Eiffel Tower by car or by plane.

B) Tourists of all naUionalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower.

A) Visitors can do whatever they want on the tower.

B) Visitors can paint on the tower whatever they want.

C) Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.

D) Visitors can draw on a blank canvas provided by the Tower management company.

第十八篇 Goal of American Education to many, not only because it is informal, but also because there is not much emphasis on leaming facts. Instead, Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves and to develop their own intellectual and creative abilities. Students spend much time, learning how to use resource materials, libraries. statistics and computers. Americans believe that if children are taught to reason well and to research well , they will be able to find whatever facts they need throughout the rest of their lives. grafriti also raises a question : Why , nearly 114 years after it was completed . and decades after it ceased to be the world's tallest structure ,is la Tour Eiffel still so popular ?

The reasons are as complex as the iron work that graces a structure some 90 stories high. But part of the answer is, no doubt, its agelessness. Regularly maintained, it should never rust away. Graffiti is regularly painted over, but the tower lives on. " Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France. It is very symbolic " , says Hugues Richard , a 31-year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling up to the tower's second floor - 747 steps in 19 minutes and 4 seconds . without touching the floor with his feet. "It's iron lady . It inspires us " , he says.

But to what? After all , the tower doesn't have a purpose. It ceased to be the world's tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building went up in New York. Yes, television and radio signals are beamed from the top , and Gustave Eiffel, a frenetic builder who died on December 27 , aged 91 , used its height for conducting research into weather , aerodynamics and radio communication.

But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there - a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they wi11. To the technically minded's , it's an

C) The Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in the world.

D) The Eiffel Tower represents all the towers in the world.

2. What seems strange to the author?

A) Visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view

B) Visitors spends much time watching other people scribbling.

C) Only Japanese,Brazilians and Americans like to mark their presence.

D) Scribbling spread from country to country. 3. Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard? A) He is a cyclist. B) He is a record holder.

C) He climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds.

D) He cycled up to the tower's second floor. 4. What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for? A) Sending radio and television signals all over the world.

B) Conducting research in various fields. C) Giving people inspiration. D) Demonstrating French culture.

5. Which of the following is nearest in meaning to " ( The Eiffel Tower is like ) a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will"?

Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety. Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone - not just for a privileged elite. Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child , regardle ss of ability . and also the needs of society itself. This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects. It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. Students choose their curricula depending on their interests, future goals, and level of ability. The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness. Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and " Americanizing" the millions of immigrants who have poured into this country from many different backgrounds and origins. Schools still play a large role in the community. especially in the small towns.

The approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar

Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.

This is America's answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast-moving time : " How can one prepare today's child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand? " l. Which of the following best states the goal of American education?

A) To teach every leamer some practical skills. B) To provide every leamer with rich knowledge. C) To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability

D) To train every student to be a responsible citizen

2. It is implied in the passage that

A) all high-school students take the same courses

B) every high-school student must take some practical ability training courses

C) every public school offers che same academic subjects

D) the subjects every student takes may vary 3. American schools place great emphasis on the leamer's A

)

enrichment

knowledge B) accumulation of facts

C) acquisition of the ability to be creative D) acquisition of the ability to work with his hands

4. According to the passage. American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT. A)

the

brightest

B) the slow students D) the immigrants

5. Which of the following best states the feature of and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits. who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions, mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans, the hunt for jobs The nuclear family was not always the North small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included 4. The information in the frrst paragraph is presented mainly through

A) listing statistics B) . telling a story

C) pointing out similarities D) pointing out differences

5. The word mobility means

A) money B) readiness to move C) organization D) skill ne'er-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave ship bound for Africa to collect its "cargo" . Put to work after he is discovered, Calhoun witnesses frrsthand the appalling conditions When they finally rebel and take over the ship , he finds himself in the middle - and is forced to come to terms with who he is and what his values are. Neither Beloved nor Middle Passage is an easy read, but both exemplify African American

in which the captured Africans are transported.

students and improved social stalus also requires mobility.

standard. In a more agrarian time. The C) the students from foreign counfries American

American education that makes it different from education in other countries?

A) Th e large number of its schools.

B) The variety of the courses offered in its schools.

C) Its special consideration given to immigrants.

D) Its underlying goal to develop every child's abilities to the fullest extent. 第十九篇 The Family

The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family. consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one another. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America, the elderly often do not live with the family; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.

There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies. such as North America,

grandparents, mother and father, brothers and sisters. uncles, aunts, and cousins. In North America today , there is a dramatic nse in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced, separated, or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family, not just in North America, but throughout the world. continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.

l. Another good title for this passage would be A) What Makes a Family? B) The Life of the Inuits.

C) Living with Hardship. D) The Failure of the Nuclear Family. 2. A nuclear family is defined as

A) a married couple with their minor children B) a single father with minor children . C) parents, grandparents, and children D) parents, children, and aunts and uncles 3. The information in this passage would most likely be found in

A) an anthropology textbook B) a biology textbook

C) a mathematics textbook D) a geography textbook

第二十篇 Tales of the Terrible Past

It is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history. Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner, storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously. Among those taking on the task of recounting history are some black writers who attempt to examine slavery from different points of view.

Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison deals specifically with the legacy of slavery in her book Beloved. The main character in this novel, a former slave called Sethe, lives in Ohio in the years following the Civil War, but she cannot free herself from her horrific memories. Through a series of flashbacks and bitter reminiscences , the reader leams how and why Sethe escaped from the plantation she had lived on; the fate of her husband. who also tried to escape; and frnally , what happened to the child called Beloved. Morrison's scenes of torture and murder are vivid and strongly convey the desperation of the slaves and the cruelty of their owners.

Charles Johnson's Middle Passage approaches slavery from a different. yet no less violent, vantage point. His main character. Rutherford Calhoun, is a

writers' attempts to bring significant historical situations alive for a modem audience.

l. This passage is mostly about

A) the causes of slavery in America B) black writers in the late 20th century

C) why Morrison and Johnson wrote the books they did

D) two novels that deal with slavery 2. Beloved is set .

A) on a slave ship B) on a plantation before the Civil War

C) in Ohio after the Civil War D) in an African town

3. The writer seems to feel that

A) everyone should read Morrison's and Johnson's novels

B) the books are worthwhile but challenging C) black writers.should ignore racial issues D) we will repeat the past if we don't leam about it

4. The writer emphasizes that the two books are similar in their

A) use of flashbacks B) treatment of women

C) cnticism of whites D) portrayal of violence

5. The word appalling means . D) unrealistic

第二十一篇 Spacing in Animals Flighr Distance

Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. distance ac which it can no longer see,hear, or smell at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group .

Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short - apparemly only a few

yards - among some animals , and quite long among others.

Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but refers to

A) physical distance B) psychological distance

C) physiological distance D) philosophical distance

4. Which of the following couid best replace the word "band- in " We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group" ( in paragraph 3 ) ?

indeed , the direct contrary has often been stated. Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illusuate. Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises. Study has proved this to be nonsense. There are , or were .hundreds of American Indian languages , and all of them tum out to be very complicated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are A) terrible B) surprising C) guilty the group - it is rather a psychological distance, one

A) strip of land. B) distance. C) society. familiar with , but they are no more primitive than

"Flight distance" is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule , there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance-the larger the animal.the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard 's flight dislance , on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.

Critical Distance

Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. "Critical distance" includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lion's critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.

Social Distance

is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother's voice , social distance may be the length of her reach9. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added conuol is needed because of danger , social distance shrinks. To show this in man , one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.

l. Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Flight Distance?

A) Distance between animals of the same species before fleeing.

B) Distance between large and small animals before fleeing.

C) Distance between an animal and its enemy' before fleeing.

D) Distance between certain animal species before fleeing.

2. If an animal' s critical distance is penetrated . it will

A) begin to attack B) try to hide C) begin to jump D) run away

3. According to Lhe passage . social distance D) community.

5. The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows

D) Social distance issometimes determined by outside factors.

第二十二篇 Some Things We Know about Language

Many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so. But some things we do know.

First, we know that all human beings have a ianguage of some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language , no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore, in historical times , there has never been a race of men without a language.

Second, there is no such thing as a pnmitive language. There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped , who are , as we say , uncivilized , but the languages they speak are not primitive. In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing.

This has not always been well understood;

English and Greek .

A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language. Finally, we know that language changes. It is natural and normal for language to change; the only languages which do not change are the dead ones. This is easy to understand if we look backward in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language. Grammatical features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.

l. In the second paragraph the author thinks that A) some backward race doesn't have a language of its own

B) some race in history didn't possess a language of its own

C) any human race , whether backward or. not , has a language

D) some races on earth can communicate wirhout language

2. According to the au山or, people of undeveloped cultures can have

A) complicated B) uncivilized C)

primitive languages D) well-known

3. The author has used American Indian languages as an example to show that they are

A) just as old as some well-known languages B) just as sophisticated as some well-known Ianguages

C) more developed than some well-known languages

D) more complex than some well-known languages

where money is made , that demand can be met. And the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground. That means building upwards.

The technology existed to do this as early as the l9'h century. But the height of buildings was limited by one imporlant factor. They had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs. People could not be expected to climb a tensions, he says. Some people are scared of them. Others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss. Some stand close to the door. Others hide in the comers. Most people try and shrink into the background. But some behave in a way that makes others notice them. There are a few people who just stand in a comer taking notes.

Don't worry about them. They are probably from a university.

lift the bubble of personal space breaks

第二十四篇 The Romance of Arthur

Most cultures have some sort of hero whore presents the best values of what its people believe in. The unusual thing about King Arthur is that legends of his heroism have persisted for several centuries and spread far beyond England, the place where they began.

4. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

. A) A language is a means of expressing a pzmicular culture.

B) All languages can well express their respective cultures. C)

American

Indian

languages

are

sophisticated as English.

D) Some languages are better than other languages.

5. According to the author,language changes are most likely to occur in

A) grammar B) pronunciation C) vocabulary D) intonation

第二十三篇 The Only Way Is Up

Think of a modem city and the first image that come to mind is the skyline. Il is full of great buildings,pointing like fingers to heaven. It is true that some cities don't permit buildings to go above a certain height. But these are cities concemed with the past. The first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is to build skyscrapers.

When people garher together in cities, they create a demand for land. Since cities are places

mountain at the end of their journey to work , or home.

Elisha Otis,a US inventor,was the man who brought us the lift - or elevator,as he preferred to call it. However, most of the technology is very old. Lifts work using the same pulley system the egyptians used to create the Pyramids. What Otis did was attach the system to a steam engine and develop the elevator brake, which stops the lift falling if the cords that hold it up are broken. It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention. In fact, he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds , giving people the chance to try them out before selling the idea to architects and builders.

A lift would not be a very good theme park attraction now. Going in a lift is such an everyday thing that it would just be boring. Yet psychologists and others who study human behavior find lifts fascinating. The reason is simple. Scientists have always studied animals in zoos. The nearest they can get to that with humans is in observing them in lifts. "It breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space we carry around with us - and you just can't choose to move away" , says workplace psychologist, Gary Fitzgibbon. Being trapped in this setting can create different types of

l. " ... these are cities concemed with the past in the frrst paragraph refer to cities that A) are worried about their past B) have a glorious past to be proud of C) wartt to maintain their traditional image D) are very interested in their own history 2. The difriculty in constructing tall buildings in the 19u' century lies in

A) the shojiage of money

B) the lack of a device to carry people upward C) backward technology D) mountains taking up land space

3. When Otis came up with the idea of aIift

A) he sold it to the architects and builders immediately

B) the Egyptians used it to build the Pyramids C) it was accepted favorably by the public D) most people had doubt about its safety 4.. Which of the following best describes the experience of going in a lift now?

A) Fascinating. B) Uninteresting. C) Frightening. D) Exciting.

5. Psychologists find the lift a good place where they can study human behaviour because A) here humans behave the way animals do. B) people in a lift are ali scared

C) here some people take notes D) in a

The earliest stories of King Arthur represent him as a warrior who fought and subdued the invading Norsemen in the years around A. D. 700. This much of the Arthurian tale is probably based on fact. Whether called Arthur or not, there is a body of evidence supporting the existence of such a warrior. It is the later embellishments of the tale whose authenticity is questionable. According to these, Arthur was born in a castle in Tintagel on the stormy western coast of England and because he was the illegitimate son of King Uther Pendragon, he was spirited away by the magician Merlin and his true identity kept from him. He became king after freeing the sword Excalibur from the stone into which it was thrust. He married the beautiful Guinevere and assembled in his court all the noblest knights of the land, including Lancelot, with whom Guinevere would later be unfaithful to him. He was finally defeated in battle by his illegitimate son Mordred, and his body was spirited away to the isle of Avalon..

This romantic tale greatly appealed to the English and the French in the Middle Ages, when the code

chivalry-ideal

qualities

knighthood-constituted an important part of many

stories. Tales of the heroism of Galahad, Percival, Gawain, and many other of Arthur's knights were

circulated as well.

In England today, there are many sites claiming apiece of the Arthurian an legend. There is a mined castle at Tintagel. Near Glastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey where Arthur’s and Guinevere's bodies were supposedly exhumed in the 12th century. Neither of these proves that the legend is true, but they do keep its mystique alive.

1. King Arthur’s famer was ______

第二十五篇 Income

Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total eamed income of all the factors of production - namely , profits , interest, rent , wages , and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP (Gross National Product) income but not part of personal income.

On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money eamed but money received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.

The money people receive as personal income C) Personal income is regarded as the total money income received by an individual after his

or her taxes are paid.

D) The money that goes for capital consumption is not regarded as income.

3. It can be easily seen from this passage that the government levies tax on

A) corporation profits B) every individual even though his income is very low C) those who work in joint ventures D) A. Lancelot B. Avalon C. Mordred D. Uther Pendragon

2. The writer seems to feel that the truth aboutArthur is that he ______.

A. existed B. was married to Guinevere

C. had many knights D. was born at Tintagael

3. The information in the second paragraph ismostly presented in ______.

A. spatial order B. order from latest to earliest

C. order from earliest to latest D. order from least persuasive

4. In the last paragraph the word “exhumed” means_____

A. dug up from the grave B. buried

C. quarreled over D. built a church around

5. Another good title for this passage would be ______

A. Kings in the Seventh Century B. The Knights of the Round Table

C. Real or Legend? D. Arthur’s Marriage to Guinevere.

because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.

Whereas national income shows Lhe income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to the government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government (which is not a factor of production) , not to individuals. It is therefore part of national

may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes. because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be

divided

between

personal

consumption

expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.

l. This passage is mainly about

A) the difference between national income and GNP

B) the difference between national income and personal income

C) the concept of income

D) the difference between disposable income and nondisposable income

2. Which of the following statements is true according to the first paragraph?

A) GNP equals national income plus indirect business taxes.

B) GNP excludes both capital consumption allowances zuid indirect business taxes.

those .who work in government departments 4. According to this passage, the money you get as interest from government bonds is

A) the money earned B) the money not earned but received

C) the money received for the contribution you have made to the economy

D) the money earned for the service you have furnished to the economy

5. The passage implies that

A) people willingly pay taxes because they want to do something useful to the country

B) people willingly pay taxes because they do not want to be looked down upon by others

C) people pay taxes unwillingly because they feel they will be arrested if they do not

D) people pay taxes somewhat unwillingly

第二十六篇 Seeing the World Centuries Ago If you enjoy looking through travel books by such familiar authors as Arthur Frommer or Eugene Fodor, it will not surprise you to leam that travel writing has a long and venerable history.

Almost from the earliest annals of recorded time individuals have found ready audiences for their accounts of journeys to strange and exotic locales.

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