looking at the checkout lines at the grocery

导读：　looking at the checkout lines at the grocery篇一：2016高考英语完形填空集训(六) ...

looking at the checkout lines at the grocery篇一：2016高考英语完形填空集训(六)

2016高考英语完形填空集训（六）

【高分特训】第二部分 英语知识运用 (共两节，满分45分)

第一节 完型填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分） 阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

Passage 1

A lesson for life “Fenil is so fat! Fenil is so fat!”A11 the classmates used to laugh at Fenil about his 41 but Fenil 42 responded. One Friday, Fenil was playing football during the physical education class. The 43 was competitive. When Fenil was near the net, a 44 passed on the ball to him. Fenil tried his best to 45 a goal but missed somehow. The game was over and Fenil's team 46 . Arjun said to Fenil, “How could you be so irresponsible?”Fenil's eyes were full of 47 . Fenil sat near Arjun for art class. Someone 48 Fenil and he fell on Arjun, who hit his foot quite badly against the desk. The whole class laughed at Fenil. Just then, the 49 walked into the classroom and saw Arjun and Fenil 50 . “I want both of you to go out on the playground and run one mile 51 each other's hands,” said the teacher. They went out to run one mile 52 the teacher said. During this time, Fenil said, “I'm sorry for losing the game today 53 my mistake.”At that point, Arjun 54 his mistake. He was the one who 55 Fenil for losing the game. He hurt Fenil, 56 Fenil never hurt him back either by words or by action.

Arjun said with tears in his eyes, “Don't say sorry, Fenil! It is my fault and I 57 .It is a team game and no single person is 58 for winning or losing. I am very sorry for blaming and hurting you.”

Arjun and Fenil became good friends from that time. It was a（n） 59 lesson Arjun learned during the 60 of hand-in-hand running with Fenil just for one mile.

41. A. weight B. height

42. A. always

43.A. class B. hardly B. game

C. identity D. hair C. sometimes D. never D. ball D. set C. training C. hit 44. A. teacher B. classmate 45. A. score B. reach 46. A. won B. survived 47.A. doubt B. tears 48. A. pushed B. found

50. A. crying

52.A. if C. teammate D. friend C. continued D. failed C. fear C. spotted D. puzzles D. frightened D. parent 49. A. teacher B. headmaster C. judge B. playing 51. A. shaking B. waving B. as C. fighting D. laughing D. until C. holding D. raising C. though

53. A. because of B. instead of

54. A. recognized B. remembered

55.A. forgave B. blamed

56. A. so B. for

57.A. agree B. apologize

B. serious C. in place of D. in spite of C. recalled D. realized D. left C. but D. or D. argue C. supported C. admit 58. A. powerful B. reasonable C. responsible D. rewarding 59. A. bitter C. easy D. amazing

Passage 2

Looking at the checkout lines at the grocery, I quickly turned my cart to line number three. There were only two women there, and neither had kids or coupons(赠券) ! The store was my first 41 that morning, and I had a half dozen others on my 42 before meeting my husband for lunch. Two minutes turned into ten, and I watched as the other lines moved 43 . I moved my 44 0n the cart and dug for my wallet, trying to 45 . the cashier that it was time to get a move-on. Finally, after fifteen minutes, I took a breath and 46 . Then I heard the cashier tell the women in front of me : "And just like that, he told me what she looked like and l 47 one hundred dollars here to 48_ her groceries. He said not to worry about the 49 , just give it to charity. " The story she was 50 had taken place in the produce department. An older man had witnessed a(n) 51 mama in need. 52 for foods with kids around, she was sticking to her list and 53 the items on her calculator as she went. The gentleman said he had a little 54 0n him that day, so he left one hundred dollars t0 55_ her groceries and, just maybe, add a little wiggle room(回旋的余地) to her 56 .

After hearing about the man who had . 57 served a fellow traveler in life, I realized that my hurry, 58 and general worries were 59 . What's five extra. minutes in a line to hear a story of a man sharing his 60 ? Suddenly, I know I could 'wait.

41. A. delivery B. checkout C. journey D. stop

42. A. notebook B. list C. blessing D. admission

43. A. patiently B. clearly C. quickly D. similarly

44. A. items B. dealers C. prospects D. kids

45. A. remind B. debate C. order D. guarantee

46. A. laughed B. noticed C. appreciated D. sighed

47. A. left B. matched C. cost D. promoted

48. A. apply for B. pay for C. look for D. make for

49. A. privilege B. contribution C. change D. decision 60. A. punishment B. discussion C. lesson D. performanc

50. A. adjusting B. booking C. reading D. sharing

51. A. well-dressed B. good-looking C. worn-out D. easy-going

52. A. Wandering B. Shopping C. Preparing D. Begging

53. A. supposing B. developing C. adding D. presenting .

54. A. principle B. time C. extra D. quantity

55. A. cover B. suit C. carry D. run

56. A. basket B. budget C. property D. response

57. A. rarely B. quietly C. obviously D. occasionally

58. A. anxiety B. happiness C. attention D. eagerness

59. A. treated B. respected C. benefited D. misplaced

60. A. notice B. mistake . C. content D. love

Passage 3

On a weekday evening, Jane was at home as usual. As her __41__swung between what she was going to do with her life and their dinner plans for the evening, she was unexpectedly __42__by an urgent call from her sister “Get over here! Turn on NBC and check these guys out. They are just like you„..” One facebook message and a phone interview later, Jane __43__herself on a bus with 8 strangers in the middle of the sweltering (令人发昏的)desert heat of Utah, picking up trash and __44___ awareness(意识)about zero-waste and climate change.

With a deep __45__ of the environment and a desire to make a __46__, Jane, Davey, and a group of self __47__ “environmental pick-up artists” went on a coast to coast road side trash pick-up. As they walked, sometimes only __48__0.9 miles in an entire day, they __49__ and steadily made their way across the United States for three years, picking up a total of 201,678 pounds of trash. Jane and Davey _50__ with us wonderful stories of hope and inspiration that fueled their __51__to continue their journey. After spending weeks silently __52__how she would have enough __53__ to fly home for their two-week spring break, Jane found a blank, unidentified envelope __54__with $850 cash in the desert. Just enough to get her home and back. After their bus __55__ outside of Denver, they unexpectedly got __56__and arrived in Yosemite National Park three weeks later, just in time for the “Yosemite Facelift” where __57__from all over the state came together with a __58__of cleaning up trash all over the park.

Being at the right place at the right time became almost normal, and they realized that much of what they __59__was more than just a coincidence. Together, their team learned to simply __60__ themselves to their task, and surrender to the journey.

41. A. hands B. thoughts C. balance D. position

42. A. blamed

43. A. found

44. A. abandoning B. frightened C. moved D. interrupted D. taught B. cheered C. dropped B. raising C. shaking D. hiding

45. A. pride B. trust C. love

46. A. plan B. promise C. mistake

48. A. driving

49. A. slowly

51. A. problems

53. A. time 50. A. heard 52. A. depending on

54. A. filled

55. A. set off

56. A. rest

57. A. volunteers D. fear D. difference D. discovered D. fixing D. frequently D. shared D. meeting with 47. A. described B. corrected C. repeated B. covering C. riding B. read C. wrote B. secretly C. helplessly B. costs C. efforts D. choices B. replying to C. worrying about B. supplied B. held on B. money C. food D. room C. decorated D. equipped C. headed for D. broke down D. reporters B. practice C. help D. understanding B. members C. tourists

58. A. question B. purpose C. decision D. lesson

59. A. introduced B. expected

60. A. turn C. examined D. experienced B. limit C. devote D. compare Passage 4

Dropping into desperation completely, Jack wandered on the streets, knowing he came to the end of life. In his mid-fifties, Jack had never been 41 , experienced the joy of having children or spent holidays with his family. On this miserable rainy night, he felt as if there was 42 in the entire world who cared whether he lived or died. Meanwhile, I was sitting in my room watching the rain 43 my window. When I heard the doorbell ring, I 44 from my chair and raced out. But my mother was already at the door. Opening it, she found herself face-to-face with a very dirty-looking man with tears streaming down his face. My mother, overcome by 45 ，invited the man inside, and he sat with my parents in our living room． 46 ，1 walked secretly downstairs so that I could get a better look. I couldn't understand what they were saying, but the sight of the man, 47 his head in his hands and crying, made my chest ache. I raced back up stairs to my room and 48 my hand into my money jar. Pulling out my only half-dollar coin, I ran back downstairs.

When I reached the door of the living room, I walked right in .The three 49 looked at me in 50 as I quickly made my way over the stranger. I put the half-dollar in his hand and told him that I wanted him to have it. Then I gave him a 51 ,turned and ran as fast as I could out of the room and back upstairs. I felt excited but happy. Downstairs, Jack sat quietly with his head 52 .Tears streamed down his face as he 53 held that coin. Finally looking up at my parents, he said, "It’s just that I thought

nobody cared. For the last twenty years, I have been so 54 . That is the first hug I have ever got. It’s hard to believe that somebody _55 ” Jack's life changed that night. When he left our house, he was 56 to live instead of die. Although we never saw Jack again, we received letters from him57 , letting us know that he was doing fine.

My life changed that night, too, as I 58 the hug healing power of giving, even if it’s only a gift of fifty cents. Before Jack left, my parents asked him why he had knocked on our door. Jack said that 59 he'd walked along the streets that rainy night, 60 and ready to die, he had noticed a sticker on the car. It read: SOMEBODY LOVES YOU.

Passage 5

A few days ago I was sitting in a Thai restaurant enjoying a meal when I got on a phone call from a friend I hadn’t spoken to for a long time. In my enthusiasm and_21__ I talked slightly louder than usual voice and in Spanish, my mother tongue.

A few minutes into the_22__, the lady sitting at the table beside mine got up, seemingly__23_,

looking at the checkout lines at the grocery篇二：剑桥商务英语中级模拟21

Test 8

READING 1 hour

READING

PART ONE

Questions 1—7

·Look at the statements and the materials about marketing disasters below.

·Which story (A, B, C or D). does each statement 1—7 refer to?

·For each sentence, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.

·You will need to use some of the letters more than once.

1. Don't change something which is already a proven success.

2. Don't spend more on the promotion than the product.

3. Don't let competitors dictate your strategy.

4. If things go wrong, change the name.

5. A marketing mistake can put a company out of business.

6. Doing things too quickly can produce disastrous results.

7. Work out the exact cost of a promotional gift.

A

Hoover offered any customer who spent at least ￡ 100 on its products two complimentary flights to Europe and the US. The offer attracted more than double the anticipated applications, leading to the dismissal of three senior managers and a bill for ￡ 19 million.

B

A large computer hardware retailer positioned itself at the bottom end of the market by undercutting all its competitors. To attract customers, it even offered a 0% interest Buy Now, Pay One Year Later deal. People did buy, but unfortunately, serious cash flow problems forced the company into liquidation before customers repaid them. C

Lever Brothers rushed Persil Power onto the market to coincide with a rival company's launch of its own new washing powder. Despite millions of pounds spent on research, Persil Power was fatally flawed, having the unfortunate effect of damaging clothes. It was quickly withdrawn and reformulated.

D

'The best has been made even better.' said the Chairman of Coca-Cola about its decision to change the flavour of Coke for the first time in its 99-year history. However, of the 150 million people who tried the new Coke, nearly two-thirds preferred the original. The company was forced to re-launch the old Coke as Coke Classic three months later.

PART TWO

Questions 8—12

·Read the article about supermarket.

·Choose the best sentence to fill each of the gaps.

·For each gap 8—12, mark one letter (A—G) on your Answer Sheet.

·Do not use any letter more than once.

·There is an example at the beginning.

Supermarket

Supermarket is a type of retailing institution that has a moderately broad product assortment spanning groceries and some nonfood lines, that ordinarily emphasizes price in either an offensive or defensive way. As a method, supermarket retailing features several related product lines, a high degree of self-service, largely centralized checkout, and competitive prices. The supermarket approach to retailing is used to sell various kinds of merchandise, .

The term supermarket usually refers to an institution in the grocery retailing field. Most supermarkets emphasize price. Some use price offensively by featuring low prices in order to attract customers. Other supermarkets use price more defensively by relying on leader pricing to avoid a price disadvantage. Since supermarkets typically have very thin gross margins, they need high levels of inventory turnover to achieve satisfactory returns on invested capital.

. Supermarkets were an immediate success, and the innovation was soon adopted by chain stores. In recent decades supermarkets have added various nonfood lines to provide customers with one-stop shopping convenience and to improve overall gross margins.

Today stores using the supermarket method of retailing are dominant in grocery retailing. However, different A superstore is a larger version of the supermarket. It offers more grocery and nonfood . Many supermarket chains are emphasizing superstores in their new construction.

Combination stores are usually even larger than superstore. They, too, offer more groceries and nonfoods than a supermarket but also most product lines found in a large drugstore. Some combination stores are joint ventures between supermarkets and drug chains such as Kroger and Sav-on.

For many years the supermarket has been under attack from numerous competitors. For example, a grocery shopper can choose among not only many brands of supermarkets but also various types of institutions (ware house stores, gourmet shops, meat and fish markets, and convenience stores). Supermarkets have reacted to competitive : Some cut costs and stressed low prices by offering more private brands and generic products and few customer services. Others expanded their store size and assortments by adding more nonfood lines (especially products found in drugstores), groceries attuned to a particular market area (foods that appeal to a specific ethnic group, for example), and various service departments (including video rentals, restaurants, delicatessens, financial institutions, and pharmacies).

A including building materials, office products, and, of course, groceries

B attracting more customers with their low prices

C primarily in either of two ways

D to compete with grocery chains

E a type of retailing institution

F by size and assortment

G than a conventional supermarket does

PART THREE

Questions 13—18

·Read the article below about inventory.

·For questions 13—18, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose.

Inventory

Inventory belongs to an important element of the cost of doing business in a large company. If a company is assembling cars, they must have a large number of parts in hand so that the assembly line does not stop because one part is missing. If cars are going down the assembly line and one person is supposed to fasten wheels on to the car, the whole line will stop if he runs out of fasteners. This means that several hundred men will be waiting while someone must find fasteners for the wheel. So there must be a sufficient number of parts of all sorts nearby in order to keep the car assembly line running smoothly.

A large supply of spare parts is very expensive, so a company will try to keep its inventory as low as it can without finding it necessary to stop production for lack of a part.

In a planned company, i.t was often difficult to secure spare parts and so many companies ordered many extra parts and kept large supplies of parts so that if a mistake was made in planning, they could continue to produce.

This was known as just-in-case inventory.

As an economy moves from s planned economy to a market economy, the-important thing for a business is to make money and not just produce. It's very expensive to keep large suppliers available just in case there is a delay in delivery. So increasingly, companies are moving to another system of inventory of spare parts as low as possible. This way they do not have to pay for parts used in production until just before they are paid for the finished product. This saves them much capital and is a much more efficient method of operating. The problem with this is that if a shipment is delayed or lost for some reason, the whole factory may have to stop because they don't have one little part. This is very expensive.

Most modern industries try to keep inventory as low as possible, but when they adopt just-in-time inventory control, they try to keep at least some extra in stock for emergencies:

13. In a planned economy it was often difficult to secure spare parts, ______.

A. so many companies manufacture them all by themselves

B. so many companies have to stop the production lines while waiting

C. so many companies place large orders for emergencies

D. so many companies feel quite headache about this problem

14. Why do companies adopt just-in-time inventory system?

A. They try to keep their inventory of spare parts as low as possible.

B. The can save lots of money.

C. It's a more efficient method of operating.

D. A, B and C.

15. Just-in-time inventory control system ______.

A. is adopted in most modern industries

B. is adopted only in very small company

C. is adopted only by some people

D. is adopted long long time ago

16. As an economy moves from a planned economy to a market economy ______.

A. the companies pay more attention to money

B. the companies care more about production

C. the companies hae great emphasis on finished products

D. the companies don't know what to do

17. A large supply of spare parts is very expensive, so a company ______.

A. will try to keep as many as it can

B. will try to keep as low as it can

C. will try to make them all by itself

D. will try to deliver it quickly

18. Inventory is an important part of the cost of doing business ______.

A. just in the joined-venture companies

B. in any company

C. in state-owned companies

D. in private-owned companies

PART FOUR

Questions 19—33

·Read the text below about brokers.

·Choose the best word to fill each gap, from A, B, C or D.

·For each question 19—33 mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.

·There is an example at the beginning.

Brokers

Brokers neither physically handle products being distributed nor work on a their , a broker is an independent wholesaling middleman that brings buyers and sellers together and provides market information to either party. M0st brokers work for sellers, a small percentage represent buyers.

prices, products, and general market conditions.

Because of the limited services provided, brokers receive relatively small commissions—5 percent or less.

, brokers need to operate on a low-cost basis.

general-merchandise items to one another and bring price setting, and the art of negotiating. They do not actually provide credit but sometimes goods and usually are not allowed to complete a transaction

formal approval. Like other brokers, food brokers generally represent the seller, who pays their commission.

Food brokers, agents, operate in specific geographic locations and work for a limited

of food producers within these areas. Their sales force calls on chain-store buyers, store managers, and institutional purchasing agents. Brokers with advertising agencies. The aver age commission for food brokers is 5 per cent of sales.

19. A. basic B. basical C. basically D. basis

20. A. Instead of B. Instead C. So D. Therefore

21. A. for example B. as a result C. since D. although

22. A. raise B. take C. reject D. lower

23. A. regards B. in relation C. with regard D. regarding

24. A. However B. Therefore C. For instance D. Because

25. A. introduce B. to introduce C. take D. bring

26. A. relating B. relate C. to relate to D. connected with

27. A. informed of B. informing C. known D. informed

28. A. sellers B. people C. buyers D. agents

29. A. take title to B. take title of C. have title for D. give the title to

30. A. with B. have C. in the possession of D. without

31. A. alike B. tike C. resemble D. look like

32. A. number B. sum C. amount D. quantities

33. A. close B. loose C. closely D. closer

PART FIVE

Questions 34—45

·Read the text below about how to order products.

·In most of the lines 41—52 there is one extra word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the meaning of the text. Some lines, however, are correct.

·If a line is correct, write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet.

·If there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word on your Answer Sheet.

Special Products Co. —How to Order

Our speciality is our convenient catalogue system. Instead of

Spending time going to a shop, you simply order it direct from us.

34. Ordering is easy and delivery fast. Once received, your order will

35. normally be dispatched within 72 hours. We will inform to you

36. immediately should any items be out of stock. If you are not happy

37. with your purchases please return them to us within the 15 days in their

38. original packaging and we will return you for in full. Quality is our main

39. Criterion. Each item is under unconditionally guaranteed for 6 months.

40. You will receive a receipt and with your order which is your guarantee.

41. In the unlikely event of damage to an item during delivery, should please

42. contact with us immediately on 0197 3101772 and we will arrange for

43. its return or replacement.

44. All prices and promotional

45. offers are valid until 30th September.

WRITING 45 minutes

WRITING

PART ONE

·You are the Purchasing Manager for a large company. Last month you decided to look for a new supplier for the stationery and office equipment that your company uses. You have found a new supplier, Compass Office Goods Ltd.

·Write a memo to your company's department heads:

·explaining why you looked for a new supplier.

·saying who the new supplier is.

·asking for feedback about the goods that they supply.

·Write 40—50 words.

PART TWO

·Your company needs new office places You have been asked to look at two warehouse properties, after adverts for these properties were sent to you by a commercial property agent, During your visit, you made notes on the adverts.

·Then, using all these handwritten notes you have made, write a short report for your Managing Director, saying which property you think your company should buy.

·Do not include postal addresses.

·Write 120—140 words on a separate sheet.

looking at the checkout lines at the grocery篇三：外文翻译--等待队列与模式-精品

附件

外文翻译

英文

Waiting lines and simulation

The “miss manners” article pokes fun at one of life’s realities; having to wait in line.no boubt those waiting in line would all agree that the solution to the problem is obvious;simply add more servers or else do something to speed up service.although both edeas may be potential solutions,there are certain subleties that must be dealt with. For one thing, most service systems have the capacity to process more customers over the long run than they are called on to process. Hence,the problem of customers waiting is a short-term phenomenon.

The other side of the the coin is that at certain times the servers are idle, waiting for customers. Thus by increasing the service capacity, the server idle time would increase even more. Consequently,in designing service systems,the designer must weiht the cost of providing a given level of service capacity against the potential(implicit) cost of having customers wait for service. This planning and analysis of service capacity frequently lends itself to queuing theory,which is a mathematical approach to the analysis of waiting lines.

The foundation of modern queuing theory is based on studies about automatic dialing

equipment made in early part of the twentieth century by Danish telephone engineer

A.K.Erlang. Prior to World War II,very few attempts were made to apply queuing theory to business problems. Since that time, queuing theory has been applied to a wide range of problems.

The mathematics of queuing can be complex;for that reason,the emphasis here will not be on the mathematics but the concepts that underlie the use of queuing in analyzing waiting-line problems. We shall rely on the use of formulas and tables for analysis.

Waiting lines are commonly found wherever customers arrive randomly for services.

Some examples of waiting lines we encounter in our daily lives include the lines at

supermarkdt checkouts,fast-food restaurants,aipport ticket counters,theaters, post offices,and toll booths. In many situations, the “customers” are not people but orders waiting to be filled ,trucks waiting to be unloaded,jobs waiting to be processed,or equipment awiting repairs. Still other examples include ships waiting to dock, planes waiting to land,hospital patients waiting for a nurse,and cars waiting at a stop sign.

One reason that queuing analysis is important is that customers regard waiting as a non-value-added activity. Customers may tend to associate this with poor service quality，especially if the wait is long. Similarly, in an organizational setting, having work or

employees wait is non-value-added—the sort of waste that workers in JIT systems strive to reduce.

The discussion of queuing begins with an examination of what is perhaps the most

fundamental issue in waiting-line theory:why is there waiting?

Why is there waiting?

Many people are surprised to learn that waiting lines tend to form even though a system is

basically underloaded. For example, a fast-food restaurant may have the capacity to handle an average of 200 orders per hour and yet experience waiting lines even though the average

number of orders is only 150 per hour. The key word is average. In reality,customers arrives at random intervals rather than at evenly spaced intervals,and some orders take longer to fill than others. In other words, both arrivals and service times exhibit a high degree of variability. As a result, the system at times becomes temporarily overloaded, giving rise to waiting lines;at other times, the systems is idle because there are no customers. Thus,although a

system may be underloaded from a macro standpoint, varialilities in arrivals and service mean that at times the system is overloaded from a micro standpoint. It follows that in systems

where variability is minimal of nonexistent(e.g.,because arrivals can be scheduled and service time is constant),waiting lines do not ordinarily form.

Managerial Implications of Waiting Lines

Managers have a number of very good reasons to be concerned with waiting lines. Chief among those reasons are the following:

1. The cost to provide waiting space.

2. A possible loss of business should customers leave the line before being served or refuse to wait at all

3.A possible loss of goodwill.

4.A possible reduction in customer satisfaction.

5.The resulting congestion may disrupt other business operations and/or customers.

Goal of Waiting-Line Analysis

The goal of queuing is essentially to minimize total costs. There are two basic categories of cost in a queuing situation: those associated with customers waiting for service and those associated with capacity. Capacity costs are the costs of maintaining the ability to provide service. Examples include the number of bays at a car wash, the number of chechkouts at a supermarket, the number of repair people to handle equipment breakdowns, and the number

of lanes on a highway. When a service facility is idle, capacity is lost since it cannot be stored. The costs of customer waiting include the salaries paid to employees while they wait for service(mechanics waiting for tools,the drivers of trucks waiting to unload),the cost of the space for waiting(size of doctor’s waiting room,length of driveway at a car wash, fuel

consumed by planes waiting to land),and any loss of business due to customers refusing to wait and possibly going elsewhere in the future.

A practical difficulty frequently encountered is pinning down the cost of customer

waiting time, especially since major portions of that cost are not a part of accounting data. One approach often used is to treat waiting times or line lengths as a policy variable: A manager simply specifies an acceptable level of waiting and directs that capacity be

established to achieve that level.

The traditional goal of queuing analysis is to balance the cost of providing a level of

service capacity with the cost of customers waiting for service. Figure 1 illustrates this concept. Note that as capacity increases, its cost increases. For simplicity, the increase is shown as a linear relationship. Although a step function is often more appropriate ,use of a straight line does not significantly distort the picture. As capacity increases,the number of customers waiting and the time they wait tend to decrease, thereby decreasing waiting costs. As is typical in trade-off relationships, total costs can be represented as a U-shaped curve. The goal of analysis is to identify a level of service capacity that will minimize total cost.( Unlike the situation in the inventory EOQ model,the minimum point on the total cost curve is not usually where the two cost lines intersect. )

In situations where those waiting in line are external customers(as opposed to

employees),the existence of waiting lines can reflect negatively on an organization’s quality image. Consequently, some organizations are focusing their attention on providing faster service—speeding up the rate at which service is delivered rather than merely increasing the number of servers. The effect of this is to shift the total cost curve downward if the cost of customer waiting decreases by more than the cost of the faster service.

Cost

Total cost

Service capacity Figure1: The goal of queuing analysis is to minimize the sum of two costs: customer waiting costs and

service capacity cost. 0

System Characteristics

There are numerous queuing models from which an analyst can choose. Naturally, much of the success of the analysis will depend on choosing an appropriate model. Model choice is affected by the characteristics of the system under investigation. The main characteristics are:

1、 Population source.

2、 Number of servers(channels)

3、 Arrival and service patterns.

4、 Queue discipline (order of service).

Figure 2 depicts a simple queuing system.

Figure 2 A simple queuing system Population source

The approach to use in analyzing a queuing problem depends on whether the potential number of customers is limited. There are two possibilities:infinite-source and finitesource

populations. In an infinite-source situation,the potential number of customers greatly exceeds system capacity. Infinite-source situations exist whenever service is unrestricted. Examples are supermarkets,drugstores,banks,restaurants,theaters,amusement centers, and toll bridges. Theoretically,large numbers of customers from the “calling population” can request service at any time. When the potential number of machines that might need repairs at any one time

cannot exceed the number of machines that might need repairs at any one time cannot exceed the number of machines assigned to the repairer. Similarly, an operator may be responsible for loading and unloading a bank of four machines, a nurse may be responsible for loading and unloading a bed ward, a secretary may be responsible for taking dictation from three executives,and a company shop may perform repairs as needed on the firm’s 20 trucks. Number of servers (channels)

The capacity of queuing system is function of the capacity of each server and the number of servers being used. The terms server and channel are synonymous,and it is generally assumed that each channel can handle one customer at a time. Systems can be either single-or multiple-channel.(A group of servers working together as a team,such as a surgical team,is treated as a single-channel system.) Examples of single-channel systems are small grocery stores with one checkout counter,some theaters,single-bay car washes, and drive-in banks with one teller. Multiple-channel systems(those with more than one server) are commonly found in banks, at airline ticket counters,at auto service centers,and at gas stations.

A related distinction is the number of steps or phases in a queuing system. For

example,at theme parks, people go from one attraction to another. Each attraction constitutes a separate phase where queues can (and usually do) from.

Figure 3 illustrates some of the most common queuing systems. Because it would not be possible to cover all of these cases in sufficient detail in the limited amount of space available here,our discussion will focus on single-phase systems.

Figure 3 Four common variations of queuing systems Arrival and service patterns

Waiting lines are a direct result of arrival and service variability. They occur because random, highly variable arrival and service patterns cause systems to be temporarily overloaded. In many instances,the variabilities can be described by theoretical distributions. In fact, the most

commonly used models assume that the customer arrival rate can be described by a Possion

looking at the checkout lines at the grocery篇四：2013年秋季学期《科技英语》在线考试(适用于2013年12月份考试)

2013年秋季学期《科技英语》在线考试(适用于2013年12月份

考试)

一、单选题（共 15 道试题，共 15 分。）

V

1. It is difficult to ______ work as it is sometimes mixed together with labor by most people

A. define

B. describe

C. decide

D. design

满分：1 分

2. Once attached to the host Program, the computer viruses then look for other programs to ______.

A. affect

B. effect

C. infect

D. perfect

满分：1 分

3. After he was attacked, he managed to __________ to the phone and call for help.

A. pound

B. stabber

C. turn

D. stagger

满分：1 分

4. Of even more importance, fuel cells （ ） only water and heat as byproducts; therefore they are much more preferable to present fuels

A. commit

B. emit

C. omit

D. permit

满分：1 分

5. Over the past decades, sea ice in the Arctic（北极）______ as a result of global warming.

A. had decreased

B. will decrease

C. has been decreasing

D. is decreasing

满分：1 分

6. The survey has found that only 6% of Australians feel that their ______ in the Iraq war has made Australia safer.

A. activities

B. evolvement

C. act

D. involvement

满分：1 分

7. After a joint venture dismisses the surplus employee during the contract term, the enterprise will give the dismissed certain （ ）

A. comprehension

B. composition

C. compensation

D. consultation

满分：1 分

8. A(n) ______ is someone who is being considered for a position, for example someone who is running in an election or applying for a job.

A. astronomer

B. scientist

C. candidate

D. researcher

满分：1 分

9. There are scientific satellites in __________ that measure wave heights, but too few to give reliable worldwide coverage.

A. mark

B. orbit

C. store

D. line

满分：1 分

10. Every year we say we’ll spend less at Christmas, and every year it still （ ）

A. keeps under control

B. comes to the end

C. gets out of hand

D. goes beyond reach

满分：1 分

11. He hasn't come yet. What do you consider_________to him?

A. happens

B. has happened

C. had happened

D. will happen

满分：1 分

12. ______ is known to the world，Mark Twain is a great American writer.

A. It

Many people would agree that, although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no corresponding increase in wisdom. But agreement

ceases as soon as we attempt to define “wisdom” and consider means of promoting it. There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of course I should put first a sense of proportion; the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the special knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your mind. You have not time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say), as modern medicine has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of

making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the parts of the world that have the greatest populations. To take an even more dramatic example, which is in everybody’s mind at the present time; you study the makeup of the atom from a disinterested desire for knowledge, and by chance place in the hands of a powerful mad man the means of destroying the human race.

Therefore with every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments (增加) our capacity for realizing our purposes, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise.

1). Disagreement arises when people try to decide ______.

A. how much more wisdom we have now than before

B. what wisdom is and how to develop it

C. if there is a great increase of wisdom in our age

D. Whether wisdom can be developed or not

满分：2 分

2). According to the author, “wisdom” is the ability to ______.

A. carefully consider the bad effects of any kind of research work

B. give each important problem some careful consideration

C. acquire a great deal of complex and special knowledge

D. give suitable consideration to all the possible elements in a problem

满分：2 分

3). Lowering the infant death-rate may ______.

A. prove to be helpful everywhere in the world

looking at the checkout lines at the grocery篇五：国际经济贸易&银行英文短语

国际经济与贸易短语

lead to a new principle引向新原则

sail far out出海远航

in the position to do sth在什么位置上干什么

exploit the truth探寻真理

turn it into riches转化财富

fall of the edge of a flat earth从扁平的地球边掉下

have an effect on sth对什么有影响

as a basis for作为什么基础

in the social science在社会历史中

are aimed at目的为

remove the problem除去问题

experience an energy crisis经历能源危机

be identify as认为是什么

gather facts收集事实

alternative forms of sth它的另一种形式

be associated with sth和什么联系

harness solar power积蓄太阳能

fuel scarcity燃料缺乏

exceed its benefits超过利益

struggle for riches为财富斗争

an ideal of life生活的理想

a stationary state静止状态

a decent standard of life体面的生活

in consequence因此

have many variants 不同说法

in the affluent society富足的社会

out of economic necessity出于经济需要

self-canceling process 自我抵消过程

in the statistics统计中

tremendous dislocation 巨大的移位

in the traditional pattern of life传统生活模式

be defaced by 面目全非

industrial waste工业废物

overwhelming number of its citizens 绝大部分公民

The average person普通人

Everyone concerned每个相关的人

Make profit赚取利润

Have a long history历史悠久

Charge higher interest收取更高利率

In the past在过去

Industrial goods工业货物

Once-in-a-lifetime investment一生一次的投资

pay good money for the article付一大笔钱

throw-away society丢弃型社会

trade in sth for something else和什么交换

out of fashion不时髦

get sb into the mess将某人陷入一团糟

last for ever持续永远

get into trouble陷入麻烦

mass-production批量生产

lower the cost降低成本

make goods生产物质

be at work起作用

go down下降

in limited quantities 有限的数量

go into sth开始做

strive to do sth努力干什么

be free to do sth自由地做某事

in the meanwhile在此期间

improve the quality of products提高产品质量

at good value价值高

put on the market投放市场

a medical device医疗设备

an inferior product劣质产品

misuse a good one误用好的

dangerous quackery危险的骗术

be harmful to health对健康有害

be labeled as 贴上标签

be misleading误解的

prevent all violations禁止破坏

eliminate all misleading labels除去所有令人误解的标签 on guard警戒

a fancy-sounding name听上去很奇特的名字

take sth for granted认为什么想当然

identify their products辨认产品

synthetic foods合成食物

in the order of predominance 按重要性排列

suffer from stress承受压力

rich middle-aged businessman富裕的中年商人

as a result of stress由于眼里

under too much pressure承受压力

change you way of life改变生活方式

run away from sth逃离什么

use up these chemicals用光化学物

car accident汽车事故 heart attacks心脏病

drive people to suicide令人自杀

living and working conditions生活工作情况

traffic jam交通堵塞

have uncertainty about the future对未来不确定

point out指出

in times of inflation通货膨胀时期

prevention is better than cure防治比治疗好

the inability to relax无法轻松

outdoor exercise室外运动

way of life生活方式

move house 搬房子

fall ill生病

take up从事

in modern life在当代生活

the first highly industrialized country第一个高度工业化国家 industrial production 工业生产

manufactured goods制成品

lose her lead 失去领先地位

exported manufactured goods出口成品

pay for all the food为所有食物付钱

in the red赤字

a surplus of exports over imports出口相对于进口的剩余 invisible exports无形出口

looking at the checkout lines at the grocery篇六：乐购超市全球化分析

乐购全球化分析

英国启航论文

英国的主要产业——食品和饮料零售业的代表乐购公司为英国在生产和销售方面提供了近三百万个岗位，解决了近三百万人的生计问题。随着经济的发展，英国的超市正面临严峻的挑战，随着，战略供应网络的增长，对供应商的分析与管理的挑战是现在大部分超市使用的战略决策。其中，2004年，根据资料显示乐购的零售销售额占国内生产总值的9%

本文将从方方面面分析乐购公司的外部环境、资源分析、竞争与文化战略以及各种战略资源。

乐购作为英国市场上最大的公司，它旗下运行了四家子公司：Superstore, Extra, Metro以及Express。公司大约销售40000种食品、非食品、服装等，除此之外乐购还拥有Value、Standard和Finest的一系列自有品牌。为了方便生产，有些商店里还有加油站，因此乐购也是英国最大的独立汽油零售商之一。作为世界上最大的食品零售商之一，乐购经营了约2319家门店，雇佣的员工超过325000人，不仅如此，乐购公司还在它的附属网络提供在线服务。

Tesco plc is the food and drink retail sector represents the major industry in the UK, providing employment for over three million people in the main production and retailing. In 2004 retail accounted for 9% of (GDP) gross domestic product (Data monitor, 2003). In latest years UK supermarkets have come under increased analysis over their management of suppliers, yet the increase of strategic supply networks has been essential part of largely supermarket strategies for the past decade.

This report is provides Tesco, with emphasis on its external environment and company's analysis of resources, competence and culture strategic and the resources based on strategies.

One of the largest food retailers in the world, Tesco operating about 2,319 stores and employing over 325,000 people. It provides online services through its subsidiary, Tesco.com. The UK largest market company where it operates under four banners of Superstore, Extra, Metro and Express. The company sells about 40,000 food products, non-food lines, clothing and other. The company's own-label products are at three levels, normal and finest, value,. As well as convenience produce, several stores have gas stations, becoming one of

Britain's largest independent petrol retailers.

环境分析结构———PESTEL FRAMEWORK

Political Factors

the company Operating in a globalized environment. Tesco has stores around the world now operates in the Republic of Ireland, Europe , Slovakia, Poland , Czech Republic, Hungary and Turkey. It also operates in Asia in Thailand Japan Taiwan, South Korea, and Malaysia it is performance is greatly influenced by the political and legislative situation of these countries, including the (EU).

For employment the government encourages retailers to provide a mix flexible job opportunities, lower-paid and locally-based jobs to highly-skilled, higher- located jobs paid and centrally- (Balchin, 1994). Moreover to meet the demand from population categories such as working parents senior citizens and Students.

EconomicalFactors

Tesco economic factors are of concern, because they are likely to influence demand, prices profits, and costs. One of the mainly influential factors on the economy is high unemployment levels, which decreases the effective demand for several goods. The economic factors are largely outside the control of the company, but their effects the marketing and performance can be deep. while international business is still increasing (Appendix A), and is expected to contribute better amounts to Tesco's income over the next few years, the company is still highly dependent on the market. therefore, it would be badly affected by any slowdown exposed to the market concentration risks and in the UK food market.

Social/CulturalFactors

present trends show that British customers have moved towards ‘bulk' shopping, which is due to a range of social changes. Tesco have, therefore, improved the quantity of non-food stuff available for sale.

Demographic changes such as the aging of people, the female workers are increase and a decline in preparation home meal mean that UK retailers are also focusing on services and added-value products . adding, the focus is now towards; the share of the own-label in business mix, the operational

improvements and supply chain , which can drive costs out of the business. National retailers are increasingly reticent to take on new suppliers

(Datamonitor Report, 2003Clarke, Bennison and Guy,1994;).

The type of goods and services demanded by customers is a meaning of their consequent attitudes and beliefs and social conditioning . customers are

becoming more and more aware of their attitudes towards food are constantly changing and health issues. For instance to accommodate an increased demand for organic products Tesco adapting the product mix, and also the first company to allow customers to pay in cash and cheques at the checkout.

Technological Factors

Technology is a main macro-environmental changeable which has influenced the increase of several Tesco products. The new technologies benefit the

company and customers satisfaction raises because services can become more personalised and shopping more convenient, goods are readily and

available.The launch of the Efficient Consumer Response initiative provided the shift that is now apparent in the management of food supply chains

(Datamonitor Report, 2003

In 2003, there has been improved pressure on several companies and

managers to admit their responsibility to society. (Johnson and Scholes, 2003)

The major societal concern threatening food retailers has been environmental issues, a key region for companies to proceed in a socially responsible way. therefore, by recognizing this tendency in the broad ethical stance, the

company corporate social responsibility is concerned through the ways in which an organization exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholders particular through regulation and business governance

波特的五种影响———PORTER'S FIVE FORCES

Threat of New Entrants The UK grocery market is mainly dominated by

competitors, including the major brands of Tesco ,Sainsbury's Safeway ,and Asda, that take a market share of 70% and small chains of Somerfield, Waitrose and Budgens with a further 10%. Over the last 30 years, Ritz (2005), the grocery market has been changed into the supermarket-dominated business. The Majority of the large chains have built their power due to operating efficiency, major marketing-mix expenditure and one-stop shopping. This power had a large impact on the small traditional shops, such as, bakers, butchers and etc. therefore, these days it possesses a strong barrier for new companies who want to enter the grocery market. For example, it becomes rather difficult for new entrants to increase sufficient capital because of large fixed costs and highly developed supply chains. in advanced technology This is also evident in huge investments done by large chains, like Tesco, for stock control systems that impact new entrants and the existing ones and checkouts . Other barriers include economies of scale achieved by Tesco.

Bargaining Powerof Suppliers This force that can be influenced by major grocery chains and that fear of losing their business to the large supermarkets.

Therefore, this consolidates more leading positions of stores like Tesco and Asda in negotiating better prices from suppliers that small individual chains are unable to match Ritz (2005). UK based suppliers are also threatened by the rising ability of retailers to source their products from abroad at cheaper deals. The relationship with sellers can have same effects in constraining the strategic freedom of the company and in influencing its margins. The forces of competitive rivalry have reduced the profit margins for suppliers and supermarket chains.

Bargaining Power of Customers Porter M. (1980) more products that become standardized or undifferentiated, the lower the switching cost, and therefore, more power is yielded to buyers. Tesco's famous loyalty card – Club card remains the successful customer retention strategy that increases the

profitability of Tesco's business. In meeting customer needs, better choices, customizing service, ensure low prices, constant flow of in-store promotions like Tesco enables brands to control and retain their customer base. In recent years the food retailing has changed due to a large demand of consumers doing the majority of their shopping in supermarkets that shows a larger need for

supermarkets to sell non-food items. Also it has provided supermarkets with a

new strategic expansion into new markets of banking. moreover Consumers have become more aware of the issues surrounding fairer trade and the

influence of western consumers on the expectations and aspirations of Third World producers. Ethically and ecologically benign sound production of

consumer produce such as coffee, tea, and cocoa is viable, and such products are widely available at the majority of large chains.

Threat of Substitutes for a particular product General substitution is able to reduce demand, while there is a threat of consumers switching to the

alternatives Porter M. (1980). In the grocery industry this can be seen in the form of the substitute of need or product-for-product and is further weakened by new trends, such as the way small chains of convenience stores are emerging in the industry. In this case Tesco is trying to acquire existing small-scale

operations and opening Express and Metro stores in city centres and local towns Ritz (2005).

3.5Bargaining Powerof Competitors The grocery environment has seen a very significant growth in the size and market dominance of the larger players, with greater store size, increased retailer concentration, and the utilisation of a range of formats, which are now prominent characteristics of the sector. As it was mentioned above, the purchasing power of the food-retailing industry is concentrated in the hands of a relatively small number of retail buyers. Operating in a mature, flat market where growth is difficult (a driver of the diversification into non-food areas), and consumers are increasingly demanding and sophisticated, large chains as Tesco are accruing large amounts of

consumer information that can be used to communicate with the consumer Ritz (2005). This highly competitive market has fostered an accelerated level of development, resulting in a situation in which UK grocery retailers have had to be innovative to maintain and build market share. Such innovation can be seen in the development of a range of trading formats, in response to changes in consumer behaviour. The dominant market leaders have responded by

refocusing on price and value, whilst reinforcing the added value elements of their service.

looking at the checkout lines at the grocery篇七：四级阅读理解2

High-quality customer service is preached (宣扬) by many ,but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done.

Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers -- and anyone who will listen.

Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school.

“Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers,” said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde Group. “The store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement.”

On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four others, and will no longer visit the specific store. For every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative reviews. The resulting “snowball effect” can be disastrous to retailers.

According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems. Ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers.

The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered (塞满了的) shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople.

During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved the parking problems by getting moonlighting local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance climinated the need for customers to

circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.

Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions.

Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.

“Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly,” said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help.”

Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong.

1. Why are store managers often the last to hear complaints?

A) Most customers won’t bother to complain even if they have had unhappy experiences.

B) Customers would rather relate their unhappy experiences to people around them.

C) Few customers believe the service will be improved.

D) Customers have no easy access to store managers.

2. What does Paula Courtney imply by saying “ … the shopper must also find a replacement” (Line 2, Para. 4)?

A) New customers are bound to replace old ones.

B) It is not likely the shopper can find the same products in other stores.

C) Most stores provide the same.

D) Not complaining to the manager causes the shopper some trouble too.

3. Shop owners often hire moonlighting police as parking attendants so that shoppers _________.

A) can stay longer browsing in the store

B) won’t have trouble parking their cars

C) won’t have any worries about security

D) can find their cars easily after shopping

4. What contributes most to smoothing over issues with customers?

A) Manners of the salespeople.

B) Hiring of efficient employees.

C) Huge supply of goods for sale.

D) Design of the store layout.

5. To achieve better shopping experiences, customers are advised to _________.

A) exert pressure on stores to improve their service

B) settle their disputes with stores in a diplomatic way

C) voice their dissatisfaction to store managers directly

D) shop around and make comparisons between stores

商家与各科的矛盾关系

1. A) 当他们有不愉快经历时，大多数顾客不会费力去投诉

2. D) 不向经理投诉同样会带给顾客麻烦

3. B) 不会在停车时遇到麻烦

4. A) 销售员的礼貌

5. C) 直接把他们的不满告诉商店经理

　　1. B Customers would rather relate their unhappy experiences to people around them. 商店的经理总是最后一个听到抱怨是因为顾客通常都是喜欢把牢骚发在他身边的这些人，比如朋友、亲戚、一起工作的同事。本题虽然是以因果关系出现的，但是因果联系并不十分紧密。正常定位原文即可发现答案，提醒考生在这类题目上不要想的太多，否则容易主观臆断强加因果。

　　2. D Not complaining to the manager causes the shopper some trouble, too. 定位点已经给出：第四段第二行。为什么说商家失去顾客之后，顾客也要寻求替代品。其实作者的意思是说商家与顾客之间如果缺乏沟通，那么商家会受到业绩销量上的影响，而同样的，顾客也会面临必须得找另外一个更适合的商家这样的麻烦。本题关键在于对原文思路的理解以及个别信号词比如原文中“also”和选项中“too”的对应。

　　3. B won't have to trouble parking their cars. 招聘交警是为了疏导交通，此题为难度最低的事实细节题。

　　4. A manners of the salespeople. 文章分若干自然段讲述了解决问题的措施，而本题问的是最好的一项，对于原文倒数第三段不难发现一个关键短语most

importantly。最重要的是，你要有沟通技巧，要会礼貌待人。

　　5. C voice their dissatisfaction to store managers directly.

如何获取更好的购物体验呢？文章最后一段第一句就告诉大家不要向其他任何人抱怨，最好的方式就是直接找到零售商投诉。

looking at the checkout lines at the grocery篇八：遂宁二中高二上期第一次学月考试英语试题

遂宁二中2015-2016 学年度上学期

高二第一次月考英语试卷

本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题)两部分，第I卷1—7页，第Ⅱ卷7-8页。满分150分，考试用时120分钟。

注意事项：

1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息;

2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上。

第I卷(选择题,共100分)

第一部分 听力（共两节，满分30分）

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）

听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。

1. When will the football match be held?

A. On Sunday. B. On Friday. C. On Tuesday.

2. How much should the girl pay?

A. ￡ 2.50. B. ￡ 4.00. C. ￡5.00.

3. How will the man spend this weekend?

A. He will take a rest. B. He will play tennis. C. He will go to work.

4. What is the woman doing?

A. Giving some advice. B. Making a complaint. C. Asking for help.

5. How does the woman feel about the man?

A. Confident. B. Worried. C. Disappointed.

第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）

听下面5段对话。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6. What are the speakers doing?

A. Preparing for a trip. B. Visiting a museum. C. Doing some shopping.

7. What will the woman take?

A. A guidebook. B. A coat. C. An umbrella.

听第7段材料，回答第8至9题。

8. What are the speakers mainly talking about?

A. Their jobs. B. Their children. C. neighbors.

9. What does Jack do?

A. A student. B. A teacher. C. An engineer.

听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。

10. What will the temperature be in Greece tomorrow?

A. About 20 degrees. B. About 25 degrees. C. About 32 degrees.

11. What will the weather be like tomorrow in France?

A. Sunny. B. Cloudy. C. Rainy.

12. Which place is coolest tomorrow?

A. Greece. B. England. C. France.

听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。

13. What is the relationship between the speakers?

A. Workmates. B. Classmates. C. Boss and employee.

14. Why is the man flying to Rome?

A. To meet a designer. B. To sell books and CDs. C. To start a new company.

15. What will the man do on Sunday?

A. Go to the seaside. B. Have a good rest. C. Study for exams.

16. How does the woman feel about the man’s weekend plans?

A. Interested. B. Worried. C. Angry.

听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。

17. What does the CPC Limited Company have in common with the Centre Store?

A. They both need salespersons.

B. They both offer part-time jobs.

C. They both want 13 new employees.

18. Where is the office of BEYOND?

A. At 2299 Queen Road. B. At 15 Great Street. C. At Hillsdonne Road.

19. Who would be an employee in EP Group?

A. A person majoring in tourism.

B. A person in need of a part-time job.

C. A person experienced in software-designing.

20. When will EP Group hold an interview next Monday?

A. At 3p.m. B. At 4p.m C. At 5p.m.

第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）

第一节 （共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

A

“Is there anything else you need, honey?” my dad asked me as he put three twenty dollar bills in my hand. I was traveling back home from a family visit, and after treating me to breakfast and filling my car with gas, it was obvious that my dad wanted to make sure that I would be okay on the road.

“No, Dad. You've done so much already. Thank you！” I was overwhelmed once again by his kind acts of providing everything I needed, although I turned 40. Yet I realize that in my father's eyes, I will always be his little girl. He takes deep pleasure in knowing his children are all right. Now that he has enough money, he loves to give whenever he sees a need.

But this was not always the case. Divorced from my mother when I was 11, my dad couldn't be around his kids as often as he would have liked. Money was also tight; even weekend visits were rare. However, my dad stayed in constant communication with us and made sure he was involved in our lives. Though he couldn't always be there in person, I knew he was only a phone call away. I could always make sure of that.

Even now, almost 30 years later, I treasure knowing that I can pick up the phone and call Dad, and he'll be there for me. I have a wonderful husband, but that hasn't changed how Dad sees me. I'm still his child and he loves to see that my needs are met.

I remember a time when I was shopping in a hardware store (五金店) with Dad. I mentioned my plans to paint one wall in my house. Well, that's all it took for Dad to take action. By the time I got to the checkout(结账) line, all the supplies I picked out were put out of my hands and placed with things he bought.

Then there was the time when I took him with me to do some grocery shopping for just a few “ items”. By the time we were finished, my shopping cart was full of groceries from every shelf in the store! My sister and I joke that if you don't want Dad to buy it for you, avoid even mentioning you want something.

21. What's the best title for the passage?

A. Father's generosity B. Love's power

C. The love for children D. Father's considerate love

22. The author demonstrates her father's love for her mainly by______. A. examples B. reasoning C. suggestion D. argument

23. Which of the following is not TRUE?

A. The father has a great sense of responsibility

B. Now the father's economic condition is satisfying.

C. The author's father was divorced when she was 11.

D. After the author got married, her father no longer get himself involved in her life.

24. The authors' two shopping experiences with father show______.

A. father paid little attention to money

B. father was quick in action

C. father paid great attention to his children's needs

D. father loved going shopping very much

B

Windbreaks are barriers formed by trees and other plants. Farmers plant these barriers around their fields, which help prevent the loss of soil, stop the wind from blowing soil away. They also keep the wind from damaging or destroying crops. Besides, extra trees and plants can be cut down and used or sold for wood.

Windbreaks can be highly valuable for protecting grain crops. For example, in parts of West Africa grain harvests were as much as twenty percent higher in fields protected by windbreaks compared to fields without them.

But here is something interesting about windbreaks. They seem to work best when they allow some wind to pass through the barrier of trees or plants around a field. If not, then the movement of air close to the ground will lift the soil. Then the soil will be blown away. For this reason, a windbreak works best if it contains only 60 to 80 percent of the trees and plants that would be needed to make a solid line. An easy rule to remember is that windbreaks can protect areas up to 10 times the height of the tallest trees in the windbreak.

There should be at least two lines in each windbreak. One line should be large trees. The second line, right next to it, can be shorter trees or other plants with leaves. Locally grown trees and plants are considered the best choices for windbreaks. Trees reduce the damaging effects of wind and rain. Their roots help protect soil from being washed away. And trees can provide animals outdoors with shade from the sun. 25. The advantages of building a windbreak are as follows except _____.

A. keeping the wind from destroying grain crops

B. providing humans with shade from the sun

C. increasing the production of grain harvests D. reducing the damaging effects of wind and rain

26. The author thinks windbreaks are interesting because ______.

A. the movement of air lifts the soil

B. large trees are lined with short ones

C. windbreaks allow some wind to pass through

D. windbreaks can stop the wind getting through

27. If the trees grow to a height of 30 feet, the areas the windbreak can protect are ______.

A. 300 square feet B. 150 square feet C. 240 square feet D. 100 square feet

28. What can be inferred from the text?

A. Extra trees and plants can be cut down for wood.

B. The environment is going from bad to worse.

C. Trees and plants from abroad are the best for windbreaks.

D. Windbreaks can contribute to agriculture harvests.

C

When Peng Liyuan stepped off the plane in Moscow, the whole world wanted to know who dressed the elegant first lady. The reporter released the secret——Ma Ke.

Peng Liyuan has been wearing Ma Ke's designs for more than a decade, a fact that was only highlighted recently when she was on her first state visit, accompanying her husband President Xi Jinping. The elegant and attractive Peng, formerly a popular singer, has been compared with the US' first lady Michelle Obama and France's Carla Bruni－Sarkozy, since stepping off the airplane in Moscow on March 22. Suddenly, everyone was curious to know more about the first lady's wardrobe.

Even so, Ma prefers a low­key approach. “？” she says of all the media attention.

Ma's relationship with Peng began 10 years ago after a

concert in Guangzhou when a reporter told Peng she knew the

designer behind the label Exception de Mixmind. Peng asked for

an introduction because she was a fan of Ma's designs and had

been wearing them for years.

The two naturally became friends. Ma says: “The painting

reflects the painter, and clothes reflect both the designer and the

wearer. Someone desires fame and wealth, or love and sympathy;

what you have in your heart is reflected in the design. Those who

don't share my philosophy won't buy my clothes. Peng is a caring person, devoted to charity and environmental protection, which is exactly what I'm doing now.”

However, regardless of the brand, Peng's support of Chinese labels has surprised millions of Chinese who favor foreign fashion brands.

“Instead she presented a vision of Chinese fashion, desiring to bring Chinese designers to the world stage，” says a western designer.

The first lady's double-breasted coat and her black leather handbag aren't available at any of Exception's shops，though Exception's physical stores do have seen a rising number of visitors.

29．The passage mainly discusses ________.

A．Peng Liyuan's clothes on her first state visit

B．the friendship between Peng Liyuan and her designer

C．the designer of the first lady Peng Liyuan's dress, Ma Ke

D．the reactions to Peng Liyuan's first visit to Moscow

30．In the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 Ma Ke mentioned “an egg and the hen” to show

________.

A．it is hard to explain “Which came first, the egg or the hen？”

B．paying such great attention to her was unnecessary

C．the outcome was more important than the process

D．her dissatisfaction with the media attention on her dress

31．What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Peng had liked Ma's designs long before she got to know her in the flesh.

B．Peng's suits can be bought in Ma Ke's clothes stores.

C．Ma Ke offered to design the first lady's clothes through her friends.

D．First ladies compete with each other whenever they are together

32．Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A．Peng wears the dress designed by a Chinese designer probably to support Chinese brands.

B．Many citizens found Peng Liyuan's choice quite unexpected.

C．After Peng Liyuan's visit to Moscow Ma Ke's clothes became more popular.

D．Black leather handbags like Peng's are widely sold in bag stores in big cities.

D

The Man of Many Secrets — Harry Houdini — was one of the greatest American entertainers in the theater this century. He was a man famous for his escapes — from prison cells, from wooden boxes floating in rivers, from locked tanks full of water. He appeared in theaters all over Europe and America. Crowds came to see the great Houdini and his “magic” tricks.

Of course, his secret was not magic, or supernatural powers. It was simply strength. He had the ability to move his toes as well as he moved his fingers. He could move his body into almost any position he wanted.

Houdini started working in the entertainment world when he was 17, in 1891. He and his brother Theo performed card tricks in club in New York. They called themselves the Houdini Brothers. When Harry married in 1894, he and his wife Bess worked together as magician and assistant. But for a long time they were not very successful. Then Harry performed his first prison escape, in Chicago in 1898. Harry persuaded a detective to let him try to escape from the prison, and he invited the local newspapermen to watch.

It was the publicity(宣传) that came from that started Harry Houdini’s success. Harry had fingers trained to escape from handcuffs and toes trained to escape ankle chins. But his biggest secret was how he unlocked the prison doors. Every time he went into the prison cell, Bess gave him a kiss for good luck — and a small skeleton key, which is a key that fits many locks, pass quickly from her mouth to his.

Harry used these prison escapes to build his fame. He arranged to escape from the local prison of every town he visited. In the afternoon, the people of the town would read about it in their local newspapers, and in the evening every seat in the local theater would be full. What was the result? World-wild fame, and a name remembered today.

33. According to the passage, Houdini’s success in prison escapes depends on _______.

A. his special tricks and supernatural powers

B. his wisdom and magic tricks

C. his magic tricks and unhuman powers

D. his unusual ability and a skeleton key

34. In the fourth paragraph, the underlined word “this” refers to _______.

A. Harry Houdini’s success B. his first prison escape

C. the publicity D. the year 1898

35. It can be inferred from the passage that Houdini became famous _______.

A. when he was about 24 B. before he married C. at the age of 17 D. in 1894

第二节（共5小题：每小题2分，满分10分）

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

You can find it on buildings, sidewalks, street signs and trash cans from Tokyo to Paris, from Moscow to Cape Town. Street art has become a global culture. Even art museums and galleries are collecting the works of street artists.

looking at the checkout lines at the grocery篇九：补全短文

Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus, trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers.

Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and ____(1)____. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. They offer familiarization and workshop tours ____(2)____.

Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. In this way agents learn ____(3)____ and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel - planes; ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases.

Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, ____(4)____, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.

The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers, ____(5)____. Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.

A including car-rental and sight-seeing services.

B so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.

C in preparing effective advertising campaigns

D as a result tourism is flouring in all countries

E hotels rely upon agencies

F to explain destinations

KEYS: CBFEA

The Building of the Pyramids

The oldest stone buildings in the world are the pyramids. They have stood for nearly 5,000 years, and it seems like that _____(1)_____. There are over eighty of them scattered along the banks of the Nile, some of which are different in shape from the true pyramids. The most famous of these are the "Step" pyramid and the "Bent" pyramid.

Some of the pyramids still look much the same as they must have done when they were built thousands of years ago. Most of the damage suffered by the others has been at the hands of men who were looking for treasure or, more often, ____(2)____. The dry climate of Egypt has helped to preserve the pyramids, and their very shape _____(3)_____. These are good reasons why they can still be seen today, but perhaps the most important is that they were planned to last for ever.

It is practically certain that plans were made for the building of the pyramids_____(4)____. However, there are no writings or pictures to show us how the Egyptians planned or built the pyramids themselves. Consequently, we are only able to guess at the methods used. Nevertheless, by examining the actual pyramids and various tools which have been found, archaeologists have formed a fairly clear picture of them.

One thing is certain: there must have been months of careful planning_____(5)_____. The first thing they had to do was to choose a suitable place. You may think this would have been easy with miles and miles of empty desert around, but a pyramid could not be built just anywhere. Certain rules had to be followed, and certain problems had to b overcome.

EXERCISE:

A for stone to use in modern buildings

B has made them less likely to fall into ruin

C before they could begin to build

D because the plans of other large works have fortunately been preserved

E while building the pyramids

F they will continue to stand for thousands of years yet

Key:FABDC

Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday.

A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent_(1)_the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.

"The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological-technologies_(2)_," wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance. "Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."

Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.

"What we saw Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom's fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances_(3)_," said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.

Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.

In1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. In his "Special Theory of Relativity," Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light. Everything else-mass, weight, space, even time itself-is a variable. And he offered the world his now-famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared-E=mc2.

"Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics, " Isaacson wrote in an essay___(4)____. "There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality." Einstein's famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did. Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project"_(5)_. Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.

A.explaining Time's choices

B. how he thought of the relativity theory

C. more than any other person

D. that secretly developed the first atomic weapon

E. that flowed directly from advances in basic science

F. that helped expand the growth of freedom

Key: CEFAD

Public relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company, including publicity releases, designed to promote goodwill and a favorable image.

Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm, __(1)__. Since public relations

involves communications with stockholders, financial analysts, government officials, and other noncustomer groups, it is usually placed outside the marketing department, perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management. This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department or consultant will likely not be in tune with marketing efforts. Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences. __(2)__, this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image mix.

Publicity may be in the form of news releases ___(3)___. Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department, as it can provide a useful adjunct to the regular advertising. Furthermore, __(4)__; some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised.转自环 球 网 校edu24ol.com

The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding itself if it thinks its public relations function, whether within the company or an outside firm, can take care of public image problems and opportunities. Many factors impact on the public image. Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business, __ (5)__. Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events, and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity, but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting impressions.

EXERCISE;

A) that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public relations department

B) not all publicity is initiated by the firm

C) usually in the form of press releases or press conferences

D) such as its product quality, the servicing and handling of complaints, and the tenor of the advertising E) what it means to the company is

F) Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image KEY: C F A B D

Supermarket is a type of retailing institution that has a moderately broad product assortment spanning groceries and some nonfood lines, that ordinarily emphasizes price in either an offensive or defensive way. As a method, supermarket retailing features several related product lines, a high degree of self-service, largely centralized checkout, and competitive prices. The supermarket approach to retailing is used to sell various kinds of merchandise, ____(1)____.

The term supermarket usually refers to an institution in the grocery retailing field. Most supermarkets emphasize price. Some use price offensively by featuring low prices in order to attract customers. Other supermarkets use price more defensively by relying on leader pricing to avoid a price disadvantage. Since supermarkets typically have very thin gross margins, they need high levels of inventory turnover to achieve satisfactory returns on invested capital.

Supermarkets originates in the early 1930s. They were established by independents ____(2)____. Supermarkets were an immediate success, and the innovation was soon adopted by chain stores. In recent decades supermarkets have added various nonfood lines to provide customers with one-stop shopping convenience and to improve overall gross margins.

Today stores using the supermarket method of retailing are dominant in grocery retailing. However, different names are used to distinguish these institutions ____(3)____:

A superstore is a larger version of the supermarket. It offers more grocery and nonfood items ____(4)____. Many supermarket chains are emphasizing superstores in their new construction.

Combination stores are usually even larger than superstore. They, too, offer more groceries and nonfoods than a supermarket but also most product lines found in a large drugstore. Some combination stores are joint ventures

between supermarkets and drug chains such as Kroger and Sav-on.

For many years the supermarket has been under attack from numerous competitors. For example, a grocery shopper can choose among not only many brands of supermarkets but also various types of institutions (warehouse stores, gourmet shops, meat and fish markets, and convenience stores). Supermarkets have reacted to competitive pressures ____(5)____: Some cut costs and stressed low prices by offering more private brands and generic products and few customer services. Others expanded their store size and assortments by adding more nonfood lines (especially products found in drugstores), groceries attuned to a particular market area (foods that appeal to a specific ethnic group, for example), and various service departments (including video rentals, restaurants, delicatessens, financial institutions, and pharmacies).

A by size and assortment

B than a conventional supermarket does

C including building materials, office products, and, of course, groceries

D attracting more customers with their low prices

E primarily in either of two ways

F to compete with grocery chains

KEYS: CFABE

Development in Newspaper Organization

One of the most important developments in newspaper organization during the first part of the twentieth century ______(1)_______, which are known as wire services. Wire-service companies employed reporters, who covered stories all over the world. Their news reports were sent to papers throughout the country by telegraph. The papers paid an annual fee for this service. Wire services continue _______(2)________. Today the major wire services are the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). You will frequently find AP or UPI at the beginning of a news story.

Newspaper chains and mergers began to appear in the early 1900s. A chain consists of two or more newspapers _______(3)______. A merger involves combining two or more papers into one. During the nineteenth century many cities had more than one competitive independent paper. Today in most cities there are only one or two newspapers, and _______(4)______. Often newspapers in several cities belong to one chain. Papers have combined ________(5)_______. Chains and mergers have cut down production costs and brought the advantages of big-business methods to the newspaper industry.

A. to play an important role in newspaper operations

B. was the growth of telegraph services

C. and they usually enjoy great prestige

D. they are usually operated by a single owner

E. in order to survive under the pressure of rising costs

F. owned by a single person or organization

KEY: BAFDE

The Building of the Pyramids

The oldest stone buildings in the world are the pyramids. They have stood for nearly 5,000 years, and it seems like that _____(1)_____. There are over eighty of them scattered along the banks of the Nile, some of which are different in shape from the true pyramids. The most famous of these are the "Step" pyramid and the "Bent" pyramid.

Some of the pyramids still look much the same as they must have done when they were built thousands of years ago. Most of the damage suffered by the others has been at the hands of men who were looking for treasure or, more often, ____(2)____. The dry climate of Egypt has helped to preserve the pyramids, and their very shape

_____(3)_____. These are good reasons why they can still be seen today, but perhaps the most important is that they were planned to last for ever.

It is practically certain that plans were made for the building of the pyramids_____(4)____. However, there are no writings or pictures to show us how the Egyptians planned or built the pyramids themselves. Consequently, we are only able to guess at the methods used. Nevertheless, by examining the actual pyramids and various tools which have been found, archaeologists have formed a fairly clear picture of them.

One thing is certain: there must have been months of careful planning_____(5)_____. The first thing they had to do was to choose a suitable place. You may think this would have been easy with miles and miles of empty desert around, but a pyramid could not be built just anywhere. Certain rules had to be followed, and certain problems had to b overcome.

EXERCISE:

A for stone to use in modern buildings

B has made them less likely to fall into ruin

C before they could begin to build

D because the plans of other large works have fortunately been preserved

E while building the pyramids

F they will continue to stand for thousands of years yet

Key:FABDC

Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday.

A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent_(1)_the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.

"The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological-technologies_(2)_," wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance. "Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."

Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.

"What we saw Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom's fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances_(3)_," said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.

Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.

In1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. In his "Special Theory of Relativity," Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light. Everything else-mass, weight, space, even time itself-is a variable. And he offered the world his now-famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared-E=mc2.

"Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics, " Isaacson wrote in an essay___(4)____. "There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality." Einstein's famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist,

looking at the checkout lines at the grocery相关热词搜索：iwasatthegrocery atcheckout lookingat