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导读: 世纪教育网(共5篇)学校已经申请开通了21世纪教育网学校已经申请开通了21世纪教育网() 资源免费试用,试用期为十天(2015-01-16---2015-01-26),各科老师登入用户名:“温州市绣山中学”;密码:“112233”,走“校网通下载”通道下载。选择自己需要的课件、教案、试题等。21世纪教育网资料上传注意事...

世纪教育网(一)
学校已经申请开通了21世纪教育网

学校已经申请开通了21世纪教育网() 资源免费试用,试用期为十天(2015-01-16---2015-01-26),各科老师登入用户名:“温州市绣山中学”;密码:“112233”,走“校网通下载”通道下载。选择自己需要的课件、教案、试题等。

世纪教育网(二)
21世纪教育网资料上传注意事项

21世纪教育网资料上传注意事项

教育网, 世纪, 注意事项

一、21世纪教育网始终坚持以质量为核心,每份新增资料都由管理员严格把关。请不要随意从网上下载一些东西就上传,以前的旧资料如果没有了利用价值本站也一律不再收录。

二、上传之前一定要搜索是否和本站已有资料相重复。

搜索网址:/search.php?op=adsearch

搜索方法:教案、学案及试卷等文字类资料,请选取资料中前几行的某个句子,然后复制到网站搜索栏中搜索即可。查找重复课件,请把课件标题复制到搜索栏中搜索。

三、带有其他网站标志的资料,为避免版权问题,请一定要先处理再上传。如需帮助,请联系本站主页在线客服。

四、上传工具中各个栏目的选择:

1、资料来源:上传工具默认为别处引用,如果是原创资料,请选择修改。

2、类别及属性:

课件类:既有课件又有word文档或其它音视频的资料,选择课件类。同步上课课件就选“授课课件”;如果标题中有“说课”二字的课件才列入“说课课件”;资料中既包括上课课件又包括说课课件的选“授课课件”;如果是一轮复习的,就选“一轮复习课件”,一般资料标题中含有“一轮”或“总复习”等字样;如果是二轮的,就选“二轮复习课件”,一般资料中出现“某某专题”“专题一”“专题二”,便是说的二轮资料,英语语法复习应当完全归入二轮复习。“三轮课件”一般是在临近高考的时候使用的,因此一般不选此项,除非标题明确提到。

试卷类:首先从试卷标题判断归类。“同步练习/一课一练”是指内容小于一章或一个单元的,比如某一章当中的某一小节、某一单元中的某一课、英语科

某一单元下的如reading、writing等。“单元测试”是指以一章或一个单元为标题的测试,某一模块全册的单份套题也归入此类。凡是标题中含有“月考”或“周考”的试卷全部归入“月考试卷”;凡是标题中含有“期中、期末”的试卷均归入“期中、期末试卷”;如果是几个学校或几市的统一考试归入“地区联考”。标题中含有“一轮、二轮、三轮、学业、竞赛”等字样的归入相应的试卷类。

学案、教案类:与课件的选择大同小异。

素材类:一些有利用价值的音视频资料(视频网站免费转载的本站不再重复收录)、图片资料或其他资料均可归入素材类。

3、运行平台:课件选择PowerPoint;既有课件又有word文档或其它音频视频的资料,选择PowerPoint。Word文档类资料一定要把系统默认的powerpoint更改为word;既不属PowerPoint又不属word的资料,可归入其他类别。

4、所属学科的选择:

有两个栏目需要注意,一是成套(跨科),再就是社会思品。前者主要是收录各学科打包在一起的成套试卷,方便学生及家长下载。而后者则是浙江省历史与社会和思想政治这两个学科合在一起考试的试卷,请不要把政治学科的资料归入社会思品。

5、试卷栏目的选择:

平时练习或单元测试请上传到所属章节,对于月考期中期末类试卷,我们有专门的月考专区期中专区以及期末专区,所以这类资料不能选择归入某一册的“本册综合”或“模块综合”或“单元综合”;中高考模拟试卷请先进入中考专区或高考专区,然后再选择模拟试卷。

6、资料版本的选择:如果是课件,请上传到所属版本年级章节即可,无需选择版本。如果是各类试卷,就要选择相应的版本;如果自己不清楚的话,就把上传工具中那个“请选择”三个字去掉即可。

7、资料地区的选择:

如果标题中出现了,必须选出地区来。如果来源未知:可以选“全国。”如:深圳中学初三上学期第一次月考语文试题。上传时一定要在地区属性里面选择广东省,下级城市再选择深圳市。

8、资料标题的规范:

资料标题要完整、清楚,让下载者一看就知道是具体什么时候用和哪一章节的资料;如果命名不清,管理员可能无法将资料归到适当的栏目,以造成被删除。

课件类:很多课件都是某个单元的一个课时,或者是某一章的一节,但是却以单元或本章标题命名,这样的命名就很不规范。一定要在标题中体现出课件的教学范围。如Unit 1 What a beautiful girl!(Section A,1a—2b),这样的命名就能体现出课件所包含的教学内容了。有些学科每一节就是一个课时,可以直接用小节的标题来命名课件。

试卷类:一般模式的标题应该包括地区名(或校名),学期名,年级名,考试类别(期中,期末,第几次月考或其它),学科名.如北师大附中2011—2012学年上学期七年级期中考试语文试题

教案类:教案的命名必须和严格按照教案的标题或者紧扣相关内容来操作,命名必须能反映教案的精确内容。标题必须与教材版本章节名称对应,如果有分课时的,要求写出第几课时或者共几课时,如:“浙教版九年级上第1章第二节探索酸的性质(共4课时)”或者“浙教版九年级上第1章第二节探索酸的性质(第4课时)”

学案类:学案标题要体现出学案的内容和要点,有些学案还需要包括地区、版本、学年和一些其他的信息。如:“2010学年高一数学新人教版必修1学案集”;“2011届新课标语文高考第一轮复习学案。”

9、资料简介的添加:word文档类资料复制其内容的前几排文字即可,英语科目要从笔试部分开始复制。PPT课件可复制前几张幻灯片的文字到简介中,或者详细介绍该资料。

以上事宜,如有疑问,请咨询QQ 362650241。

21世纪教育网

世纪教育网(三)
21世纪教育网

新目标8年级下同步优化训练

期末综合检测题

第I卷 选择题(45分)

I. 单项填空 (15分)

1. What ____________ unusual boy! He can play the piano so well.

A. a B. an C. the D. /

2. -Did you see Peter and Mike?

-No, I saw ____________ of them.

A. neither B. either C. both D. none

3. -It's time to go to bed, Mary.

-Oh, Mum, I won't go to bed ____________ I finish my homework.

A. after B. since

C. until D. as soon as

4. You look unhappy. What happened ____________ you?

A. to B. with C. for D. at

5. They ____________ their hometown for a long time. They really miss it!

A. left B. went away from

C. have left D. have been away from

6. -Are you going to the bank, Laura?

-No. I ____________ to the bank already.

A. have been B. have gone

C. am going D. had been

7. - ____________ Mary ____________ Alice has joined the music club because they have no time.

-It's a pity!

A. Both; and B. Either, or

C. Neither; nor D. Not only; but also

8. -What could I get my father for Father's Day?

-____________ getting him a tie?

A. Why not B. How about

C. Why don't you D. You'd better

9. -Tom wants to know if you will have a picnic tomorrow.

-Yes. But if it ____________, we’ll play chess instead.

A. will rain B. rained

C. is raining D. rains

10. We find ____________ necessary to protect the earth.

A. it B. this C. that D. what

11. Louis ____________ computer games when his mother phoned him.

A. plays B. is playing

C. has played D. was playing

12. -____________ have you been waiting here?

-For half an hour.

A. How long B. How often

C. How far D. How soon

13. Look at the sign "No Smoking!" ______________ your cigarette, please.

A. Put up B. Put on

C. Put off D. Put out

14. -You like listening to Sally's songs, don’t you?

-____________. She has a sweet voice.

A. Yes, I do B. Yes, she does

C. No, I don't D. No, she doesn’t

15. -How about getting Miss Yang some flowers for Teachers’ Day?

-____________.

A. Good idea B. Enjoy yourself

C. Never mind D. You're welcome

II. 完形填空(10分)

Wang Xiao is a student from Beijing Experimental Middle School. She dental braces (牙套) for two years. "Three of my were crooked(歪的). While I teeth looked bad. they took me to the dentist. I think my teeth better in two years.” she says. Now more and more Chinese kids are wearing dental braces in order to get their teeth in line. If you plan to have this treatment(治疗), here is some you should know first.

On the one 方向). So it can be a little painful to wear dental braces at the beginning. And also you will spend more time your teeth. On the other hand, dental braces make your teeth look nicer and improve the health for your teeth.

Although they work better for young people, both children adults can get dental braces. Most patients wear dental braces for one or two years.

1. A. wears B. wore C. has been wearing D. will wear

2. A. books B. fingers C. teeth D. toothes

3. A. laugh B. am laughing C. was laughing D. laughed

4. A. So B. Because C. When D. Since

5. A. looked B. will look C. has looked D. has been looking

6. A. messages B. news C. advice D. information

7. A. foot B. leg C. side D. hand

8. A. washing B. brushing C. wearing D. looking for

9. A. may B. can C. would D. must

10. A. and B. so C. neither D. of

III. 阅读理解(20分)

A

You want to know about my staying in America, right? Well, to tell you the truth, it is really an eye-opening experience to study here.

In China, I had English classes five times a week since the Fifth grade. However, I didn’t know how different textbook English could be from everyday English until I came to Hotchkiss School, Connecticut.

When I fist studied English, I was told to say, "I am fine." when people say “How are you?” But in the US, I found that people say, "I am good." or "I'm tired."

One day someone greeted me with "What's up?" It made me confused. I thought for a moment and then smiled because I didn’t know what to say.

Since then, I have discovered more and more differences between Chinese and US cultures. To my surprise, get their skin paler, or "whiter".

I was also surprised by how hard-working US students are. In China, schoolwork is almost everything, so we study hard and that's it. But here, a "good" student gets good grades, does a lot for the public and plays

sports or music.

The kids here are so talented. I am starting to be sorry that I gave up playing the piano at an early age and that I have never thought about sports.

1. According to the writer, textbook English is ___________ everyday English.

A. quite different from

B. the same as

C. more difficult than

2. What does the word "tan" in the fifth paragraph mean in Chinese?

A. 晒黑 B. 晒白 C. 能量

3. A good US student spends his / her time ___________.

A. only in doing homework

B. only on sports or music

C. on studies, sports, music and public work

4. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. The writer is now in the US.

B. American girls love to have white skin.

C. US students are talented and hard-working.

5. Which is the best title for the passage?

A. My Own Travel in the US

B. My Studying in the US

C. My Opinion About the US

B

Hello, everyone. Because of the high rate of school violence (暴力) in some areas, teenagers' safety becomes a serious problem. We are planning to set up an organization named School Watch to make sure that students have a safe school environment. Please be part of our plan!

What is School Watch?

School Watch is a volunteer project in our school. It helps us stop violence and improve the quality of school life. It will keep yourself and your schoolmates safe. The other members of School Watch care for you and your classroom and you do the same for them.

Is it for everyone?

Anybody can become a member of School Watch because everyone has something to offer.

What else can it do?

School Watch makes it possible for us not only to help each other but also to make friends with each other. Some members may offer to help schoolmates who have problems with their homework.

Who is the Best School Watcher?

Our school will look for the Best School Watcher and give him or her lots of prizes. You could be the one!

How do you start?

To be a part of this plan, the only thing you need to do is to talk to the director of the plan in your grade. If you want to get more information, check the official website at schoolwatch. com.

6. The members of School Watch are probably ___________.

A. teenagers B. parents C. policemen

7. School Watch can help its members ___________.

A. save the environment

B. organize sports activities

C. improve the quality of school life【世纪教育网】

8. Anyone can become a member of School Watch because ___________.

A. everyone may have problems

B. everyone can give help to others

C. everyone need to make some friends

9. If you want to be a member of School Watch, you should ___________.

A. check the website

B. be good at your schoolwork

C. talk to the director of the plan in your grade

10. The Best School Watcher will get a lot of prizes from ___________ every year.

A. the school B. the website C. the organization

C

【世纪教育网】

More and more people like bicycling and it is no surprise. It is fun, healthy and good for the environment. Maybe that’s why there are 14 billion bicycles and only 400 million cars on roads worldwide today. Bikes can take you almost anywhere, and there is no oil cost!

Get on a bicycle and ride around your neighborhood. You may discover something new all around you. Stopping and getting off a bike is easier than stopping and getting out of your car. You can bike to work and benefit (受益) from the enjoyable exercise without polluting the environment. You don’t even have to ride all the way.

Folding (折叠) bikes work well for people who ride the train. Just fold the bike and take it with you. You can do the same on an airplane. A folding bike can be packed in a suitcase. You can also take a common bike with you when you fly. But be sure to look for information by getting on airline websites. Not all airlines are bicycle-friendly to travelers.

Health Benefits of Bicycling:

It helps to prevent heart diseases.

Bicycling helps to control your weight.

A 15-minute bike ride to and from work three times a week burns off five kilos of fat in a year. Bicycling can improve your mood (心情).

Exercise like bicycling has been shown to make people feel better, more relaxed and self-confident. Bicycling is healthier than driving.

11. From the passage, we know that bicycling is becoming very ___________.

A. surprising B. exciting C. popular

12. When you are riding your bicycle around your neighborhood, you may ___________.

A. pollute the environment around

B. find something you didn't notice

C. go everywhere and use a little oil

13. If you travel with a folding bike, you can fold it and ___________.

A. get out of the car

B. take it onto a train

C. put it in your purse

14. One of the benefits from bicycling is that ___________.

A. you can fold the bicycle

B. you will be friendly to others

C. you will be more relaxed

15. Which is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Bicycling is enjoyable exercise for people.

B. Driving cars is healthier than riding bikes.

C. Riding a bike pollutes your neighborhood.

D

In America, many young people drive their cars. Young people in America often get their driver's license about 16 by passing a written test and a driving test. For teenagers, being able to drive is a big deal. It gives them sense of power and freedom. Many young Americans regard a driver's license as a right, not a privilege(特权). It’s rare to find an American teenager without a license.

In America, the traffic follows the "keep right rule". While driving, drive on the right of the road. On one way, the right-most lane would be the slowest and the left-most the fastest. Using horns(喇叭)is not common in America. They are very rarely used. It's impolite to use the horn to express anger or complain about other drivers' mistakes or try to get a slow driver to move faster.【世纪教育网】

Yellow school buses have privileges. The buses have flashing red lights. There is a SCHOOL BUS sign on the top. The drivers can fold out a stop sign when students get on and off the bus. At this time, other cars after the school bus must stop. It's the law. They have to remain stopped until the lights stopped flashing or the stop sign folds back.

16. How do the young people get their driver's license?

A. By passing a written test.

B. By passing a driving test.

C. By passing a written test and a driving test.

D. Without any test.

17. Is it polite to use the horn to express anger?

A. Yes, it is. B. No, it isn't.

C. Yes, it isn't. D. No, it is.

18. Why do most young Americans get their driver’s license?

A. Because they want to drive.

B. Because they must learn.

C. Because they regard a driver's license as a right.

D. Because they all have cars.

19. What color are the school buses?

A. Red. B. Yellow. C. Blue. D. White.【世纪教育网】

20. Which sentence is wrong?

A. In America, while driving, drive on the right of the road.

B. It’s hard to find an American teenager without a license.

C. In America, yellow school buses have privileges.

D. The drivers can fold out a stop sign when passengers get on and off the bus.

第II卷 非选择题 (75分)

IV. 词汇考查(20分)

(A)根据句意和首字母提示完成单词

1. More than a ___________(四分之一)of high school students can go to famous universities this year.

2. They all ask the lawyer to ___________(解释)it clearly.

3. We should do something to help the animals in ___________(危险).

4. It's ___________(确信无疑的)that he can win the game.

5. My uncle ___________ (飞) to Australia for holiday last Monday.

(B)阅读下面短文,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空,必要时可加助动词或情态动词。

Carol has been studying hard and hoping (make) progress in her math. Every day she listens (careful) and does math exercises during the class and lunch time. But her grades in the last term were (disappoint). “I was really sad when I (hear) the result. I (spend) so much time on it, but I don't know why," she said.

世纪教育网(四)
21世纪教育网精品资料制作标准

精品资料制作标准

一、制作的基本准则

(1) 基本的标准:“精品”必须符合各学科一线的教与学的需要,能够直接给广大教师、学生和家长高质量的教学指导。

(2) 原创类精品的标准:原创或精心改编的,成一定系统、规模和份量(每个系列至少包括4份以上的同类资料)的各学科辅导资料 (一个精品包最好少于50 兆,如果因资料过大上传不成功,请与工具提示qq联系)。

(3) 不接受类别:不接受所有跨学科上传的精品资料;不接受扫描版精品资料。

(4) 问题处理:已发布的资料如果受到会员投诉或者抽审有问题的,经查确实属实的,上传会员应无条件修改资料中的错误并配合工作人员替换资料。

二、资料构成说明(成系列的精品资料需参考以下内容)

同步类:

(1) 课件+教案/学案(除非特别稀缺质量又特别好的课件,尽量避免同步类课件单独上传的情况)

(2) 课件+教案/学案+练习+单元/期中期末测试(类型可以选择性任意搭配)

(3) 同步试卷+单元测试+月考+期中期末(适用于初高中资料,可以是一个系列也可以是多个系列)

(4) 学案(初高中内容丰富的含有较高质量练习的学案可以单独作为精品资料)

(5) 试卷(初高中质量较好含答案解析的县级以上(或名校)统一考试的试卷、大型考试前的预测/模拟卷、其他培优类试卷可单独作为精品资料)

(6) 同步学案+月考期中期末测试(适用于初高中)

(7) 教案不能单独上传作为精品资料。素材可以搭配在课件中上传。

(8) 按小节上传的资料,一节有多个课时的,应打包上传;章节内容较少的,按章上传。

复习类:

(1) 复习课件+演练

(2) 模拟/预测卷、解析卷

(3) 复习学案

以上适用于任何学段,三个类型可以任意组合。

三、资料基本属性说明

资料的基本属性是指资料在上传时应该选择的类别,包括授权、类别、属性、栏目、运行平台、资料标题、资料简介等,具体要求如下:

(1) 资料授权属实,类别正确(根据资料的实际类型选择课件、教案、试卷、学案、素材等),并根据资料的用处选择属性。

(2) 选择正确的栏目:每一份资料都有它归属的目录,应根据资料的信息将资料归到正确的目录中去。

(3) 运行平台:根据资料的文件属性,选择word、PowerPoint或者其他类型。

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江苏省滨海中学09-10学年高二上学期期中考试

生物试卷(选修)

考试时间:100分钟 分值:120分

第Ⅰ卷 非选择题(55分)

一、单项选择题(每小题只有一个选项符合题意,每题2分,共40分)

1.下列关于内环境稳态的描述中,不正确的是 ( )

A.通过自身的调节作用,机体能对内环境的变化作出相应调整

B.内环境的稳定依赖于反馈调节

C.内环境中的温度、酸碱度、渗透压等化学成分呈现稳定不变的状态

D.内环境稳态的维持,是生命活动正常进行的条件之一

2.人体水平衡调节的中枢位于 ( )

A.大脑皮层 B.下丘脑 C.肾脏 D.小脑

3.与大肠杆菌遗传物质相比,HIV )

A.脱氧核糖和胸腺嘧啶 B.核糖和胸腺嘧啶

C.脱氧核糖和尿嘧啶 D.核糖和尿嘧啶

4.下列有关神经递质说法正确的是 ( )

A.神经递质的释放是一个主动运输的过程

B

C

D

5的一组是 ( )

A.胰岛素和胰高血糖素

C.抗利尿激素和胰岛素 D.生长激素和甲状腺激素

6.其它蚜虫接受信号后纷纷逃走,这种激素是( )

A.告警外激素 B C.追踪外激素 D.保幼激素

7洒的激素是 ( )

A.脑激素 C.蜕皮激素 D.性外激素

8 ( )

A

B.顶芽产生的生长素能向下运输,积累在侧芽部位

C.生长素的作用具有两重性

D.顶端优势的产生与生长素的极性运输有关

9.为了促进未成熟的柿子的成熟,下列处理方法正确的是 ( )

A.向未成熟的柿子喷洒适当浓度的2,4-D溶液

B.向未成熟的柿子喷洒适当浓度的细胞分裂素溶液

C.在未成熟的柿子中放入几个成熟的香蕉

D.在未成熟的柿子中放入大量的顶芽

10.下图为人体内血糖浓度升高后的主要调节方式

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通过图中①②来降低血糖的途径属于 ( )

A.神经调节 B.体液调节 C.免疫调节 D.神经 — 体液调节

11.下列兴奋的描述错误的是 ( )

A.兴奋在同一神经纤维上的传导是双向的

B.兴奋在不同神经纤维间的传递是通过突触实现的

C.兴奋的产生与膜对离子的通透性改变有关

D.兴奋在反射弧中以局部电流的形式进行传导

12.大脑皮层是人体进行高级神经活动的结构基础,在生命活动的调节中有重要的作用,下列对大脑皮层相关说法正确的是 ( )

A.心血管运动中枢、呼吸中枢位于大脑皮层中

B.大脑皮层中视觉性语言中枢受损,病人可讲话、书写,但不能看懂文字含义

C.脊髓、小脑、脑干中的中枢都要受大脑皮层的控制

D.大脑皮层的不同部位有不同的分工,各部位之间互相独立、没有联系

13.近年来动物激素在生产中应用越来越多,下列相关描述正确的是 ( )

A.性引诱剂可用于对害虫的防治,且不会产生环境污染

B.给动物饲喂生长激素可促进动物的生长

C.对猪等动物阉割,可提高这些动物的生殖能力,提高产量

D.动物激素的使用对人类无害,我们可以大量使用

14 )

AC15 )

ABCD16ABCD17时间 )

A.洞庭湖中所有的鱼 B.射阳沿海滩涂中所有的动物和植物

C.滨海中学净心池中所有的生物 D.农田中所有动物、植物、微生物及生活的环境

18.下列对于群落结构的说法错误的是 ( )

A.群落结构的形成与生态位的分化有关

B.群落中动物的分层主要与不同层次提供的食物有关

C.在长势均匀、高度一致的玉米田中没有垂直结构

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C.同一培养液中的双小核草履虫与大草履虫

D.猪和生活在消化道中的蛔虫

20.群落演替是一个长期而且复杂的过程,下列有关群落演替说法错误的是 ( )

A.地衣往往是陆地群落演替的先驱物种

B.随着群落演替的进行,物种丰富度一般增加

C.决定群落演替的根本原因存在于群落内部,外界环境的变化也常成为引发演替的条件

D.随着科技的发展,人类可任意改变群落演变的速度、方向和演替程度

二、多项选择题(每题有不止一个选项符合题意,每题3分,共15分)

21.正常情况下,下列物质中可属于内环境组成成分的有 ( )

A.葡萄糖 B.血红蛋白 C.氨基酸 D.生长激素

22.下丘脑在生命活动调节中具有重要的作用,具体表现在 ( )

A.可以作为某些生命活动调节的中枢

B.内部存在某些感受器,可以感受一定的刺激

C.能分泌某些激素,调节生命活动的进行

D.能通过一定途径调节某些内分泌腺的活动

23.免疫是机体的一种重要的保护性功能。下列属于免疫过程的是 ( )

A.花粉引起体内毛细血管扩张 BC.青霉素消灭结核杆菌 D

24.下图表示生长素浓度对植物根、芽和茎生长的影

响,与此图可得出的结论有 (

A.要促进扦插枝条生根,可用10-1mol/L

素类似物溶液长时间处理枝条

B

浓度促进生长,高浓度抑制生长

C.D

D

生长素反应不灵敏

25 ( )

A.如果a、bb的营养单向输向a,那么它们很可能 是寄生关系

B a C.如果a、b

营养物质,那么它们很可能是互利共生的关系 b D.如果a、b 分别代表两个种群对环境资源的要求,那么这两个种群 生态位重叠的程度非常高,竞争将会很激烈

第Ⅱ卷 非选择题(65分)

三、简答题(共7个小题,总计65分)

26.(4分)请根据种群特征的相互关系完成下面的概念图:

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图中序号代表的内容分别是:① 、② 、 ③ 、④ 。

27.(6分)下图为体内细胞与内环境之间的物质交换示意图,据图回答下列问题:

(1)体内绝大多数细胞直接生活的环境是

(2生物交换的关系

(3B端与A端液体相比,明显增加的物质是 。

(4)那么B端与A端液体相比,明显增加的气体是 。

(5 等系统的

28.(14

(1) 神经纤维处于静息状态时,若规定细胞膜外表面为零电位,则细胞膜内表面的电位是 (正、负或零)电位。

(2)产生静息电位的主要原因是 透过细胞膜向外流出比 向内流入更容易;当神经纤维受到刺激产生兴奋时,细胞膜内外的电位情况是 。

(3)如在图中箭头施加一较强的刺激,在e处能测到动作电位(已产生兴奋)而a处不能。这一现象体现了兴奋在神经元之间传递的特点是 ;出现这一现象的生理学基础是 。(2分)

(4)如在图中c、e之间用导线连一灵敏电流表,在箭头施加一较强的刺激,那么电流表将发生 (次数、方向)的偏转。(2分)

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(5)如果箭头位置为bd的中点,在箭头处施一较强的刺激,结果兴奋的产生是b处早于d处。原因在于当兴奋由一个神经元传向另一神经元时,要经历 的信号转变过程,需延搁一段时间。

(6)不同神经元之间是通过突触相联系的。如

图所示代表突触结构的是由图中的

(填标号)和突触间隙构成,在突触间隙中充满

的液体相当于内环境中的 。

图中突触中兴奋的传递方向是 (用

图中字母表示),在这一过程中②的作用是

29.(10分)回答下列免疫相关的问题:

(1)艾滋病是获得性免疫缺陷综合症的简称,它是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的传染HIV在人体内的主要宿主细胞是 细胞,该细胞是在

(2)下图Ⅰ和Ⅱ

①图Ⅰ中的c细胞是 a细胞的作用是 。 ②图Ⅱ中的e是 结合,从而中和或清除f。当短期内f再次侵入人体内,与之前相比d产生e 。(2分)

(3 反应;引起该反应的物质叫做 。

(4 ( )

A.巨噬细胞 B.记忆细胞 C.效应B细胞 D.靶细胞

30.(14分)甲状腺激素是人体中的一种重要激素,它能促进个体发育、新陈代谢的进行;提高神经系统的兴奋性等;甲状腺激素在体内含量过高或过低都会引起人体的代谢异常。

(1)某位患者饭量大但身体消瘦,易与人争吵;经检查血压也高于常人。该病人的致病原因最可能是由于体内甲状腺激素分泌 (过多或过少)引起的。

(2)在人体温调节中,除肾上腺外,甲状腺也发挥重要的作用;调节过程与肾上腺的调节基本相同。请完成下述有关人由温暖环境进入寒冷环境时甲状腺激素分泌调节的过程图。


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