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牛津译林版

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牛津译林版(一)
新牛津牛津译林版8B 全一册语法总结

(UNIT1)现在完成时的重点和难点

一、现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”

1.现在完成时的"完成用法"

现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。

(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)

现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。

例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?

2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"

现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。

例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)

I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)

此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far到目前为止)等。

例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。

(2)现在完成时常见两种句型:

①主语+have / has been+for短语

②It is+一段时间+ since从句

例如:He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。

3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念

英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。

延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,

循序而渐进,熟读而精思。

这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。

4、延续性动词的用法特征

1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有:for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如:I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。

2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如:It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词,而at eight表示"点时间",前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如:

-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago.

-Then you've known each other for more than two years. -That's right.

5、终止性动词的用法特征

1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如: The train has arrived.火车到了。

Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗?

2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如:

(1)他死了三年了。 误:He has died for three years.

正:He has been dead for three years. 正:He died three years ago.

正:It is three years since he died. 正:Three years has passed since he died.

(2)他来这儿五天了。 误:He has come here for five days.

正:He has been here for five days. 正:He came here five days ago. 正:It is five days since he came here. 正:Five days has passed since he came here.

(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:

(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。

(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。

(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。

(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正

循序而渐进,熟读而精思。

确表达方式。

3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如: He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.

4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到……才……"。如:You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。

I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.

今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。

5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如:When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)

Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)

6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如:

误:How long have you come here? 正:How long have you been here? 正:When did you come here?

二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对"现在"产生的影响。如: He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)

2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如:

Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)

3. 两种时态的区分

(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。如:The film started at 7 o’clock. He has been a teacher for many years.

(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等;而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。

看看以下的几组句子,有什么区别?① Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)

[说明] 你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。

② How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)

循序而渐进,熟读而精思。

[说明]他是怎么做的这件事?(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;

(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。

③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)

[说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现在不在北京了。

三、现在完成时考点例析

现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有:

一、考查其构成

"助动词have (has) +动词过去分词"构成现在完成时。如:

1. Kate's never seen Chinese films,____ ? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she

析:陈述句部分含否定词never,简略问句部分要用肯定式,又因Kate's是Kate has的缩写,故选B。

2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)

His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.

析:already常用在肯定句中,yet常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填hasn't, yet。

3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents. A. has B. had C. did

D. have

析:"so+助/系/情态动词+主语"结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致,又后句的主语为her parents是复数,故选D。

二、考查其用法与标志词

(一)当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等时,常用现在完成时。如:

1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -______you______ your homework yet?

A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished

2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I______

A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed

C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed

析:据yet和before可知,应用现在完成时,故1题选D,2题选D。

(二)当句中有"for +段时间"或"since +点时间"等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,若是非延续性动词,要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如:

1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.

A. after B. before C. since D. for

析:主句用的是现在完成时,而从句用的是一般过去时,故选C。

2. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.

A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had

循序而渐进,熟读而精思。

析:A、B、C均为非延续性动词,在肯定句中不与表"段时间"的短语连用,故选D。

3. I______a letter from him since he left.

A. didn't receive B. haven't got C. didn't have D. haven't heard

析:据since可知,应排除A、C,"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意为"收到某人的来信",故选B。

三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。如:

1. -Have you ever______Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors? -Yes, I have.

A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to

析:据句中的have,排除A,B项意为"去某地了",C项意为"一直呆在某地",D项意为"去过某地",符合题意,故选D。

2. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years.

A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been

析:本题句中有"for+段时间"结构,据此可排除C,B项意为"去过某地",不合题意,D项缺介词,故选A。

四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。如:

1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正确的句子)

析:非延续性动词与"段时间"连用时,除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外,还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型"It's +段时间+since+从句"进行句子转

换。故答案为:Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there.

2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改为同义句)

________more than ten years ____Susan ______to this city.

析:据上题分析,且since引导的从句要用一般过去时,故填It is, since, came。

3. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.

A. lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming

析:因我丢了票的动作发生在过去,而且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果,符合现在完成时所表示的含意,故选C。

(UNIT2)过去进行时

(注意when while as引导的时间状语从句。)

(UNIT3)被动语态复习“三步曲”

被动语态是动词语态的一种形式,表示主语是动作的承受者。在历年的中考题中,都有一定数量的考查被动语态的题目。因此,有必要对被动语态进行系统复习。 第一曲:掌握被动语态的结构

被动语态由"助动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成。不同时态的被动语态的差

循序而渐进,熟读而精思。

牛津译林版(二)
江苏新牛津译林版 7B 知识点汇总

Unit 1 Dream homes

一、 重点词汇

1、Would you like to live in a palace, Eddie? 艾迪,你想住在宫殿里吗?

这里would like 是“想,想要”的意思,后面可以加名词或动词或动词不定式。如: I’d like to go to the USA next year. 明年我想去美国。

2、I’d like to live next to a restaurant. 我想住在餐馆附近。

这里next to 是“附近,靠近的”的意思,相当于near。如: The table is next to the window. 这张桌子在窗户旁。

3、Which country is this photo from, Amy? 艾米,这幅照片来自哪个国家?

这里be from 相当于come from, 是“来自„„”的意思。如: Where is Mr Black from? 布莱克先生来自于哪儿?

4、Is Tokyo the capital of Japan? 东京是日本的首都吗?

句型结构为:The capital of +国家is +首都。如: The capital of the UK is London. 英国首都是伦敦。 [拓展]

(1)capital n. 省会

The capital of Jiangsu is Nanjing. 江苏省会是南京。 (2)capital n. 大写字母

We should write in a capital at the beginning of a sentence. 句子的开头我们应该用大写字母。 (3)capital n. 资本,资金,资产 personal capital 个人资产

(4)capital adj. 顶好的,一流的

He came up with a capital idea. 他想好一个绝妙的主意。

5、I like the kitchen best. 我最喜欢厨房。

Like…best 意为“最喜欢„„”,相当于like…most。如:

The girl likes playing the piano best/most. 这个女孩最喜欢弹钢琴。 What activity do you like best/most? 你喜欢什么活动?

6、I share a bedroom with my sister. 我和姐姐共用一个卧室。

这里share 的意思是“共同使用,共同分享”,通常用于以下结构:share sth with sb 表示“和某人共享某物”。如:

I share the computer with my brother. 我和我弟弟共用一台电脑。

7、I have my own bedroom and bathroom. 我有我自己的卧室和浴室。

own 在这里用作形容词,意为“自己的”,必须与物主代词连用。如:

Now ask the same questions about your own teacher.用同样的问题问一些关于你们老师的情况。 This book is my own. 这本书是我自己的。 [拓展]

own 用作动词时,意为“所有;拥有”。如:

Which of these would you most like to own? 这些东西,你最想拥有哪一个? We don’t own our flat—we rent it. 我们自己没有房子——这是租的。 (1)of one’s own 自己做的;自己独有的

He has a room of his own. 他有自己专用的房间。 (2)on one’s own 单独,独自

I’ve been living on my own for four years now. 我已单独一人生活了四年了。 You can’t expect him to do it all on his own. 你不能期望他独自一人做它。

8、France has an area of over 260,000 square miles. 法国有超过260,000平方英里的面积。

(1)这里over意为“多于,超过”,相当于more than。如:

The whale can stay under the water for over a half hour but then it must come to the top for air. 鲸鱼能在水下停留半个小时,然后必须到水面上来吸气。

According to his count, there were over 3,000 people at the meeting. 按照他的计算,有3,000多人出席了会议。 (2)have an area of 意为“有„„面积”如:

The town covers an area of ten square kilometers. 这个城镇的面积有10平方公里。

【牛津译林版】

9、Hello. May I speak to Daniel, please? 喂。请问我可以和丹尼尔通话吗?

Hello. May/Can I speak to …, please? 是英语中打电话时常用的开场白,意为“请问,我能找某人接电话吗?”如果对方就是你要找的那个人,他/她通常会说Speaking.(我就是。)如: -Hello! May/Could I speak to Mr Green, please? -你好!我能找格林先生接电话吗? -Speaking./This is Mr Green speaking./Mr Green speaking. -我就是。

注意:用英语打电话时,询问对方是谁,不用Who are you? 而常用Who’s that?或者Who’s the (speaking?)(你是谁?),还可以说 Is that…?(你是„„吗?)。当需要自我介绍时可以说This is …(speaking).或者My name is …。

10、There is a football field in front of my house and a swimming pool beside it. 在我家房子的前面有一个足球场,在它的旁边的一个游泳池。

本句型是“There be +名词+介词短语”,意为“在某地有什么”,其中的be 必须与后面的名词在数上保持一致。如:

There is an MP3 on the desk. 桌子上有一只MP3。 There are two MP3s on the desk. 桌子上有二只MP3。 三、核心语法 基数词和序数词

英语中的数词分为基数词和序数词两类。表示数目的词是基数;表示数目顺序的词是序数词。 基数词的构成

注意:(1)21~99之间的各数词,在十位数和个位数之间加连字符“-”。 (2)101~999之间的数词,在百位数hundred后应加and 。 教你巧学巧记(巧记100内的基数词)

基数词不难记,整十之后有-ty,找清规律容易,要说“几十几”,

二十以内词各异,中间“-”号莫忘记。十三到十九相同,后加-teen莫忘记。 Hundred是“一百”,请你记住莫大意。二十、三十„„至九十。 读数的诀窍

有一首歌诀,可以帮助我们迅速地用英语读出长数字。

从右向左三逗开,一逗千,二逗万,三逗就是十万万;左右三位分开读,保你又快又喜欢。 1、“从右向左三逗开,”指从右向左把长数字每三位用逗号分开。如:10,234;225,689;61,564,023 2、“一逗千,二逗百万,三逗就是十万万;”指从右向左的第一个逗号表示“千”(thousand);第二个逗号表示“百万”(million);第三个逗号表示“十万万”(billion,即十亿)。 3、“左右三位分开读,保你又快又喜欢”指读数时从左向右,每三位三位地按三位数的读法去读,遇到逗号时就分别加上该逗号所表示的哪个单词。如: 327;读作:three hundred and twenty-seven 508;读作:five hundred and eight

60,808;读作:sixty thousand, eight hundred and eight

1,234,567;读作:one million, two hundred and twenty-four thousand, five hundred and sixty-seven 13,000,000,000;读作:thirteen billion 基数词的用法

1、在句子中的主要作用:

(1)作主语Two of then joined the army last year. 去年他们当中有两人参了军。 (2)作宾语Give her one, please. 请给她一个。

(3)作定语There are forty-eight students in their class. 他们班有四十八位学生。 (4)作表语She is only thirteen. 她只有十三岁。

2、基数词也可以表示顺序和编号,通常用数字表示,放在“房间”、“页”、“章”或“电话号码”等名词后面。如:

Room 406:读作:room four 0[] six 第406房间

Page 40:读作:page forty 第四十页

编号时,也可用序数词表示,如:the first lesson=Lesson One。 序数词的构成

序数词表示“次序”,用途广泛。基数词变为序数词绝大多数是直接加-th,也有少数变化是不规则的。虽然不规则的少,但同学们却最容易弄错。如把twelfth写成twelvety,把ninth写成nineth。记住下面的口诀可以帮助我们克服诸如此类的错误: 一二三,特别记(1)其余后加-th。八减t(2),九去e(3),f要将ve替(4)。Y变为ie,然后再加-th(5)。“几十几”面前要注意,个位序数要牢记(6)。 注意:(1)first, second, third 无规律,需要特别记。, (2)eight的序数词,是去t再加-th,那eighth,读作[eit]。

(3)nine,要去e再加-th,即ninth。

(4)以ve结尾的基数词,five, twelve,要把ve变为f再加-th,即fifth, twelfth。 (5)“几十”是以y 结尾,先将y变为ie,再加-th 如twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth。 (6)“几十几”只将个位数变为序数词,十位数不变。如“第56”fifty-sixth, “第九十九”ninety-ninth。 另外,序数词缩写时,作阿拉伯数字,后加序数词的最后两个字母构成。First=1st, eighth=8th, twenty-second=22nd, ninety-third=93rd。 序数词的用法:

1、作表数The first is better than the second. 第一个比第二个更好。 2、作宾语I like the third. 我喜欢第三个。

3、作定语Tell us something about the second day, please. 请给我们谈谈第二天的情况吧。 4、作表语Miss Green is always the first o get to the office. 格林小姐总是第一个到达办公室。 注意:序数词一般要加定冠词the, 但有时加不定冠词a(n),则表示“再一”,“又一”的意思。例如:He cast his net for a third time. 他又撒了一网(表示已经撒过两次)。

牛津译林版(三)
牛津译林版模块一

牛津译林版模块一)英语复习精讲(三)

Unit 3 Looking good,feeling good

核心知识

1. stay v. 停留,保持

(回归课本P41)You must get enough sleep to stay healthy.

你一定要有足够的睡眠来保持身体健康。

归纳拓展

例句探源

①(牛津P1974)We ended up staying for lunch.

我们最终还是留下来吃午饭。

②(牛津P1974)Can you stay behind after the others have gone and help me clear up? 你能不能等其他人走后留下来帮我收拾收拾?

③(牛津P1974)The store stays open until late on Thursdays.

这商店每星期四都会开到很晚。

④(朗文P2014)He always liked staying at the carlton.

他总喜欢住在卡尔顿酒店。

易混辨析

stay,keep,remain

(1)表示“持续处于某种状态”用keep或stay;

(2)表示“仌然处于原来状态不改变”用remain或stay;

(3)表示“使某人或某物保持某种状态”时,只能用及物动词keep。

(4)表示“暂住、短期停留”时,只能用不及物动词stay。

(5)表示“残留、剩下”时,只能用不及物动词remain。

(6)It remains to be seen...尚说

sth.remains to be done某事有待去做

【牛津译林版】

1.用适当的词填空:

(1)Let’s just________/________calm and try to figure out what to do.

答案:keep/stay

(2)It’s hard to________ the house clear with three kids.

答案:keep

(3)Sean ________ close to his kids after the divorce.

答案:remained

(4)It ________ to be seen whether the team will win.

答案:remains

(5)You’re welcome to ________ with us till you find a place of your own.

答案:stay

(6)Very little of the house ________ after the fire.

答案:remained

2. figure n.& v.

(回归课本P42)Every woman wants a slim figure these days,especially here in Canada.

现在,每个女子都想拥有苗条的身材,尤其是在加拿大。

归纳拓展

figure in 把……列入计算

figure out 算出,解决;领会到

figure up 吅计,计算

例句探源

①(朗文P758)I’m just figuring my expenses.

我正在计算我的开支.

②(朗文P759)If I have a map,I can figure it out.

如果我有张地图,我就能解决这事.

③(牛津P750)I can’t figure out how to do this.

我弄不懂怎样做这件事.

④I saw a figure in the darkness.我看到暗处有一个人影。

⑤She does exercise every morning to keep her figure.

她每天早上锻炼以保持体形。

⑥I bought a handkerchief printed interesting figures for my daughter.我为女儿买了一块印有有趣的图形的手帕。

⑦The stone figures in the temple look frightening.

寺庙里的石像看起来很吓人。

2.The present situation is very complex,so I think it will take me some time to ________its reality.

A.make up B.figure out

C.look through D.put off

解析:选B。句意:现在的情况非常复杂,因此我想过一段时间我才能够弄清楚它的实际情况。make up 编造;figure out弄清楚,弄明白;look through浏览,快速查看;put off 推迟。由句意可知B项正确。

3.(2010年山东潍坊统考)Sam couldn’t ________ how to print out the document until the teacher showed it to him.

A.go through B.figure out

C.come up D.get over

解析:选B。句意:老师告诉Sam 之后他才知道怎么打印这个文件。figure out弄明白,知道。

★4.(2010年福建厦门质检)However hard I tried to think about it,what he said didn’t really ________ to me

A.figure out B.make out

C.turn out D.get across

解析:选D。figure out“查明,弄清楚”;make out“填写,声称,应付”;turn out“结果是,原来是”;get across“使被理解,使被接受。”句意:无论我多么努力地思考,我都不能理解他说的话。故选D。

3. since conj. 因为,既然

(回归课本P42)Since I’m preparing to act in a new TV play,I’m taking weightloss pills called FatLess,which are quite popular among young women here.

因为我正在为在一部新电视剧里演戏做准备,所以我在用一种叫做“FatLess”的减肥药,这种药在我们这儿的年轻女士中很受欢迎。

归纳拓展

(1)since作连词,可以引导以下两种状语仍句:时间状语仍句,原因状语仍句

(2)since作prep.意为自仍……以来,【注意】 当since引导时间状语仍句,用在“It is+一段时间+since仍句”的句型中时,其句意取决于仍句的谓语动词是否可延续。,It is three years since the war broke out.,自战争爆发以来三年了。,It is three years since I smoked cigar(=since I stopped a cigar).我不吸烟有三年了。

(3)since作副词,意为“自那时以来,后来”

例句探源

①(朗文P1913)A lot has happened since we graduated from college.自仍我们大学毕业以来,发生了很多事情。

②We thought that,since we were in the area,we’d stop by and see them.

我们想,既然到了这个地方,应该顺便去看看他们。

③He left home two weeks ago and we haven’t heard from him since.他两周前离家外出,我们至今还没有他的音讯。

④We’ve lived here since 1994.

自1994年以来我们一直住在这里。【牛津译林版】

⑤(2010年高考江西卷)Mother wanted to be a good provider,a role she has been shouldering since her marriage to Father.

妈妈想做一个好的(家庭)供应者,一个自仍和父亲结婚以来就一直承担的角色。

5.完成句子

(1)既然还没有人答复,我们就可以认为他们不感兴趣了。

________ ________ ________ ________,we’ll assume they’re not interested.

答案:Since nobody’s replied yet

(2)自仍那次事故后,我一直不能用右手。

Ever since the accident,I________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.

答案:haven’t been able to use my right hand

(3)啊,什么?你仍什么时候负责起这里来了?

Oh,yeah?________ ________ are you in charge around here?

答案:Since when

英译汉:

(4)How long is it since we last went to the theatre?

_______________________________________

答案:我们有多久没去看电影了?

(5)It’s twenty years since I came here.

_________________________________________

答案:我二十年没来过这儿了。

4. contain vt. 包括,容纳;控制,克制(感情)

(回归课本P42)They contain a harmful chemical that caused my liver to fail. 那些药里含有一种有害的化学成分,导致我的肝功能衰竭。

归纳拓展

(1)包含,容纳;装盛;含有

(2)克制,抑制(感情)

contain oneself克制自己

(3)container n.容器,货柜

例句探源

①Little Johnny felt the bag,curious to know what it contained.

小约翰摸了摸那个包,想知道里面装的是什么。

②The drink doesn’t contain any alcohol.

这种饮料不含仸何酒精。

③(朗文P431)I found it more and more difficult to contain my anger.我发现越来越难控制自己的愤怒。

易混辨析

contain,include,hold

(1)contain通常用来指某种容器中盛有某物,装有某物,还指某种物质中含有某成分或含有其他物质。指作为组成部分而被“包含”或“容纳”在内。

(2)include通常表示把某事物作为其中的一部分包含在内。在句中常构成分词短语sth.included或including sth.。

(3)hold通常指有能力容纳。

①The tour included a visit to the Science Museum.

②The plane can hold/contain about 300 passengers.

③This book contains forty interesting pictures.

④Five people were killed in the accident,two kids included.

6.Thousands of works of art,the most famous paintings ________,were missing during the war.

A.including B.included

C.containing D.contained

解析:选B。句意:上千件艺术作品,包括最著名的油画,在战争期间都不见了。the most famous paintings和include构成被动关系,故用

分,故用include,所以B为正确选项。

7.(2011年安徽蚌埠高三测试题)He was worried,because he lost his bag________his passport,ID card and a lot of money.

A.included B.including

C.contained D.containing

解析:选D。contain“装有”,与bag构成逻辑上的主谓关系,因此用containing.句意:他很担心,因为他丢了装有护照、身份证和一大笔钱的包。

5. match n. 相配的人或物,配对物

vt.& vi. 匹配,相称

(回归课本P42)Then the doctor found that someone in your country,whose name is Li Dong,was an exact match for me.

后来医生发现,在你们国家有一个名叫李冬的人,他的肝脏和我的几乎匹配。

归纳拓展

例句探源

①Her shoes match her dress;they look very well together.

她的鞋子和裙子很相配;他们在一起非常好看。

②(朗文P1268)Nothing we have ever seen matches this moment.我们仍未见过能与此刻相比的事。

③(牛津P1242)We are matched against last year’s champions in the first round.我们第一轮即遭遇了去年的冠军。

④The runners were a good match and ran a very close race.

赛跑选手们棋逢对手,比赛非常激烈。

易混辨析

match,suit,fit

(1)match多指两个物体大小、色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配。

(2)suit多指吅乎需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等,也可指颜色、款式等适吅。

(3)fit多指大小、形状吅适,引申为“吻吅”“协调”。

8.用match,suit或fit的正确形式填空:

(1)I’m afraid the style of the sweater doesn’t ________ you.

答案:suit

(2)This jacket ________ me well.

答案:fits

(3)The color of the shirt doesn’t ________ that of the tie.

答案:match

(4)If you want to go by bus,that ________ me fine.

答案:suits 形式再根据本句是表示整体包括部

牛津译林版(四)
英语:牛津译林版八年级下册语法大全

(UNIT1)现在完成时的重点和难点

一、现在完成时的"完成用法"和"未完成用法"【牛津译林版】

1.现在完成时的"完成用法"

现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。 (动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)

现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。

例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?

2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"

现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。

例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)

I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)

此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far到目前为止)等。

例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。

(2)现在完成时常见两种句型:

①主语+have / has been+for短语

②It is+一段时间+ since从句

例如:He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。

3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念

英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。 终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。

4、延续性动词的用法特征

1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有:for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如:I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。

2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如:It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词,而at eight表示"点时间",前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如:

-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago.

-Then you've known each other for more than two years. -That's right.

5、终止性动词的用法特征

1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如:

The train has arrived.火车到了。

Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗?

2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如:

(1)他死了三年了。 误:He has died for three years.

正:He has been dead for three years. 正:He died three years ago.

正:It is three years since he died. 正:Three years has passed since he died.

(2)他来这儿五天了。 误:He has come here for five days.

正:He has been here for five days. 正:He came here five days ago.

正:It is five days since he came here. 正:Five days has passed since he came here.

(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:

(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。

(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。

(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。

(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。

3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如: He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.

4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到......才......"。如:You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。

I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.

今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。

5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如:When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词) Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)

6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如:

误:How long have you come here? 正:How long have you been here?

正:When did you come here?

二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对"现在"产生的影响。如:

He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)

2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如:

Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)

3. 两种时态的区分

(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。如:The film started at 7 o'clock. He has been a teacher for many years.

(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等;而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。

看看以下的几组句子,有什么区别?① Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)

[说明] 你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。

② How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)

[说明]他是怎么做的这件事?(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;

(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。

③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)

[说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现在不在北京了。

三、现在完成时考点例析

现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有:

一、考查其构成

"助动词have (has) +动词过去分词"构成现在完成时。如:

1. Kate's never seen Chinese films,____ ? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she

D. is she

析:陈述句部分含否定词never,简略问句部分要用肯定式,又因Kate's是Kate has的缩写,故选B。

2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)

His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.【牛津译林版】

析:already常用在肯定句中,yet常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填hasn't, yet。

3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have 析:"so+助/系/情态动词+主语"结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致,又后句的主语为her parents是复数,故选D。

二、考查其用法与标志词

(一)当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等时,常用现在完成时。如:

1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -______you______ your homework yet?

A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished

2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I______

A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed

C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed

析:据yet和before可知,应用现在完成时,故1题选D,2题选D。

(二)当句中有"for +段时间"或"since +点时间"等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必须

是延续性动词,若是非延续性动词,要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如:

1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.

A. after B. before C. since D. for

析:主句用的是现在完成时,而从句用的是一般过去时,故选C。

2. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.

A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had

析:A、B、C均为非延续性动词,在肯定句中不与表"段时间"的短语连用,故选D。

3. I______a letter from him since he left.

A. didn't receive B. haven't got C. didn't have D. haven't heard

析:据since可知,应排除A、C,"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意为"收到某人的来信",故选B。

三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。如:

1. -Have you ever______Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors? -Yes, I have.

A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to

析:据句中的have,排除A,B项意为"去某地了",C项意为"一直呆在某地",D项意为"去过某地",符合题意,故选D。

【牛津译林版】

2. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years.

A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been

析:本题句中有"for+段时间"结构,据此可排除C,B项意为"去过某地",不合题意,D项缺介词,故选A。

四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。如:

1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正确的句子)

析:非延续性动词与"段时间"连用时,除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外,还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型"It's +段时间+since+从句"进行句子转换。故答案为:Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there.

2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改为同义句)

________more than ten years ____Susan ______to this city.

析:据上题分析,且since引导的从句要用一般过去时,故填It is, since, came。

3. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.

A. lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming

析:因我丢了票的动作发生在过去,而且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果,符合现在完成时所表示的含意,故选C。

(UNIT2)过去进行时

(注意when while as引导的时间状语从句。)

(UNIT3)被动语态复习"三步曲"

被动语态是动词语态的一种形式,表示主语是动作的承受者。在历年的中考题中,都有一定数量的考查被动语态的题目。因此,有必要对被动语态进行系统复习。

第一曲:掌握被动语态的结构

被动语态由"助动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上,同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。现将初中阶段常见的几种时态的被动语态总结如下:

1.一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are+done(指及物动词的过去分词,下同)如:

English is used all over the world.

2.一般过去时的被动语态:was/were+done如: The picture was painted two years ago.

3.现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are+being+done如: The flowers are being watered by them now.

4.现在完成时的被动语态:have(has)+been+done如:The room has been cleaned.

5.一般将来时的被动语态:will/be going to+be+done如: The work will be finished tomorrow.

6.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+done如:Your homework must be handed in today. 其它几种特殊句型:

It is said that ........ It is well known that ....... It is reported that........

have sth done

第二曲:掌握主动语态变被动语态的方法

把主动语态变为被动语态时,应走好以下三步:1)主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语;

2)主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式; 3)主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构的谓语动词之后。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时,by短语可以省略。请看示范:

主动语态:My brother repaired that bike yesterday.

主语 谓语动词 宾语其余部分

被动语态:That bike was repaired (by my brother) yesterday.

主语 谓语动词 by+宾语其余部分

对于主动语态变为被动语态方法的考查,主要在句型转换题目中出现。只要能够按照上面介绍的方法去做,一般是能够做对的。

第三曲:注意主动语态变为被动语态的几种特殊句型

1.含有短语动词的被动语态

一般来说,只有及物动词才有被动语态。另外,许多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,后面也可加宾语。在变被动语态时,注意不可丢掉后面的介词或副词,常见的这类短语动词有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等。如:

The old people should be taken good care of.

2.含有双宾语的动词的被动语态

含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时,应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语,另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语,直接宾语(指物)不变。另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语,间接宾语(指人)不变,这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for。如:

My father gave me a new book on my birthday.→

I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (间接宾语作了主语)

A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接宾语作了主语)

3.带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态

带有复合宾语(宾语和宾语补足语)的主动语态变为被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动语态的主语,原来的宾语补足语不动。同时,如果宾语补足语是省略to的动词不定式,变为被动语态时,必须加上不定式符号to,这类动词有make, let, see, hear, watch等。如: We find English very useful.→ English is found very useful.

宾语 宾补

I often hear him sing in his room.→ He is often heard to sing in his room.

牛津译林版(五)
1a 牛津 译林版

牛津一年级英语测试卷

姓名: 一.写出所给图片的单词

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

二、将句子与小熊相应的位置连起来。

This is my face. This is my eye.

This is my mouth. This is my ear.

三、看一看,选一选。

1. Is this a pencil? 2. Is this a rubber? ( ) Yes, it is. ( ) Yes, it is. ( ) No, it isn’t. ( ) No, it isn’t. 3. Is this a ruler? 4. Is this a book?

( ) Yes, it is. ( ) Yes, it is. ( ) No, it isn’t. ( ) No, it isn’t. 5. Is this a bag? 6. Is this a pen? ( ) Yes, it is. ( ) Yes, it is. ( ) No, it isn’t. ( ) No, it isn’t. 五、看图选出正确的句子

( )I can read. ( ) I can write ( ) I can jump. ( ) I can draw.

( ) I can read. ( ) I can write.

( ) I can sing. ( ) I can dance. ( ) I can draw. ( ) I can write. ( ) I can dance. ( ) I can sing.


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