有个红字用什么英文名好

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有个红字用什么英文名好篇一
《红字英文介绍》

有个红字用什么英文名好篇二
《红字 人物 英文》

The Four Principal Characters in The Scarlet Letter

Liang Hanping

( Wuzhou Teachers College Guangxi Hezhou 542800 )

[摘 要]小说《红字》使美国作家霍桑闻名于世。小说对四个主要人物的刻conscience. Chilling worth’s life is ruined by his preoccupation with his

画表明霍桑运用象征主义的高超技巧，并由此揭示小说中的四个主要人物─海丝特、

丁梅斯代尔、齐灵沃斯及珠儿的人性的善与恶。本文从人性的角度来分析这四个主要人物。

[关键词]红字；性格；分析

Abstract: The Scarlet Letter makes the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne known all around the world .The thorough description of the four leading characters in the novel shows that Hawthorne makes skillful use of symbolism and discloses the different kinds of humanity of Hester , Dimmesdale ,Chillingworth and Pearl. This paper focuses on the analysis of the four major characters from the point of view of human nature.

Key words : The Scarlet Letter ; stereotype ; analysis

cruel search, and he becomes a morally degraded monomaniac. Hester wishes her lover to flee with her to Europe, but he refuses the plan as a temptation from the Evil One, and makes a public confession on the pillory in which Hester had once been placed. He dies there in her arms , a man broken by his concealed guilt , but Hester lives on, triumphant over her sin because she openly confessed it, to devote herself to ensuring a happy life in Europe for Pearl and helping others in misfortune.

Ⅱ. The Analysis of the Four Principal Characters

The four characters in The Scarlet Letter have outstanding characteristic. This paper concentrates on the four characters’ characteristics. We tend to see Hester as a strong woman of independent mind who bravely, even defiantly accepts the punishment which has been assigned her; Dimmesdale as a man torn by a guilty conscience but without the courage to confess his guilt; Chillingworca as a kind of demon who is gradually destroying himself in his lust for revenge; Pearl as an impish and almost unearthly little girl.

2.1 Hester

Hester is introduced as young, tall and beautiful, with an elegant figure, abundant glossy dark hair, a rich complexion, and deep-set black eyes. She comes of an impoverished but genteel English family, having lived in “a decayed house of gray stone, with a poverty-stricken aspect, but retaining a half-obliterated shield of arms over the portal, in token of antique gentility.” Even without that specific indication of her high birth, we would know that

she she is a lady, from her bearing and pride, especially in Chapter Ⅱ when

bravely refuses to tell the father’s name and faces the humiliation of the scaffold: “And never had Hester Prynne appeared more lady-like, in the antique interpretation of the term, than as she issued from the prison.” It is her pride which sustains her , from that opening scene until she dies, still wearing the scarlet A. Coupled with that pride is a passion which is demonstrated not only through her relations with Dimmesdale but also in her emotional attachment to Pearl, in her defiance of Governor Bellingham(Chapter Ⅷ), and even in her conversations with Chillingworth in Chapter Ⅳ. She repelled the offered medicine from the physician, at the same time, gazing with strongly marked apprehension into his face. She quested the doctor directly whether he would avenge the innocent baby when she was extremely weak. In addition, Hester is a powerful woman character, a character that the readers can not help admiring. She is unconventional and a rebel of puritan. She is active strong-minded and never surrenders to the fate. She encourages her lover to flee with her to Europe but in vain. After she wears the scarlet letter, she receives all the coldness and condemns quietly and never complains her position and blame Dimmesdale. She services to the sick, the poor and help her neighbors: “None so ready as she to give of her little substance to every demand of poverty, even though the bitter hearted pauper threw back a gibe in requital of the food brought regularly to his door, or the garments wrought for him by the fingers that could have embroidered a monarch’s robe. None so self-devoted as Hester, when pestilence stalked through the town. In all seasons of calamity, indeed, whether general or of individuals, the outcast of society at once found her place. She came , not as a guest, but as a rightful inmate, into the household that was darkened by trouble, as if its gloomy twilight were a medium in which she was entitled to hold intercourse with her fellow-creatures.” She won her much respect among those townspeople who once condemned her. If the face of her subsequent behavior, the public memory of her initial sin has been dimmed, and the Letter A which originally stood for ‘Adultery’ is said by many to stand for ‘Able ’. “They had begun to look upon the scarlet letter as the token, not of that sin, for which she had borne so long and dreary a penance, but of her many good deeds since. ‘Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge? they would say to strangers. It is our Hester-the town’s own Hester-who is so kind

Ⅰ. Introduction.

The Scarlet is successful in many ways. Hawthorne uses the symbolism to explore the characters’ heart shock in different environments. The novel shows varieties of meanings and complexity. Hawthorne has created each of them with one outstanding characteristics in mind and has focused almost entirely on developing that characteristic. Although defenders literary realism may object to an author’s making his characters stand for ideas rather than having them behave as ordinary people, Hawthorne is well aware of what he is doing. He is not trying to let the readers know his characters in the same way we might get to know the boy the next door. He is instead, attempting to tell us something true and important about human heart by throwing a strong and constant light on one side of each of his characters. So this paper will discuss them from this angle.

1.1 The brief introduction of Hawthorne

Hawthorne, the great romanticist of American literature, was born on the 4th of July, 1804,in Salem, Massachusetts. He was a descendant of Puritan immigrants. One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate, notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quaker, and another ancestor was a judge on the Salem witchcraft. His father died on a voyage in Surinam, when the young Nathaniel was four. But maternal relatives recognized his literary talent and financed his education at Bowdoin College in Maine (1821-1824)

Between the years 1825 and 1836 Hawthorne worked as a writer and contributor to periodicals. Insufficient earnings as a writer forced Hawthorne to take a job in the Salem Custom House. In 1850, with the publication of The Scarlet Letter, in Nathaniel Hawthorne became famous as the greatest writer living then, his reputation as a major American author has been on the increase ever since.

1.2 The brief introduction of The Scarlet Letter

The romance by Hawthorne was published in 1850.Based on a theme that appears in “Endicott and the Red Cross” this somber romance of conscience and the tragic consequences of concealed guilt is set in Puritan Boston during the mid-17 century. An aged English scholar sends his young wife, Hester Prynne, to establish their home in Boston. When he arrives two years later, he finds Hester in the pillory with her illegitimate child in her arms. She refuses to name her lover and is sentenced to wear a scarlet A, signifying Adulteress, as a token of her sin. The husband conceals his identity, assumes the name Roger Chilling worth, and in the guise of a doctor seeks to discover her paramour. Hester, a woman of strong independent nature, in her ostracism becomes sympathetic with other unfortunates, and her works of mercy gradually win her the respect of her neighbour. Chilling worth meanwhile discovers that Arthur Dimmesdale, a revered, seemingly saintly young minister, is the father of Hester’s beautiful, mischievous child, Pearl. Dimmesdale has struggled for years with his burden of hidden guilt, but, though he does secret penance, pride prevents him from confessing publicly, and he continues to be tortured by his

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to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comforting to the afflict’” Why did Dimmesdale conceal his sin through seven long years of

Hester’s sin is that which gives the book its title and around which the torment both by Chilling- worth and by his own conscience? In Chapter X, action of the book revolves. Adultery, prohibited by the Seventh Dimmesdale himself offers two possible explanations. Speaking in general Commandment, was so seriously regarded by the Puritans. Although terms of any hypothetical persons guilty of concealed sin, but obviously Hawthorne certainly does not condone her sin, he finds it less serious (and thinking of his own case, he says: “It may be that they are dept silence by the less interesting) than the sins of Dimmesdale and Chilling worth. She is in very constitution of their nature. Or, can we not suppose it? Guilty as they many ways a victim: first , of her own youth, which permitted her to marry may be, retaining, nevertheless, a zeal for God’s glory and man’s welfare, Chilling worth without loving him; second, of Chilling worth’s selfishness, they shrink from displaying themselves black and filthy in the view of men; which permitted him to marry the young and passionate girl knowing that because, thenceforward, no good can be achieved by them; no evil of the she did not return his love and that he was not suited to the role of her past be redeemed by better service … ” husband; third, of Chilling worth’s stupidity in sending hid young wife The second suggestion, that he remains silent so that he can continue to ahead to the colony while he remained in Amsterdam; forth, of the fate do God’s work as a minister, at first glance has some logical appeal. which led to Chilling worth’s capture by the Indians, leaving Hester Certainly he is a devoted and effective servant of God, increasingly inspiring without any word from her husband to indicate even that he was alive; and to his congregation during the seven years that we observe him; certainly fifth, of Dimmesdale’s weakness in allowing the love affair to develop when also, had he revealed his sin at the beginning of the book, the church would he was unprepared to marry Hester or otherwise help shoulder the have lost a good minister. But clearly Dimmesdale is rationalizing, or trying consequences. to excuse his behavior, when he suggests that his effective career may be

But the most important facts to note about Hester’s sin are, first, that justification for concealing a sin. He can not even convince himself that it is hers was a sin of the passions rather than of the intellect (which distinguishes the real reason. He struggles desperately to confess, punishing himself her from Chilling worth), and second that her sin was openly acknowledged physically, and frequently coming right to the brink of confession in his rather than conceal in her heart (which distinguishes her from Dimmesdale). sermons. Under pressure from Chilling worth, he is brought almost to the

Hester did not, with deliberate calculation, plan a sin, nor did she point of lunacy. And his sense of guilt is increased by seeing Hester suffer willfully do injury to others. That she deeply loved Dimmesdale is obvious alone for the sin which he committed with her. throughout the book. Her fault was that her passions, and her love, were No, the real reason for his apparent cowardice lies in the constitution of stronger than her respect for the moral code. As she says: “What we did had his nature. His fight is one against his own weakness, and the only possible a consecration of its own. We feel it so! We said so to each other!” victory lies in public confession of the truth. After seven years of struggle,

Hester learns from her sin, and grows strong as a result of accepting her he accomplishes that victory in what could have been the moment of his punishment. “The scarlet letter was her passport into regions where other greatest triumph as a minister, immediately after his Election Day sermon. women dared not tread. Shame, Despair, Solitude! These had been her Chilling worth’s remarks show the importance of Dimmesdale’s confession: teachers,-stern and wild ones,-and they had made her strong… ” She “high place nor lowly place where thou couldst have escaped me , -save on emerges from her experiences a woman capable of helping others and being this very scaffold!”. And, let the reader still be in doubt as to the necessity at peace with oneself, one’s fellow men, and one’s God. for Dimmesdale’s confession if the is to save his soul, Hawthorne in his

2.2 Dimmesdale “Conclusion” specifically points out is intended meaning: “Among many Arthur Dimmesdale, like Hester Prynne, is an individual whose identity morals which press upon us from the poor minister’s miserable experience, owes more to external circumstances than to his innate nature. Dimmesdale we put only this into a sentence: ‘Be true! Be true! Be true! ’Show freely to is young, and physically delicate, with large melancholy eyes and a the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be tremulous mouth suggesting great sensitivity. An ordained minister, he is of inferred!” course educated, and he has a philosophical turn of mind. Yet he is modest, 2.3 Chillingworth and the eloquence of his sermons is of a quiet kind. There is no doubt that he As his name suggests, Roger Chillingworth is a man deficient in human is a devoted servant of God, passionate in his religion and effective in the warmth. His twisted, stooped, deformed shoulders mirror his distorted soul. pulpit. But privately he suffers from experience of physical and spiritual When Chillingworth first appears, having just concluded over a year’s disintegration─the weakness which prevents him from acknowledging his captivity by the Indians, Chillingworth’s appearance is hideous, partly guilt in public. On the other hand, Dimmesdale banishes himself from because of his strange mixture of “civilized and savage costume.” But even society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his when better dressed, he is far from attractive. He is small, thin, and slightly admires, he is in deep misery. It is because of the cowardice in his character, deformed, with one shoulder higher than the other. Though he “could hardly Hawthorne describes Dimmesdale as a gloomy, weak-minded and selfish be termed aged,” he has a wrinkled face and appears “well stricken in man. When Hester tells him Chilling worth is her husband, he is not brave to years.” He has, however, a look of calm intelligence, and his eyes, though face and overcome it, but to sink down on the ground, and burry his face in they have a “strange, penetrating power,” are dim and bleared, testifying to his hands, he throws his burden upon Hester. “I am powerless to go! long hours of study under lamplight. He has indeed, spent his life as a lonely Wretched and sinful as I am, I have had no other thought than to drag on my scholar, cutting himself off from the world of other men in his quest for earthly existence in the sphere where Providence hath placed me. Lost as my knowledge. Even after his marriage to Hester, he spent most of his time own soul is, I would still do what I may for other human souls! I dare not alone in his study. The areas of his knowledge are not defined, but among quit my post, though an unfaithful sentinel, whose sure reward is death and them are alchemy (which is more closely related to magic than to science ) dishonor, when his dreary watch shall come to an end! ” and medicine (Though not a licensed physician, he is “a better physician…

His original sin is the same as Hester’s, and had he possessed the than many that claim the medical degree”). He is very selfish and devotes courage to acknowledge it, his sin would have been no more serious than himself revenging others. As Hester says old Roger Chillingworth was a hers. But by the time we meet the two, their situations, and their sins, are striking evidence of man’s faculty of transforming himself into a devil, if he quite different, for Dimmesdale’s is a concealed sin. Thus concealed, the sin will only, for a reasonable space of time, under-take a devil’s office. When rankles in his heart, causing him increasing torment of conscience, and Hester meets him by the shore, she was shocked by his changes. “It was not making of Dimmesdale one of Hawthorne’s most interesting psychological so much that he had grown older; for though the traces of advancing life studies. The case is made more interesting and painful through irony of were visible, he bore his age well and seemed to retain a wiry vigor and Dimmesdale’s being a minister who weekly calls upon his congregation to alertness. But the former aspect of an intellectual and studious man, calm confess and openly repent of their sins, while knowing that he himself is and quiet, which was what she best remembered in him, had altogether incapable of doing so . In one of the longest pieces of dialogue in the book, vanished and been succeeded by an eager, searching, almost fierce, yet Dimmesdale and Chillingworth discuss concealed sin and its effect upon the carefully guarded look.” Chillingworth’s death is a result of the nature of his sinner. character. After Dimmesdale dies, Chillingworth no longer has a victim.

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Similarly, Dimmesdale’s revelation that he is Pearl’s father removes Hester

from the old man’s clutches. Having lost the objects of his revenge, the leech has no choice but to die.

His first sin was one against Nature, and Hester, and he committed it the day he married his young, passionate wife. He knew then that she did not love him, and that he was not the kind of man to make her a proper husband. He was not deliberately wronging anybody; there is pathos in his recollection (Chapter Ⅳ)

Far more grievous than that first offense is the sin which begins to take possession of Chillingworth from the moment when he first appears at the scaffold scene. Chillingworth’s is a classic case of that sin which Hawthorne had developed in such earlier stories as “Ethan Brand” and “Rappaccini’s Daughter,” and which he called the “unpardonable sin.” Briefly defined, this “unpardonable sin” is the subordination of the heart to the intellect. It occurs when one is willing to sacrifice his fellow man to gratify his own selfish interest. And, as displayed in Chillingworth, it involver a violation of those two Biblical injunctions “Judge not lest ye be judged” and “Vengeance is mine, saith in Lord.” Chillingworth does judge Dimmesdale, and he is so intent on securing vengeance that he spends his waking hours trying to destroy the minister. But, as is typical of the unpardonable sin, he in the process destroys himself. He tries to play God, and instead he makes of himself a devil. By Chapter Ⅸ, the change is apparent: “A large number…affirmed that Roger Chillingworth’s aspect had undergone a remarkable change while he had dwelt in town, and especially since his abode with Mr. Dimmisdale. At first his expression had been calm, meditative, scholar-like. Now, there was something ugly and evil in his face, which they, had not previously noticed, and which grew still the more obvious to sight the oftener they looked upon him.. ” Chapter Ⅹ develops this idea more fully, as it shows the manner in which Chillingworth works on Dimmesdale while pretending to be his friend and physician. And by Chapter ⅩⅣ the transformation into a devil appears to have been completed.

Chillingworth is aware of what has happened, and he says to Hester: “Dost thou remember me? Was I not, though you might deem me cold, nevertheless a man thoughtful for others, craving little for himself, -kind, true, just, and of constant, if not warm affections?… I have already told thee what I am! A fiend! Who made me so? ”Chillingworth intends that question as rhetorical, implying that Dimmesdale is the one responsible. Hester, however, immediately accepts the blame herself. But for Hawthorne, and for the reader, neither of those answers will so. Chillingworth must assume the responsibility for having destroyed himself. It is he who has sacrificed his human sympathies in his desire for revenge. The point is made specifically in Chapter ⅩⅦ, when Dimmesdale says to Hester: “We are mot, Hester, the worst simmers in the world. There is one worse than even the polluted priest! Tat old man’s revenge has been blacker than my sin. He has violated, in cold blood, the sanctity of a human heart. Thou and I, Hester, never did so!” In the concluding chapter, when Hawthorne speaks of Chillingworth’s withering up and shriveling away, he makes it plain that the physician’s fate was the most horrible of the three, because his sin was the blackest.

2.4 Pearl

Hester’s daughter, Pearl, functions primarily as a symbol. She is quite young during most of the events of this novel—when Dimmesdale dies she is only seven years old. The fullest description of her comes in Chapter Ⅵ which how her at the age of three. There we learn that she possessed a “rich and luxuriant beauty; a beauty that shone with deep and vivid tints; a bright complexion, eyes possessing intensity both of depth and glow, and hair already of a deep, glossy brown and which, in after years, would be nearly akin to black.” We learn further that she had a “perfect shape,” “vigor,” “natural dexterity,” and “a native grace.” and that in public she was usually dressed in “gorgeous robes which might have extinguished a paler loveliness.” This is not a very detailed picture Hawthorne has provided. But if he is rather vague about her physical appearance, he goes to great lengths to convey her personality. She is intelligent, imaginative, inquisitive, determined, at times obstinate. She is a baffling mixture of strong moods , given to uncontrolled laughter at one moment and sullen silence the next, with a fierce temper and a capacity for the “bitterest hatred that can be

supposed to rankle in a childish bosom.” So unusual is her behavior that she is often referred to in such terms as “elf-child,” “imp,” or “airy sprite”; Governor Bellingham likens her to the “children of the Lord of Misrule,” and some of the puritans hold that she is a “demon offspring.”

One may perhaps attribute much of Pearl’s strangeness to a combination of her exceptional quickness of mind and the abnormal environment, in which she is reared, with only her mother as a companion. and her real importance lies in her ability to provoke the adult characters in the book. She asks them pointed questions and draws their attention, and the reader’s, to the denied or overlooked truths of the adult world. But certainly there is something other-worldly about her, until the events of Chapter ⅩⅩⅢ bring her fully into the world of humanity. This is part of Hawthorne’s design. He is not attempting to develop realistically a normal litter girl. Throughout the book be is, rather, using Pearl as a symbol; and as a symbol she is one of his most remarkable creations.

Pearl makes us constantly aware of her mother’s scarlet letter and of the society that produced it. From an early age, she fixates on the emblem. Pearl’s innocent, or perhaps intuitive, comments about the letter raise crucial questions about its meaning. Similarly, she inquires about the relationships between those around her—most important, the relationship between Hester and Dimmesdale—and offers perceptive critiques of them. Pearl provides the text’s harshest, and most penetrating, judgment of Dimmesdale’s failure to admit to his adultery. Once her father’s identity is revealed, Pearl is no longer needed in this symbolic capacity; at Dimmesdale’s death she becomes fully “human,” leaving behind her otherworldliness and her preternatural vision.

Ⅲ. Conclusion

After reading the novel, we quickly formed an impression of them, and the impression is likely to remain on his mind for a long while. So vividly are the characters portrayed that Hester, Dimmesdale, Chillingworthn and Pearl have all joined the ranks of fictitious persons known well throughout the world, and as I have said above, he always concentrate on the reader’s attention focused on the idea which that character represents. And certainly it is with the idea that Hawthorne is primarily concerned.

The thing which unites the four principal characters of this book is the sin identified by the scarlet A, which has a great effect on the lives of all of them. The thing which separates the four is the difference in the ways in which they are affected. Despite its title, this is obviously not a book about adultery, or even really about sin. It is a book about the effects of sin on those whom it touches. It tells more about men’s souls than about their actions. The best way to appreciate the characters and their functions in the novel is to study their relation to the central sin and the manner in which that sin lays bare their souls.

It also might be argued that Hawthorne’s failure to describe in detail the general mode of life results from the fact that his four characters are more or less isolated from the community, and hence he has little occasion to treat the details of community life. But , although Hester and Pearl spend seven years quite closely confined to their little cottage, the reader sees not one article of furniture, book, curtain, ornament, or dish inside that house.

Bibliography：

[1]Ross,C. 1991.The Scarlet Letter. Bed Book’s of St . Martin’s Press.

[2]楼光庆，屠蓓.美国文学名著简介[Μ].外语教学与研究出版社，1986. [3]张冲.新编美国文学史，第一卷[Μ].上海外语教育出版社，2000. [4]侍桁译.红字[Μ].上海译文出版社，1981.

[5]Wagenkness.1989. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The man, his tale and romances[Μ]. Continmum New York.

[6]徐德玉.人性的善恶[J].佳木斯大学学报，2004（9）.

[7]谭小平.霍桑《红字》的主题与人物探析[J].零凌学院学报，2003（4）. [8]桂扬清，吴翔林.英美文学选读[Μ].中国对外翻译出版社，1985.

作者简介：梁汉平（1967-），男，广西梧州师范高等专科学校外语系讲师，

硕士，研究方向：语言学、教学论。

收稿日期：2005-10-9

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有个红字用什么英文名好篇三
《《红字》英文介绍》

有个红字用什么英文名好篇四
《红字 英文 象征》

科技信息○职校论坛○SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGYINFORMATION2008年第30期

TheSymbolicMeaningsoftheForestinTheScarletLetterbyNathanielHawthorn

XuZhiyun

(HuaiyinVocationalandTechnicalHealthSchool

223300)

【Abstract】ThesymbolsinHawthorne’smasterpieceTheScarletLetterhavethecharacteristicsofindefinitenessandmulti-sense.Each

characterbringsoutadifferentsideoftheforest,howevertheforestalsobringsoutadifferentsideineachcharacter.Theforestreflectsmulti-dimension.Theimageof"woods"or“forest”inTheScarletLettermanifestsHorthorne'sunderstandingandexploringofthehumannature.Theforestmaystandforindividualfreedom,innocence,truth,dangerandevilaswell.

【Keywords】symbols;thescarletletter“A”;theforest,;thehumannature

AsseenintheepicstoryWizardofAussie,theforestrepresentsaplaceofevilanddelight,butintheScarletLettertheforestsymbolizesmuchmorethanthat.Eachcharacterbringsoutadifferentsideoftheforest,howevertheforestalsobringsoutadifferentsideineachcharacter.Forsometheforestmaybeaplaceofsinisterthoughtsandwrongdoing,butforothersitisaplaceofhappinessandfreedom.

"Thepathstrangledonwardintothemysteryoftheprimevalforest"(179).ThissentencedisplaysjustoneofthemultiplepersonalitiesthattheforestsymbolizesinTheScarletLetterwrittenbyNathanielHawthorn.

Thefirstencounterwiththeforestthatwehavesymbolizesjustsomeoftheevilthatlingerswithinthedarknessoftheforest.AsHesterandPearlareleavinggovernorBellinghamsestatetheyareconfrontedbymistressHibbinswhoexplainsthatthewitchesaremeetingintheforest,andshetheninvitesHestertobecomemoredeeplyinvolvedwithherevilways."Wiltthougowithustonight"(113)askedmistressHibbins,yetHesterrefusedtosignhernameintheblackman’sbookonthatnight.SheexplainsthattheonlyreasonshedoesnotsignisbecausePearlisstillinherlife.Atthistimetheforestitselfisaopendoortoanotherworld,awickedworldthatwouldtakeherawayfromherpresentsituation,butthatisnottheonlydoorthattheforestholds.

TheforestisanopendoortoloveandfreedomforbothHesterandDimmesdale.Itisaplacewheretheletterontheirbodiescannolongerhaveaneffectonthemiftheychoose.Aworldruledbynatureandgovernedbynaturallawasopposedtotheartificialstrictcommunitywithitsman-madepuritanlaws.It’sasiftheforestrepresentsakeytotheshacklestheHesterandDimmesdalehavebeenforcedtowear,allthattheyhavetodoisunlockit.Althoughiftheychoosenottounlockthem,theybegintodwellonthethingsthattheyhavedonetodeservetheshackles.Inthistheforestrepresentsathingoftruth,whetheritbegoodorbad.

Inpearlseyestheforesthasatotallydifferentconcept.ToPearltheforestislikeabestfriend.Ittreatsherasifshewereoneofitsown.Theanimalsdonotrunawayatherevermove,insteadtheycometoherwithopenarms.Thelightischasinghernomatterwhereshegoes.Sheisabletorunandplayfreelytoherinnocentheartscontent.Shecandothatbecauseherheartisinnocentandtheforestrecognizesthat.

Whenreadingthisbookyoucanlookdeeperintotheforestandfindmorepowerfulsymbolsinside.Thesunlightisoneofthemostobviousofthemall.WhilePearlplaysintheforestthesunlightseemstofindhernomatterwheresheisstanding.AtthesametimeitwillnotcastasingleglimmeroflightontoHester,untilsheremovesherscarletletter.Thenatthatpointthesunbreaksthroughthedensetreesandgazesuponher.Thelightisasymbolofpurityandtruth.ItdoesnotshineonHesterwhenshehastheletterbecausetheletteritselfisnotpure,eventhougheverythingunderneaththeletterhasbecomepurethroughtheyears.

TheBrookethatrunsthroughtheforestisalsofullofsymbolism.AtonepointofthestorytheBrookerepresentsawall."Thenstrangechild,whydoesthounotcometome?"(205)asksHester.SheexplainsthatshewillnotcrosstheBrookebecausesheHesterisnotwearingherletter.ToDimmesdaletheBrookethenbecomesaboundarybetweentwoworlds,aworldofpeaceandfreedomandaworldofliesandguilt.Brookeisalsoknowntosymbolizeonemorethingthroughouttheentirestory.ItisoftensuggestivethattheBrookeoftenrepresentspearl.OnereasonisbecausetheBrookehasanunknownsource,Pearlalsohasanunknownsource,meaningthatmostpeopledon'tknowwheretheBrookeorPearlcamefrom.OnemoresimilaritybetweenthetwoisthattheBrookeiswoventhroughadarkandoftenevilforest,yetthewaterdoesnotstoptraveling.Pearlisintheexactsamesituation.Throughoutherholelifeshehasbeenunwillinglywovenintotheevilandsorrowthehermotherdealswith.SojustastheBrookeshekeepsongoing.AsyouhaveseenthereisafountainofsymbolismintheScarletLetter.Theforestisoneofthemostsymbolizedobjectsintheentirestory.Itisonethingthatcanbringjoy,sorrow,freedom,andeviltoyourlife,butmostofalltheforestbringsyoutruth.Onceyouwalkintotheforestliesnolongerexist.Inthedeep,darkportionsoftheforest,manyofthepivotalcharactersbringforthhiddenthoughtsandemotions.Theforesttrackleadsawayfromthesettlementoutintothewildernesswhereallsinmandatesoflawandreligion,toarefugewheremen,aswellaswomen,canopenupandbethemselves.ItisherethatDimmesdaleopenlyacknowledgesHesterandhisundyingloveforher.ItisalsoherethatthetwoofthemcanopenlyengageinconversationwithoutbeingpreoccupiedwiththeconstraintsthatPuritansocietyplaceonthem.Thisisshownineveryexamplegiven,thatthetruthcomesoutintheforestwhatever.Maybethatiswhythesecharactersgototheforest,becauseitistheonlyplacetruthexists.

AfterHesterisreleasedfromprison,shefindsacottageinthewoods,neartheoutskirtsofthecity.Herchoiceofhabitationiscrucialtothesymbolismwithinthenovel.Theforestrepresentslove,orthewildernesswherethestrictmoralsofthePuritancommunitycannotapply.Thus,whenHestermakesherhomeontheoutskirtsofthecity,directlyontheedgeofthewoods,sheisputtingherselfinaplaceoflimbobetweenthemoralandtheimmoraluniverses.ThisisimportantbecauseitshowsthatHesterdoesnotliveunderthestrictPuritanicalmoralcode,butrathertriestoliveinbothworldssimultaneously.HawthorneusestheforesttoprovideakindofshelterformembersofsocietyinneedofarefugefromdailyPuritanlife.

Conclusion

"TheScarletLetter"byNathanielHawthorneisfullofmanydifferentthemes,symbols,ironies,andconflicts.Alloftheseaspectsarecrucialtotheconstructionanddramatizationoftheplot.Inliterature,symbolismisthedeepnessandhiddenmeaningbehindthestory.SymbolismplaysamajorroleindevelopingthethemesofHawthorne's"TheScarletLetter";symbolssuchastherosebushattheprison,Hester'sdaughterPearl,andtheScarletLetteritself,among（下转第253页）

科技信息○职校论坛○SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGYINFORMATION2008年第30期

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探讨篮球运动员拼抢篮板球的技术与方法

张力强

（黑龙江农垦职业学院体育教学部黑龙江

哈尔滨

150025）

【摘要】运用理论分析的方法，阐述队员冲抢篮板球的重要作用。技术是冲抢篮板球能力的核心，配合是冲抢篮板球能力的保障，基本功训练是冲抢篮板球能力的重要基础。

【关键词】篮板球；技术；配合；基本功训练

1．前言

在篮球运动中，篮板球是影响比赛胜负的重要因素之一。要想在比赛中抢得更多的篮板球，平时必须刻苦地训练，俗话说，表演看进攻，赢球靠防守，而抢篮板球则是进攻和防守两方面均要着重掌握的重点技能，是攻守转换的关键环节。当代篮球运动正沿着主体空间和高难度技战术方向发展，比赛双方进行高水平的全面对抗，比赛过程复杂多变，特别是势均力敌的比赛，控制篮板球成为极重要的环节。而出色控制篮板的一下重要因素，是运动员要有争抢篮板球的强烈意识。

2．抢篮板球的技术

抢篮板球是一项较复杂的技术。它是由抢占位置、起跳动作、空中抢球动作、获球后动作等四个环节组成。但以上四个环节的前提是建立在正确的判断和积极快速的起动基础上的。

抢篮板球技术是篮球运动中的一个重要技术部分，任何队员要想成为优秀的抢篮板球能手，必须具备以下几个特点；

2．1抢篮板球。必须具备勇猛顽强的作风和每投必抢的思想及行动准备意识是行动的前提，有争抢篮板球的意识，才有抢篮板球的行动。美国职业教练雷·乔治认为“抢篮板球75％取决于愿望，25％取决于能力”。足见培养强烈的争抢意识对提高争抢篮板球能力的积极作用。本文通过对我国篮球运动员的篮板球意识的研究及分析，为重视和培养篮球运动员的篮板球意识提出了有益的参考性建议。现代篮球运动高水平全面对抗，表现在争夺篮板球凶猛、身体接触频繁而激烈。怕顶撞、不敢身体接触的运动员抢不到篮板球。如果不敢与对手进行剧烈的身体对抗，任由对手随意抢位，就等于是把抢篮板球的有利位置和主动权让给对手，使对手获得抢篮板球的优势。

“两强相遇勇者胜”。首先是培养勇猛、顽强、敢拼敢抢的作风；另外，必须做好每投必抢的思想及行动准备，等到不中再去抢球，往往就比对方慢了半拍，失去极好的位置和时机。一个队员的身体技术水准再好，一旦缺乏这种每投必抢的意识，也难以取得抢篮板球的优势。

2．2抢占位置。正确判断、快速起动抢占有利位置是抢篮板球技术的关键。无论抢进攻篮板球还是抢防守篮板球，都应抢占对手与球篮之间的有利位置，力争把对手挡在身后。抢占位置时，应根据对手和投篮队员所处的位置，正确判断篮板球的反弹方向、距离，运用快速的脚步动作，抢占有利的位置。

2．3掌握篮板球反弹的基本规律。熟练掌握篮板球反弹的基本规律是迅速做出准确判断快速、及早抢占有利位置的前提。篮板球反弹的方向与投篮距离、角度、篮圈、篮板和球的弹力有密切关系。必须熟悉抢篮板球的规律，准确判断投篮不中球反弹的方向和落点，抢占有利位置，及时起跳。要养成每投必抢、外投内抢、左(右)投右(左)抢的良好习惯，增强抢篮板球的欲望和意识，才能取得主动权。投篮角度不同也影响反弹方向的变化，一般有三种情况：①在45度角投篮时，大多数球弹向对侧45度角左右，或反弹回同侧地区。②在中间地区投篮

时，绝大多数落在篮下正面。③在0度角投篮时，部分弹向对侧0度角，其他球反弹回同一地区或中间地带，投篮的弧度高，则球反弹也高，落点较近；投篮的弧度低，球反弹的弧度也低，球的落点较远。擦板投篮，反弹的力量小，球落点较近。如果篮板、篮圈和球的弹力大，则球反弹的距离远；反之，球反弹的距离近。

2．4增强“挡”和“冲”的意识。抢占有利位置是抢篮板球的关键环节。要想养成强烈的“挡”冲”意识，就要让队员深刻认识篮板球在比赛中的重要作用，懂得“谁赢得篮板球，谁将赢得胜利”的道理。对篮板球的重要性有了足够的认识，才能全力以赴地投入篮板球的拼抢中去。当投篮出手时，应力争抢占对手和篮板之间的有利位置，把对手挡在身后。如果抢不到内线位置，也应力争到对手侧面去。若已实被对手挡在身后，应力争用挑拨技术使球到有利于自己再起跳、抢获的位置上，抢防守篮板球关键是挡人．可利用前、后转身的方法，把对手挡在身后面，堵死进攻队员向篮下冲抢的路线，同时双臂屈肘张开，增加挡人的面积，防止对手挤进来。抢进攻篮板球关键在冲抢。由于进攻人身处外线，所以当投篮出手后，球在空中飞行时，就要判断球可能反弹方向，有利突然起动，插向防守人身前，或借助虚晃等假动作绕过防守人抢球。也可用后转身挤到防守人身侧，抢占有利位置。

3．抢篮板球的配合

篮球运动的发展趋势。已使篮下禁区成为双方攻防争夺最紧张、身体对抗最激烈的地方，篮板球的拼抢更是获取比赛胜利的关键，攻防双方都要对该环节予以高度的重视。在这种情况下，仅仅依靠运动员个人的身体条件、意识、技术，是难以在篮板球冲抢中处于优势地位的，只有运用战术配合的方式，依靠集体的力量和智慧，形成一个有机联系的整体，才能使个人能力得到充分发挥。在制定抢篮板球的配合时，要根据比赛的情况，双方的实力及本队队员的特点，布置好每个场上队员应控制的区域和得球后的战术衔接，在抢篮板球时用如下几种配合。

3．1内挡外抢的配合。通过内线队员的挡位，以便达到减弱对方高大队员抢篮板球的实力，为本队外线队员冲抢篮板球创造机会。

3．2外挡内抢的配合。外线队员挡住对方外线队员的冲抢，为本队内线队员创造抢篮板球的机会，特别是当在对方外线队员冲抢篮板球能力很强时，这种配合在比赛中尤为重要。

3．3内打外抢的配合。当本队内线队员抢篮板球的实力逊于对方或处于不利位置时，内线队员在争夺篮板球时，有目的地将球点拨给同伴，外线队员应及时快速去抢球。科

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【参考文献】

［1］薛天祥主编．研究生教育学，广西师范院校出版社，2001，162.［2］高鸦业．西方经济学EM3．北京；中国经济出版社，1996.［3］曼斯菲尔德．微观经济学［M］．第七版．纽约：诺顿公司，1991.

［责任编辑：韩铭］

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（上接第245页）manyothers.Hawthorneisskillfulattheusingof

（1）.

［3］张海蓉PsychoanalysisofPearl:ALacanianViewofPost-structuralismPsychoanalysis<<南京林业大学学报（人文社会科学版）>>2005年02期［4］陈福明《红字》象征意义的解构May2007,Volume5,No.5(SerialNo.41)

symbolisminhisworks.ThevarioususageofsymbolisminTheScarletLettermakesthenovelaworkoftheworld.科

【参考文献】

［1］黄立．梦中的迦南—关于《红字》中的森林意象[J].西南民族大学学报（人文社科版）,2003（11）.

［2］霍桑著.红字[M].熊玉鹏，姚乃强，译.北京：北京燕山出版社，2000.任晓晋，魏玲．《红字》中象征与原型的模糊性、多义性和矛盾性[J].外国文学研究，2000

Sino-USEnglishTeaching,ISSN1539-8072,USA

作者简介：徐指云，江苏省淮安市淮阴卫生高等职业技术学校英语组。

［责任编辑：张新雷］

有个红字用什么英文名好篇五
《英语专业毕业论文 《红字》赏析全英文》

浅析《红字》中象征主义手法的运用

Abstract

Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great romantic novelist in America in the 19th century. As a great romantic novelist, Hawthorne is outstanding in handling application of symbolism.

The Scarlet Letter is Hawthorne's most important symbolic novel, which is the best work of Hawthorne and one of the indubitable masterpieces of American Literature. And it is this novel that makes Nathaniel Hawthorne known all around the world. In this work, Hawthorne uses the symbolism so skillfully that it enhances the artistic effects of his work greatly. In The Scarlet Letter, symbolism runs through the whole novel. The most important symbol is the scarlet letter itself. Not only does “A” manifest in various forms, but also it has changing meanings from “adultery” to “able”, even “angelic” in the novel. Besides, the name of the four major characters in the novel: Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth and Pearl also have their own symbolic meanings. Some other objects and natural surroundings that are described in the novel such as the jail, the forest, the rose bush and so on are all endowed with a deep symbolic significance. The author of the thesis will explore the usage of symbolism in The Scarlet

Letter from the three aspects mentioned above and analyze Hawthorne’s skillful use of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter.

Key Words: the scarlet letter；symbolism；Hester Prynne；Pearl

摘 要

纳撒尼尔·霍桑是十九世纪美国伟大的浪漫主义小说家。作为一位伟大的浪漫主义小说家,霍桑对象征主义手法的运用可以说是独具匠心。

长篇小说《红字》是霍桑重要的象征主义代表作品，无疑也是美国文学浪漫主义时期最著名的作品之一。也正是这部巨著使得霍桑誉满全球。在这部作品中，作者巧妙运用了象征主义手法，加强了作品的艺术效果。整篇作品象征主义手法贯穿始终。其中，最重要的要数红字“A”本身的象征意义。它不仅以各种各样的形式出现，并且其象征意义不断变化，从“通奸”到“有能力的”甚至“天使般的” 。此外，小说中四个主要角色：海丝特,丁梅斯代尔，齐灵沃斯,珠儿也都有其各自的象征意义。小说中描述的景物和场景，例如监狱、森林、玫瑰花园等等也都寓意深刻。本文正是从以上这几个方面着手，探究作者在小说《红字》中对象征主义手法的巧妙运用。

关键词: 红字；象征；海丝特·普琳；珍珠

Acknowledgements

This thesis is the product of the author and the supervisor's three months of efforts. It has been repeatedly revised under the guidance of Professor XXX. It was the joint efforts of both the author and the teachers in Foreign Languages Department. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Professor XXX and the teachers who have helped the author in the process of the thesis writing. I will also give my thanks to my classmates and friends who have helped me revise the thesis. Last but not least, I will give my heartfelt thanks to my parents who have been always supporting and encouraging me.

Contents

Introduction 5

1 Various Symbolic Meanings of the Scarlet Letter “A” 8

1.1 The Change of the Symbolic Meanings of the Scarlet Letter “A” 8

1.1.1 Adultery 9

1.1.2 Alone and Alienation 10

1.1.3 Able, Admirable and Angel 11

1.2 The Scarlet Letter and the Strictness of Puritan Society 12

2 The Symbolic Meaning of the Four Main Characters

2.1 Hester Prynne 13

2.2 Arthur Dimmesdale 15

2.3 Roger Chillingworth 16

2.4 Pearl 19

3 The Symbolic Meanings of the Objects in the Novel Conclusion 29

Bibliography 29

13 24

Introduction

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem in 1804. He was born in a prestigious New England family closely related with Puritan church; his ancestors attended the persecution of people belonging to different churches, such as Quakers. When he was born, his family declined. He was aware of his ancestors' misdeeds and thus "blackness of Hawthorne" formed. He thought that the reason of his family's decline is his ancestors' misdeeds. And he didn't agree with the optimism held by Transcendentalists towards human nature. He wrote lots of works on everlasting evil side in human nature

Hawthorne graduated from Bowdoin College. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Franklin Pierce, the 14th American presidents were his classmates. After graduation, he lived in seclusion and wrote. Later, he worked in the US Custom House. After Pierce became president, he was asked to be the consular in Liverpool and Italy.

Hawthorne's masterpiece includes his short story collections: Twice-Told Tales; Moses from an Old Manse and novels: The Scarlet Letter; The House of Seven Gables; The Blithedale Romance; The Marble Faun.

Hawthorne's writing skills can be summarized as follows:

有个红字用什么英文名好篇六
《红字的意义 英文哦》

交流园地

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张力

秦皇岛职业技术学院０６６０００

［Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ］ＡｓａｇｒｅａｔｒｏｍａｎｔｉｃｎｏｖｅｌｉｓｔｉｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｉｎ１９ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ，Ｈａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｗａｓｏｕｔｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｉｎｈａｎｄｌｉｎｇ

ｔｈｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｓｍ．ＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒｉｓＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅ’ｓｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｎｏｖｅｌ，ｗｈｉｃｈｓｔａｎｄｓａｓｔｈｅｂｅｓｔｗｏｒｋｏｆＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅａｎｄｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｄｕｂｉｔａｂｌｅｍａｓｔｅｒｐｉｅｃｅｓｏｆＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．Ｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｓｉｓａｉｍｓａｔｔｈｅｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｕｓａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｓｍｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ．Ｉｔｍａｉｎｌｙｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓｔｈｅｄｅｅｐｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ａｎｄｔｈｅｌｉｔｔｌｅｐｅａｒｌ．Ｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｉｓｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｒａｌｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ．Ｉｔｓｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｍｅａｎｉｎｇｃｈａｎｇｅｓｆｒｏｍ‘ａｄｕｌｔｅｒｙ’ｔｏ‘ａｂｌｅ’，ｅｖｅｎ‘ａｎｇｅｌｉｃ’ｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ．Ｉｔａｌｓｏｅｘａｍｉｎｅｓｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｍｅａｎ－ｉｎｇｓｏｆｌｉｔｔｌｅＰｅａｒｌａｎｄｓｏｍｅｔｙｐｉｃａｌｎａｔｕｒａｌｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇｓｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｅｊａｉｌ，ｔｈｅｆｏｒｅｓｔ，ｔｈｅｒｏｓｅｂｕｓｈａｎｄｓｏｏｎ．

［Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ］ＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒ；Ｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｓｍ；Ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ

Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ

ＴｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｗｒｉｔｔｅｎｂｙＮａｔｈａｎｉｅｌＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｗａｓｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎ１８５０．ＢａｓｅｄｏｎａｔｈｅｍｅｔｈａｔａｐｐｅａｒｓｉｎＥｎｄｉｃｏｔｔａｎｄｔｈｅＲｅｄＧｒｏｓｓ．ＴｈｉｓｓｏｍｂｅｒｒｏｍａｎｃｅｏｆｃｏｎｓｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｃｏｎｃｅａｌｅｄｇｕｉｌｔｉｓｓｅｔｉｎｐｕｒｉｔａｎＢｏｓｔｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｍｉｄ－１７ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ．Ｔｈｅｓｔｏｒｙｉｓｓｉｍｐｌｅｂｕｔｖｅｒｙｍｏｖｉｎｇ．ＡｎａｇｅｄＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｓｃｈｏｌａｒｓｅｎｔｈｉｓｙｏｕｎｇｗｉｆｅＨｅｓｔｅｒＰｒｙｎｎｅｔｏｅｓ－ｔａｂｌｉｓｈｔｈｅｉｒｈｏｍｅｉｎＢｏｓｔｏｎ．Ｗｈｅｎｈｅｃａｍｅｏｖｅｒｔｗｏｙｅａｒｓｌａｔｅｒ，ｈｅｆｏｕｎｄＨｅｓｔｅｒｉｎｔｈｅｐｉｌｌｏｒｙｗｉｔｈｈｅｒｉｌｌｅｇｉｔｉｍａｔｅｃｈｉｌｄｉｎｈｅｒａｒｍｓ．Ｓｈｅｒｅ－ｆｕｓｅｄｔｏｎａｍｅｈｅｒｌｏｖｅｒａｎｄｗａｓｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｄｔｏｗｅａｒａｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ａｓａｔｏｋｅｎｏｆｈｅｒｓｉｎｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔｈｅｒｌｉｆｅｔｉｍｅ．ＭｉｎｉｓｔｅｒＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅ，ｔｈｅａｄｕｌｔｅｒｅｒｄａｒｅｎｏｔａｄｍｉｔｏｐｅｎｌｙｔｈｅｓｉｎｈｅｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｄｂｕｔｗａｓｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｌｙｔｏｒｔｕｒｅｄｂｙａｓｅｎｓｅｏｆｇｕｉｌｔ．ＤｏｃｔｏｒＣｈｉｌｌｉｎｇｗｏｒｔｈ，Ｈｅｓｔｅｒ’ｓＨｕｓｂａｎｄ，ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｗｈｏｗａｓｔｈｅａｄｕｌｔｅｒｅｒａｎｄｍａｄｅｕｐａｃｒｕｅｌｐｌａｎｏｆｒｅｖｅｎｇｅ–ｔｏｔｏｒｔｕｒｅｔｈｅＭｉｎｉｎｓｔｅｒｍｅｎｔａｌｌｙｔｉｌｌｈｉｓｄｅａｔｈ．

Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｊｕｓｔａｓａｌｏｖｅｔｒａｇｅｄｙ，ｏｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒａｒｙ，ｈｅｐｕｔｓｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓｉｎｔｏａｐｅｃｕｌｉａｒｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄ－ｉｎｇａｎｄｅｎｔｒｕｓｔｓｔｈｅｍｗｉｔｈａｓｐｅｃｉａｌｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ

ＩｎＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒ，ｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｓｍｒｕｎｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ，ｉｔｒｅｖｏｌｖｅｓａｒｏｕｎｄｏｎｅｍａｊｏｒｓｙｍｂｏｌ：ｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”．Ａｔｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｉｔｓｙｍ－

，ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｗｈｅｎＨｅｓｔｅｒｂｏｌｉｚｅｓｔｈｅｓｉｎｏｆＨｅｓｔｅｒ–‘ａｄｕｌｔｅｒｙ’

ｉｓａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ，ｉｔｓｔａｎｄｓｆｏｒＨｅｓｔｅｒ’ｓｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅａｎｄｈａｒｄｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ–‘ａｂｌｅ’．ＡｔｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｈａｓｅｖｏｌｖｅｄｔｏｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｖｉｒｔｕｅｓｏｆＨｅｓｔｅｒＰｒｙｎｎｅ–‘ａｎｇｅｌｉｃ’．

Ｍｏｒｅｏｖｅｒ，ｔｈｅｎａｍｅｏｆｔｈｅｌｉｔｔｌｅＰｅａｒｌａｌｓｏｈａｓｃｅｒｔａｉｎｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ．

Ｔｈｅｎａｔｕｒａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌａｒｅａｌｌｅｎｄｏｗｅｄｗｉｔｈａｄｅｅｐｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ．Ｉｎｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｅ，ｔｈｅｐａｐｅｒｉｓｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｒｅｅｐａｒｔｓｔｏｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｓｍｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ．Ｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｐａｒｔｍａｉｎ－

；ｔｈｅｓｅｃ－ｌｙｔａｌｋｓａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”

ｏｎｄｐａｒｔｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｏｆｌｉｔｔｌｅＰｅａｒｌｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｓｈｅｉｓｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄａｓｔｈｅｌｉｖｉｎｇｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｉｎｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｓｔｏｒｙ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄｐａｒｔ，ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｔｙｐｉｃａｌｎａｔｕｒａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ，ｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｅｌｉｇｈｔａｎｄｄａｒｋｎｅｓｓ，ｔｈｅｆｏｒｅｓｔ，ｔｈｅｊａｉｌ，ｔｈｅｒｏｓｅｂｕｓｈ，ａｒｅｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄｔｏｒｅｖｅａｌｔｈｅｉｒｄｅｅｐｌｙｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ．

ＰａｒｔＩＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”

ＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒｄｒｅｗｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｆｒｏｍａＢｏｓｔｏｎｌｏｖｅｔｒａｇｅｄｙｄｕｒ－ｉｎｇｔｈｅｍｉｄ－１７ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ．ＡｔｔｈａｔｔｉｍｅｐｕｒｉｔａｎｉｃａｌｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｗａｓｓｐｒｅａｄａｌｌａｒｏｕｎｄＮｅｗＥｎｇｌａｎｄ．Ｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｂｅｇｉｎｓｗｉｔｈｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｓｏｆａｐｒｉｓｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｉｒｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｐｒｉｓｏｎｉｓｒｕｓｔｉｎｇｗｈｉｃｈｃｒｅａｔｅｓａｎｏｖｅｒａｌｌａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅｏｆｄｅｃａｙ．Ａｒｏｓｅｂｕｓｈｓｔａｎｄｓｉｎｆｕｌｌｂｌｏｏｍｎｅａｒｔｈｅｄｏｏｒｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｉｓｏｎ．Ｌｅａｄ－ｉｎｇｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒＨｅｓｔｅｒＰｒｙｎｎｅｃｏｍｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｓｔａｇｅｗｉｔｈａｃｈｉｌｄｉｎｈｅｒａｒｍｓ四﹑结语

钱学森院士不仅是忠贞的爱国主义者，而且是创建“中国社会主义建设科学”的科学思想家。他的思想具有和以往一些思想家不同的特点，主要表现为：一、全面性，即思想的内容涉及科学技术的整体、上层建筑与经济基础、生产力与生产关系，而不是只针对上层建筑某些问题或生产关系中的某些障碍；二、人民性，即思想的方向是服务于全体人民，而不是只为某个阶级或某个阶层；三、前瞻性，即他提出的很多重要思想观点都具有超前性、预见性，具有引领作用，而不是仅针对当前存在的问题；四、普及性，即其思想观点涉及科学、技术、文化、经济、政治、军事等等事业，与不同职业、不同职务层次、不同文

ａｎｄａｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ｗｅａｒｉｎｇｏｎｈｅｒｂｒｅａｓｔ．Ｔｈｅｓｔｏｒｙｉｓｓｐｒｅａｄａｒｏｕｎｄ

ｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”．

Ｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｂｅｇｉｎｓａｎｄｅｎｄｓｂｏｔｈｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ｗｉｔｈａｍｂｉｇｕｏｕｓｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ，ｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ａｐｐｅａｒｓｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｆｏｒｍｓａｎｄｍｅａｎｉｎｇ．Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｃｏｍｅｔｈｅｓｐｉｒｉｔｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｔｈａｔｂｕｉｌｄｓｕｐｔｈｅｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋａｎｄｌａｕｎｃｈｅｓａｃｌｏｓｅｌｉｎｋｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ－ｓｈｉｐｓ．ＴｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｏｐｅｎｓｗｉｔｈＨｅｓｔｅｒｂｅｉｎｇｌｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｓｃａｆｆｏｌｄｗｈｅｒｅｓｈｅｉｓｐｕｂｌｉｃｌｙｓｈａｍｅｄｆｏｒｈａｖｉｎｇｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｄａｄｕｌｔｅｒｙ．ＡｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅＣａｌｖｉｎ－ｉｓｔｉｃＣａｎｏｎ，Ｈｅｓｔｅｒｗａｓｐｕｔｉｎｔｏｐｒｉｓｏｎｆｏｒｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｉｎｇａｄｕｌｔｅｒｙ．Ｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ｗｏｒｎｏｎＨｅｓｔｅｒ’ｓｂｏｓｏｍｉｓａｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆｈｅｒａｄｕｌｔｅｒｙａｇａｉｎｓｔｈｅｒｈｕｓｂａｎｄＲｏｇｅｒＣｈｉｌｌｉｎｇｗｏｒｔｈ．ＴｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒｉｓｍｅａｎｔｔｏｂｅｗｏｒｎｉｎｓｈａｍｅａｎｄｍａｋｅＨｅｓｔｅｒｆｅｅｌｇｕｉｌｔｙ．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｅｎｓｅｉｔｉｓａｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆｕｎｊｕｓｔｈｕｍｉｌｉ－ａｔｉｏｎ．

Ｓｈｅｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｃｏｍｅｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｓｙｍｂｏｌａｔｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｐｒｅａｃｈｅｒａｎｄｍｏｒａｌｉｓｔｍｉｇｈｔｐｏｉｎｔａｎｄｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｙｍｉｇｈｔｖｉｖｉｆｙａｎｄｅｍｂｏｄｙｔｈｅｉｒｉｍ－

ｓｆｒａｉｌｔｙａｎｄｓｉｎｆｕｌｐａｓｓｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｕｓｔｈｅｙｏｕｎｇａｎｄｐｕｒｅａｇｅｓｏｆｗｏｍａｎ’

ｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｔａｕｇｈｔｔｏｌｏｏｋａｔｈｅｒ，ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｆｌａｍｉｎｇｏｎｈｅｒｂｒｅａｓｔ－－－ａｔｈｅｒ，ｔｈｅｃｈｉｌｄｏｆｈｏｎｏｒａｂｌｅｐａｒｅｎｔｓ，－－－ａｔｈｅｒ，ｗｈｏｈａｓｏｎｃｅｂｅｅｎｉｎｎｏｃｅｎｔ，－－－ａｓｔｈｅｆｉｇｕｒｅ，ｔｈｅｂｏｄｙ，ｔｈｅｒｅａｌｉｔｙｏｆｓｉｎ．Ａｎｄｏｖｅｒｈｅｒｇｒａｖｅ，ｔｈｅｉｎｆａｎｃｙｔｈａｔｓｈｅｍｕｓｔｃａｒｒｙｔｈｉｔｈｅｒｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｈｅｒｏｎｌｙｍｏｎｕ－ｍｅｎｔ．？１？

ｓｓｉｎｉｓｔｈｅｏｒｉｇｉ－ＩｔｉｓａｌｓｏａｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆＡｄａｍ．ＩｔｔｅｌｌｓｕｓｔｈａｔＨｅｓｔｅｒ’

ｎａｌｓｉｎｏｆｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇ，ａｎｄｉｔｉｓｕｎｆｏｒｇｉｖａｂｌｅ．Ｈｅｓｔｅｒ’ｓｍａｋｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｃａｒ－ｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ｉｎｔｏａｔｈｉｎｇｏｆｂｅａｕｔｙｏｆｆｅｎｄｓｍａｎｙｂｙｓｔａｎｄｅｒｓ．Ｔｈｅｙｃｏｍ－

ｓｒｉｃｈｇｏｗｎｏｆｆｈｅｒｐｌａｉｎｔｈａｔ“ＩｔｗｅｒｅｗｅｌｌｉｆｗｅｓｔｒｉｐｐｅｄｍａｄａｍＨｅｓｔｅｒ’

ｄａｉｎｔｙｓｈｏｕｌｄｅｒｓ．”？６？Ｔｈｅｓｏｃｉｅｔｙｉｓｔｏｏｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｎｉｔｓｗａｙｓ，ａｎｄＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｓｈｏｗｓｈｉｓｃｏｎｔｅｍｐｔｆｏｒｔｈｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＨｅｓｔｅｒｂｙｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｌｙｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｉｎｇｈｏｗｃｒｕｅｌｌｙｔｈｅｐｅｏｐｌｅａｒｅｔａｌｋｉｎｇａｂｏｕｔｈｅｒ．Ｈａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｓａｙｓａｔｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１：

Ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｉｔ（ｒｏｓｅｂｕｓｈ）ｓｏｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙｏｎｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｓｈｏｌｄｏｆｏｕｒｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｎｏｗａｂｏｕｔｔｏｉｓｓｕｅｆｒｏｍｔｈａｔｉｎａｕｓｐｉｃｉｏｕｓｐｏｒｔａｌ，ｗｅｃｏｕｌｄｈａｒｄｌｙｄｏｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅｗｈｅｎｐｌｕｃｋｏｎｅｏｆｉｔｓｆｌｏｗｅｒｓ，ａｎｄｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｔｔｏｔｈｅｒｅａｄｅｒ．Ｉｔｍａｙｓｅｒｖｅ，ｌｅｔｕｓｈｏｐｅ，ｔｏｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｚｅｓｏｍｅｓｗｅａｔｍｏｒａｌｂｌｏｓｓｏｍ，ｔｈａｔｍａｙｂｅｆｏｕｎｄａｌｏｎｅｔｈｅｔｒａｃｋ，ｏｒｒｅｌｉｅｖｅｔｈｅｄａｒｋｅｎｉｎｇａｌｏｎｅｔｈｅｔｒａｃｋ，ｏｒｒｅｌｉｅｖｅｔｈｅｄａｒｋｅｎｉｎｇｃｌｏｓｅｏｆａｔａｌｅｏｆｈｕｍａｎｆｒａｉｌｔｙａｎｄｓｏｒｒｏｗ．（７）

Ｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｉｓａｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆａｌｉｅｎａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｏｏ．Ａｆｔｅｒｓｈｅｉｓｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄ，Ｈｅｓｔｅｒｌｉｖｅｓｉｎａｃｏｔｔａｇｅｎｅａｒｔｈｅｏｕｔｓｋｉｒｔｓｏｆｃｉｔｙ．“Ｉｔｈａｄｂｅｅｎｂｕｉｌｔｂｙａｎｅａｒｌｉｅｒｓｅｔｔｌｅｒａｎｄａｂａｎｄｏｎｅｄ．Ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｓｏｉｌａｂｏｕｔｉｔｗａｓｔｏｏｓｔｅｒｉｌｅｆｏｒｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｉｌｅａｌｒｅａｄｙｍａｒｋｅｄｔｈｅｈａｂｉｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｅｍｉｇｒａｎｔｓ．”（２）Ｓｈｅｉｓｃｕｔｏｆｆｓｏｃｉａｌｌｙｆｒｏｍｓｏｃｉｅｔｙａｎｄｍａｎｙｐｅｏｐｌｅｔｒｅａｔｈｅｒｂａｄｌｙｂｙｓｎｅｅｒ－化水平的人（包括各级干部与公务员，各层次的专家学者以至大中学生）有关，人们都可根据各自的情况加以运用，可谓雅俗共享，而不是只有社会领袖人物、少数专家学者才能运用。［８］

参考文献：

《社会工程哲学引论》人民出版社第９３﹑［１］［３］［５］［６］田鹏颖１３０﹑１３５﹑１３８﹑１５０页．《开放社会及其敌人》第一卷，中国社会科学出版社，第５０页。［２］

《经济学动态》，１９８９年，第［４］钱学森＜关于在国民经济中运用社会工程方法的设想和建议＞

９期

［７］于景元＜系统工程的应用和发展＞中国学术论文集．

［８］林毓铸＜刍议钱学森科学思想的结构框架和普及应用＞西安交通大学学报２００６年４期

１８６

ｉｎｇａｔｈｅｒｉｎｐｕｂｌｉｃ．Ｈｅｓｔｅｒ’ｓｓｏｃｉａｌｌｉｆｅｉｓｉｎｆａｃｔｅｌｉｍｉｎａｔｅｄａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｈｅｒｓｈａｍｅｆｕｌｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ．Ｈｅｓｔｅｒｃｏｍｅｓｔｏｈａｖｅａｐａｒｔｔｏｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｗｉｔｈｈｅｒｉｎｎａｔｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ：

Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｔｈｅｒｅｗａｓｎｏｔｈｉｎｇｔｈａｔｍａｄｅｈｅｒｆｅｅｌａｓｉｆｃｏｕｇｈｅｄｔｏｉｔ．Ｅｖｅｒｙｇｅｓｔｕｒｅ，ｅｖｅｒｙｗｏｒｌｄ，ａｎｄｅｖｅｎｔｈｅｓｉｌｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｏｓｅｗｉｔｈｗｈｏｍｓｈｅｃａｍｅｔｏｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｉｍｐｌｉｅｄａｎｄｏｆｔｅｎｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｅｄｔｈａｔｓｈｅｉｎｈａｂｉｔｅｄａｎｏｔｈｅｒｓｐｈｅｒｅｂｙｏｔｈｅｒｏｒｇａｎｓａｎｄｓｅｎｓｅｓｔｈａｎｔｈｅｒｅｓｔｏｆｈｕｍａｎｋｉｎｄ．Ｓｈｅｓｔｏｏｄａｐａｒｔｆｒｏｍｍｏｒｔａｌｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓ……Ｓｅｅｍｅｄｔｏｂｅｔｈｅｓｏｌｅｐｏｒｔｉｏｎｔｈａｔｓｈｅｒｅｔａｉｎｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌｈｅａｒｔ．（３）

ＨｅｓｔｅｒｈａｓｎｏｆｒｉｅｎｄｓｅｘｃｅｐｔｈｅｒｌｉｔｔｌｅＰｅａｒｌ．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｅｎｓｅｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒ

“Ａ”ａｌｓｏｍｅａｎｓａｌｏｎｅａｎｄａｌｉｅｎａｔｉｏｎ．Ｈｅｓｔｅｒｉｓｓｋｉｌｌｆｕｌｉｎｎｅｅｄｌｅｗｏｒｋ．Ｈｅｒｓｋｉｌｌｆｉｒｓｔｓｈｏｗｓｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｎｅｗａｙｔｈａｔｓｈｅｄｉｓｐｌａｙｓｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ．Ｓｈｅｓｔｉｔｃｈｅｓａｌａｒｇｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔ“Ａ”ｏｎｈｅｒｄｒｅｓｓｗｉｔｈｇｏｌｄｅｎｔｈｒｅａｄ，ｇｉｖｉｎｇｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒａｎａｉｒｏｆｅｌｅｇａｎｃｅ，ａｎｄｈｅｒｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔｎｅｅｄｌｅｗｏｒｋｆｏｒｔｈｅｒｉｃｈａｌ－ｌｏｗｓｈｅｒｔｏｍａｉｎｔａｉｎａｍｅａｎｌｉｆｅ．Ｅｖｅｎｔｈｏｕｇｈ，ｓｈｅｔｒｉｅｓｈｅｒｂｅｓｔｔｏｈｅｌｐｔｈｅｐｏｏｒａｎｄｔｈｅｓｉｃｋ．Ｔｈｅｔｏｗｎｓｐｅｏｐｌｅｗｈｏｃｏｎｄｅｍｎｅｄｈｅｒｎｏｗｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｓｔａｎｄｓｆｏｒｈｅｒａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｄｏｉｎｇｔｈｉｎｇｓ，ａｎｄｈｅｒｕｎｓｅｌｆｉｓｈａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｔｏｔｈｅｐｏｏｒａｎｄｓｉｃｋ．

Ｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒｗａｓｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆｈｅｒｃａｌｌｉｎｇｓｕｃｈｈｅｌｐｆｕｌｎｅｓｓｗａｓｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｈｅｒ，―ｓｏｍｕｃｈｐｏｗｅｒｔｏｄｏ，ａｎｄｐｏｗｅｒｔｏｄｏ，ａｎｄｐｏｗｅｒｔｏｓｙｍ－ｐａｔｈｉｚｅ，―ｔｈａｔｍａｎｙｐｅｏｐｌｅｒｅｆｕｓｅｄｔｏｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔ“Ａ”ｂｙｉｔｓｏ－ｒｉｇｉｎａｌｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．（４）

ＧｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｐｅｏｐｌｅｂｅｇｉｎｔｏｒｅｇａｒｄＨｅｓｔｅｒａｓａｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｏｕｓ，ｋｉｎｄ－ｈｅａｒｔｅｄａｎｄａｂｌｅｗｏｍａｎ．ＡｔＣｈａｐｔｅｒ３０ｔｈｅｙｓａｙ，“Ｄｏｙｏｕｓｅｅｔｈａｔｗｏｍａｎｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｅｍｂｒｏｉｄｅｒｅｄｂａｄｇｅ？ＩｔｉｓｏｕｒＨｅｓｔｅｒ―ｔｈｅｔｏｗｎｓｏｗｎＨｅｓｔｅｒ―ｗｈｏｉｓｓｏｋｉｎｄｔｏｔｈｅｐｏｏｒ，ｓｏｈｅｌｐｆｕｌｔｏｔｈｅｓｉｃｋ，ｓｏｃｏｍｆｏｒｔｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅａｆｆｌｉｃｔ－ｅｄ！”（５）

Ｈｅｓｔｅｒｏｖｅｒｃｏｍｅｓｔｈｅｓｈａｍｅｏｆｈｅｒｓｏｕｌ，ｕｎｓｅｌｆｉｓｈｌｙｏｆｆｅｒｓｈｅｒｃａｒｅａｎｄｌｏｖｅｔｏｔｈｏｓｅｗｈｏｎｅｅｄｈｅｒｍｏｓｔ．Ｉｔｐｒｏｖｅｓｔｈａｔｓｈｅｉｓｎｏｔｗｏｒｔｈｙｏｆｔｈｅｆａｔｅｗｈｉｃｈｈａｓｂｅｅｎｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｄｏｎｈｅｒ．Ｔｈｅｃｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｍｅａｎｉｎｇｏｆｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒａｒｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ．Ｔｈｅｙｓｈｏｗｔｈｅｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅｒｓｉｎ．

ｓｄａｕｇｈｔｅｒＰｅａｒｌｓｈｏｗｓｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒＩｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ，Ｈｅｓｔｅｒ’

“Ａ”，ｗｈｉｃｈｈａｓａｃｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｄｈｅｒｅｖｅｒｓｉｎｃｅｓｈｅｉｓｂｏｒｎ．Ｗｈｅｎｓｈｅｐｌａｙｓａｌｏｎｅ，ｓｈｅｗｅａｖｅｓａｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｌｇａｅａｎｄｗｅａｒｓｉｔｏｎｈｅｒｂｒｅａｓｔａｓｈｅｒｍｏｔｈｅｒｄｏｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒｉｓｇｒｅｅｎａｎｄｆｕｌｌｏｆｖｉｔａｌｉｔｙ，ｗｈｉｃｈｓｙｍｂｏｌ－ｉｚｅｓｔｈｅａｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎｔｏｒｅｌｅａｓｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅｉｄｅａｏｆｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒａｎｄｔｏｐｕｒｓｕｅａｎｅｗｌｉｆｅｗｉｔｈｈｏｐｅａｎｄｖｉｔａｌｉｔｙ．

ＭｅａｎｗｈｉｌｅｔｏＨｅｓｔｅｒ，ｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ａｌｓｏｓｔａｎｄｓｆｏｒｈｅｒｌｏｖｅｒ，Ｐｅａｒｌ’ｓｆａｔｈｅｒＡｒｔｈｕｒＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅ．Ｈｅｒｆａｎｔａｓｔｉｃａｌｅｍｂｒｏｉｄｅｒｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ａｌｓｏｅｍｂｏｄｉｅｓｈｅｒｐａｓｓｉｏｎｆｏｒＡｒｔｈｕｒ．ＨｅｒｒｅｆｕｓｉｎｇｔｏｔｅｌｌｔｈｅｎａｍｅｏｆＰｅａｒｌ’ｓｆａｔｈｅｒｉｓａｗａｙｔｏｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｈｉｍ．Ｈｅｒｃｈｏｏｓｉｎｇｔｏｒｅ－ｍａｉｎｉｎＮｅｗＥｎｇｌａｎｄａｆｔｅｒｓｈｅｉｓｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｆａｃｔｔｈａｔｉｔｉｓｔｈｅｐｌａｃｅｗｈｅｒｅｈｅｒｌｏｖｅｒｓｔａｙｓ．“Ｔｈｅｒｅｄｗｅｌｔ，ｔｈｅｒｅｔｒｏｄｔｈｅｆｅｅｔｏｆｏｎｅｗｉｔｈｗｈｏｍｓｈｅｄｅｅｍｅｄｈｅｒｓｅｌｆｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｅｄｉｎａｕｎｉｏｎ，ｂｅｆｏｒｅｔｈｅｂａｒｏｆｆｉ－ｎａｌｊｕｄｇｍｅｎｔ，ａｎｄｍａｋｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｉｒｍａｒｒｉａｇｅ–ａｌｔｅｒ．Ｆｏｒａｊｏｉｎｔｆｕｔｕｒｉｔｙｏｆｅｎｄｌｅｓｓｒｅｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ．”（８）Ｓｈｅｗｅａｒｓｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｆｏｒｓｅｖｅｎｙｅａｒｓ，ａｎｄｍｉｓｓｅｓｈｅｒｌｏｖｅｒｉｎｔｈｉｓｗａｙ．ＯｎｌｙｗｈｅｎｓｈｅｍｅｅｔｓＡｒｔｈｕｒａｇａｉｎｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｅｓｔｓｅｖｅｎｙｅａｒｓｌａｔｅｒ，ｄｏｅｓｓｈｅｔｈｒｏｗｉｔａｗａｙ．ＡｆｔｅｒＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅ’ｓｄｅａｔｈ，ＨｅｓｔｅｒａｎｄＰｅａｒｌａｒｅａｗａｙｆｏｒｓｅｖｅｒａｌｙｅａｒｓ．Ｔｈｅｎ，Ｈｅｓｔｅｒｃｏｍｅｓｂａｃｋａｌｏｎｅａｎｄｌｉｖｅｓｔｈｅｒｅｓｔｏｆｈｅｒｌｉｆｅｉｎｈｅｒｃｏｔｔａｇｅａｇａｉｎ．Ｓｈｅｐｉｃｋｓｕｐｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｆｏｒｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄｔｉｍｅ．ＴｏＨｅｓｔｅｒ，ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｍｏｒｅｄｅｓｉｒ－ａｂｌｅｌｉｆｅｉｎＮｅｗＥｎｇｌａｎｄｔｈａｎｉｎｔｈａｔｕｎｋｎｏｗｎｒｅｇｉｏｎｗｈｅｒｅＰｅａｒｌｈａｓｆｏｕｎｄｅｄａｈｏｍｅ．“Ｈｅｒｅｈａｄｂｅｅｎｈｅｒｓｉｎ，ｈｅｒｅｈｅｒｓｏｒｒｏｗ，ａｎｄｈｅｒｅｗａｓ

（９）Ｍｏｒｅｏｖｅｒ，ｈｅｒｅｉｓｗｈｅｒｅｈｅｒｌｏｖｅｒｌｉｅｓ．Ｈｅｓｔｅｒｔｏｂｅｈｅｒｐｅｎｉｔｅｎｃｅ．”

ｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙｄｉｅｓａｎｄｉｓｂｕｒｉｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｋｉｎｇ’ｓｃｈａｐｅｌｃｅｍｅｔｅｒｙ．“Ｉｔｗａｓｎｅａｒｔｈａｔｏｌｄａｎｄｓｕｎｋｅｎｇｒａｖｅ，ｙｅｔｗｉｔｈａｓｐａｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ，ａｓｉｆｔｈｅｄｕｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｔｗｏｓｌｅｅｐｅｒｓｈａｄｎｏｒｉｇｈｔｔｏｍｉｎｇｌｅ，ｙｅｔｏｎｅｔｏｍｂｓｔｏｎｅｓｅｒｖｅｄｆｏｒｂｏｔｈ．”

“ＯＮＡＦＩＥＬＤ，ＳＡＢＬＥＴＨＥＬＥＴＴＥＲＧＵＬＥＳ”（１０）—（１１）ＰａｒｔＩＩＴｈｅＬｉｔｔｌｅＰｅａｒｌＰｅａｒｌｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｅｄｆｉｇｕｒｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｓｔｏｒｙ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ，ｓｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｓｗｉｔｈａｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｍｅａｎｉｎｇ．Ｓｈｅｉｓａｓｏｕｒｃｅｏｆｍａｎｙｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎ．ＦｉｒｓｔｌｙｓｈｅｉｓｋｉｎｄｏｆｂｕｒｄｅｎｙｅｔｌｏｖｅｆｏｒＨｅｓｔｅｒ．Ａｓａｃｈｉｌｄ，Ｐｅａｒｌｉｓｑｕｅｅｒ，ａｎｄｈａｓｓｔｒａｎｇｅｂｅａｕｔｙ．Ｓｏｍｅ－ｔｉｍｅｓｓｈｅｃａｎｂｅｐｕｒｅｌｉｋｅａｌｉｔｔｌｅｐｅａｓａｎｔｇｉｒｌ，ｂｕｔｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓｓｈｅａｌｓｏｃａｎｂｅｇｏｒｇｅｏｕｓｌｉｋｅａｐｒｉｎｃｅｓｓａｍｏｎｇｏｔｈｅｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ．Ｓｈｅｉｓｖｅｒｙｃｕｒｉｏｕｓａｎｄｍｉｓｃｈｉｅｖｏｕｓ．ＷｈｅｎｓｈｅｗａｎｔｓｔｏｋｎｏｗｗｈｏｉｓｈｅｒｆａｔｈｅｒｓｈｅａｓｋｓＨｅｓｔｅｒｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｓｔｏｐｐｉｎｇ：“Ｔｅｌｌｍｅ！Ｔｅｌｌｍｅ．”Ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓｓｈｅｐｌａｙｅｓｇａｍｅｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅ“Ａ”ｏｎｈｅｒｍｏｔｈｅｒｂｏｓｏｍｂｙｈｉｔｔｉｎｇｉｔ．ＢｕｔＰｅａｒｌｈａｓｓｏｍｅｖｅｒｙｓｐｅｃｉａｌｑｕａｌｉｔｉｅｓｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｆｒｏｍｃｏｍｍｏｎｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ．Ｆｉｒｓｔｌｙ，ｓｈｅｉｓｖｅｒｙｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｔａｎｄｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅ．Ａｓａｌｉｔｔｌｅｇｉｒｌ，ｉｔｓｅｅｍｓｔｈａｔｓｈｅｈａｓｕｎｄｅｒ－ｓｔｏｏｄｔｈｅｓｏｌｉｔｕｄｅｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｅａｌｉｚｅｓｈｅｒｏｗｎｓｐｅｃｉａｌｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｆｒｏｍｏｔｈｅｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ．Ｓｅｃｏｎｄｌｙ，ｓｈｅｈａｓｄｅｆｉａｎｔａｎｄｒｅｂｅｌｌｉｏｕｓｓｐｉｒｉｔ．ＳｈｅｓｅｅｍｓｔｏａｌｗａｙｓｒｅａｌｉｚｅｔｈａｔｓｈｅｉｓｆａｃｉｎｇａｈｏｓｔｉｌｅｗｏｒｌｄｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅｄｂｙＰｕｒｉｔａｎｉｓｍ．Ｓｏｓｈｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｕｉｌｄｕｐｈｅｒｏｗｎｗｉｌｌａｎｄｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｔｏｄｅｆｅａｔｔｈｅｅｎｅｍｙｉｎｔｈｅｆｕｔｕｒｅ．ＴｈａｔｉｓｗｈｙＰｅａｒｌａｌｗａｙｓｃｒｅａｔｅｄｅｎｅｍｉｅｓｗｈｅｎｓｈｅｐｌａｙｓ．Ｔｈｉｒｄｌｙ，ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｓｈｅｎｅｖｅｒｃｏｎｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｏｕｓｌｙｏｂｅｙｓｔｈｅｒｕｌｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ，ｓｈｅｈａｓｔｈｅｃｏｕｒａｇｅｔｏｌｏｖｅａｎｄｈａｔｅ，ａｎｄｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓｈｅｒｏｗｎｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ．Ｓｈｅｈａｔｅｓｔｈｅｈｙｐｏｃｒｉｓｙｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ．ＷｈｅｎＡｒｔｈｕｒＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅ

ｓＨａｌｌ，ＰｅａｒｌｐｒｅｓｓｅｓｈｅｒｃｈｅｅｋｈｅｌｐｓＨｅｓｔｅｒａｎｄＰｅａｒｌｉｎｔｈｅＧｏｖｅｒｎｏｒ’

ａｇａｉｎｓｔｈｉｓｈａｎｄａｎｄｓｈｏｗｓｔｅｎｄｅｒｎｅｓｓ．ＢｕｔｗｈｅｎＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅ，ＨｅｓｔｅｒａｎｄＰｅａｒｌａｒｅａｌｌａｔｔｈｅｓｃａｆｆｏｌｄａｔｎｉｇｈｔ，Ｐｅａｒｌａｓｋｓ：“ｗｉｌｔｙｏｕｓｔａｎｄｈｅｒｅｗｉｔｈｍｏｔｈｅｒａｎｄｍｅ，ｔｏｍｏｒｒｏｗｎｏｏｎｔｉｄｅ？”（１２）Ａｆｔｅｒｈｅａｎｓｗｅｒｓｈｅｃｏｕｌｄｎｏｔ，Ｐｅａｒｌｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｔ：“Ｙｏｕｈａｖｅｎｏｃｏｕｒａｇｅａｎｄｙｏｕａｒｅｄｉｓｈｏｎ－

（１３）Ｅｖｅｎｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｙａｒｅｉｎｔｈｅｂｒｏｏｋ，Ｄｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅｇｉｖｅｓｈｅｒａｋｉｓｓｅｓｔ．”

ｏｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｅｈｅａｄ．Ｐｅａｒｌｒｕｎｓａｗａｙａｎｄｗａｓｈｅｓｔｈｅｋｉｓｓｏｆｆｉｎｔｈｅｓｔｒｅａｍｔｏｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｈｅｒａｎｇｅｒ．

ＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｃｒｅａｔｅｓＰｅａｒｌａｓａｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅａｎｄｄｙｎａｍｉｃｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｎＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒ．ＳｈｅｉｓｔｈｅｌｉｖｉｎｇｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒａｎｄａｃｔｓａｓａｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｒｅｍｉｎｄｅｒｏｆＨｅｓｔｅｒ’ｓｓｉｎ．ＷｈｅｎｗｅａｒｅｆｉｒｓｔｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｔｏＰｅａｒｌ，ｓｈｅｉｓｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙｄｒａｗｎｔｏｔｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ｏｎＨｅｓｔｅｒ’ｓｂｏ－ｓｏｍ．“ＢｕｔｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｏｂｊｅｃｔｏｆｗｈｉｃｈＰｅａｒｌｓｅｅｍｅｄｔｏｂｅｃｏｍｅａｗａｒｅｗａｓｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｏｎＨｅｓｔｅｒ’ｓｂｏｓｏｍ．Ｏｎｅｄａｙ，ａｓｈｅｒｍｏｔｈｅｒｓｔｏｏｐｅｄｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｃｒａｄｌｅ，ｔｈｅｇｌｉｍｍｅｒｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｇｏｌｄｅｍｂｒｏｉｄｅｒｙａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒａｎｄｐｕｔｔｉｎｇｕｐｈｅｒｌｉｔｔｌｅｈａｎｄ，Ｓｈｅｇｒａｓｐｅｄａｔｉｔ，ｓｍｉｌｉｎｇｎｏｔｄｏｕｂｔｆｕｌｌｙ，ｂｕｔｗｉｔｈａｄｅｃｉｄｅｄｇｌｅａｍ．”（１４）Ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇａｔｉｎｆａｎｃｙ，Ｐｅａｒｌｓｅｒｖｅｓａｓａｒｅｍｉｎｄｅｒｏｆｈｅｒｓｉｎ．Ｈａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｓｈｏｗｓｔｈｉｓｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｖａｒｉｏｕｓｔｉｍｅｓ．ＩｎＣｈａｐｔｅｒ７ＰｅａｒｌａｎｄＨｅｓｔｅｒｇｏｔｏｔｈｅＧｏｖｅｒｎｏｒ’ｓｈｏｕｓｅａｎｄＰｅａｒｌ’ｓａｔｔｉｒｅ“ｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｙｒｅｍｉｎｄｅｄｔｈｅｂｅｈｏｌｄｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｋｅｎｗｈｉｃｈＨｅｓｔｅｒＰｒｙｎｎｅｗａｓｄｏｏｍｅｄｔｏｗｅａｒｕｐｏｎｈｅｒｂｏｓｏｍ．Ｉｔｗａｓｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｉｎａｎｏｔｈｅｒｆｏｒｍ：ｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｅｎｄｏｗｅｄｗｉｔｈｌｉｆｅ！”（１５）Ｐｅａｒｌｉｓｄｒｅｓｓｅｄｉｎａｓｃａｒｌｅｔｄｒｅｓｓｗｉｔｈｇｏｌｄｆｒｉｎｇｅｅｘａｃｔｌｙｒｅｓｅｍｂｌｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔ“Ａ”ｏｎＨｅｓｔｅｒ’ｓｂｏ－ｓｏｍ．Ｐｅａｒｌｈａｓａｎａｔｕｒａｌｉｎｃｌｉｎａｔｉｏｎｔｏｆｏｃｕｓｏｎｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｄｉｓｐｌａｙｅｄｖｉｖｉｄｌｙｉｎＣｈａｐｔｅｒ１５．“…Ｐｅａｒｌｔｏｏｋｓｏｍｅｅｅｌ—ｇｒａｓｓ，ａｎｄｉｍｉ－ｔａｔｅｄ，ａｓｂｅｓｔａｓｓｈｅｃｏｕｌｄ，ｏｎｈｅｒｏｗｎｂｏｓｏｍ，ｔｈｅｄｅｃｏｒａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｗｈｉｃｈ

ｓ．Ａｌｅｔｔｅｒ，ｔｈｅｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”ｂｕｔｆｒｅｓｈｌｙｓｈｅｗａｓｓｏｆａｍｉｌｉａｒｏｎｈｅｒｍｏｔｈｅｒ’

ｇｒｅｅｎ，ｉｎｓｔｅａｄｏｆｓｃａｒｌｅｔ！”（１６）Ｐｅａｒｌｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃａｌｌｙｂｕｔａｌｓｏｌｉｔｅｒａｌｌｙ．ＨｅｓｔｅｒｓａｙｓｔｈａｔＰｅａｒｌｉｓｔｈｅｌｉｖｉｎｇｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ，ａｎｄｓｈｅｃａｕｓｅｓＨｅｓｔｅｒｍｏｒｅａｎｇｕｉｓｈｔｈａｎｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒｉｔｓｅｌｆ．ＰｅａｒｌｉｓｅｑｕａｌｌｙａｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆｓｉｎｆｏｒＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅ．ＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅｉｓＰｅａｒｌ’ｓｆａｔｈｅｒｂｕｔｈｅｄｏｅｓｎｏｔａｄｍｉｔｉｔｐｕｂｌｉｃｌｙ．ＩｎＰｅａｒｌ’ｓｅｙｅｓ，ｕｎｔｉｌＤｉｍｍｅｓ－ｄａｌｅａｃｔｓａｓｈｅｒｆａｔｈｅｒｓｈｅｗｉｌｌｎｏｔａｃｃｅｐｔｈｉｍｉｎｈｅｒｌｉｆｅ．Ａｃｔｉｎｇｌｉｋｅａｆａｔｈｅｒ，Ｄｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅｍｕｓｔａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｈｉｓｓｉｎｐｕｂｌｉｃｌｙ．‘Ｗｉｌｔｔｈｏｕｐｒｏｍｉｓｅ’ａｓｋｅｄＰｅａｒｌ，‘ｔｏｔａｋｅｍｙｈａｎｄａｎｄｍｏｔｈｅｒ’ｓｈａｎｄ，ｔｏ–ｍｏｒｒｏｗ

（１７）ＨｅｒｅＰｅａｒｌｉｓａｓｋｉｎｇＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅｔｏｓｔａｎｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｍ，ａｎｄｎｏｏｎｔｉｄｅ？”

ｃｏｍｅｏｐｅｎｔｏｔｈｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ．“‘Ｏａｔｈｈｅｌｏｖｅｕｓ？’ｓａｉｄＰｅａｒｌ，ｌｏｏｋｉｎｇｕｐｗｉｔｈａｃｕｔｅｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅｉｎｔｏｈｅｒｍｏｔｈｅｒ’ｓｆａｃｅ．‘Ｗｉｌｔｈｅｇｏｂａｃｋｗｉｔｈｕｓ，

”ｈａｎｄｉｎｈａｎｄ，ｗｅｔｈｒｅｅｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ，ｉｎｔｏｔｏｗｎ？’（１８）

Ｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ，Ｐｅａｒｌｉｓｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｂｅａｕｔｉｆｕｌｂｕｔｌａｃｋｉｎｇｃｅｒ－ｔａｉｎＣｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅ．Ｓｈｅｉｓａｎｅｌｆｉｎｔｈｅｎａｔｕｒｅ．Ｓｈｅｇｒｏｗｓｕｐｔｏｂｅ

１８７

ｗｉｌｄａｎｄｅｖｅｎｕｎｍａｎａｇｅａｂｌｅ．Ｓｈｅｉｓｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｔｏｂｅａｗｉｔｃｈｉｎｂｏｔｈｔｈａｔｓｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎａｎｄｔｈｅｗａｙｓｈｅｐｌａｙｓ．Ｈａｖｉｎｇｂｅｅｎｓｃｏｒｎｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｐｕｒｉｔａｎｓ，Ｐｅａｒｌｉｓｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｌｙｗｒａｔｈｆｕｌｗｈｅｎｏｔｈｅｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｈｅｒ，ｇｏｉｎｇｓｏｆａｒａｓｔｏｔｈｒｏｗｓｔｏｎｅｓａｎｄｓｃｒｅａｍｓａｔｔｈｅｍ．Ａｌｌｔｈｅｓｅａｒｅｔｈｅｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅｒｒｅｖｏｌｔａｇａｉｎｓｔａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙａｎｄｄｏｍｉｎａ－ｔｉｏｎ．

Ｐｅａｒｌｉｓａｓｏｕｒｃｅｏｆｍａｎｙｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｓｍ．ＳｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｚｅｓＨｅｓ－

ｓｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎｏｎｅｗａｙ．Ｔｏｓｏｍｅｅｘｔｅｎｔ，ｔｅｒａｎｄＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅ’

ＰｅａｒｌｌｅａｄｓＨｅｓｔｅｒａｎｄＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅｔｏａｃｃｅｐｔｔｈｅｉｒｓｉｎ．Ｐｅａｒｌｉｓａｒｅｂｅｌ－

ｓｓｉｎ．ＴｈｅｒｅａｌＰｅａｒｌｉｓｔｈｅｉｎ－ｌｉｏｕｓｃｈｉｌｄａｎｄａｒｅｍｉｎｄｅｒｏｆｈｅｒｍｏｔｈｅｒ’

ｑｕｉｓｉｔｉｖｅ，ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｔ，ａｎｄｂｅａｕｔｉｆｕｌｃｒｅａｔｕｒｅ．Ｓｈｅｂｅｃｏｍｅｓｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｆｏｒｓａｌｖａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｉｓｎｏｖｅｌ．Ｓｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｓｌａｒｇｅｌｙｔｏｔｈｅｔｈｅｍｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｈｅｒｐｅｃｕｌｉａｒｂｅｈａｖｉｏｕｒ．

ＰａｒｔＩＩＩＮａｔｕｒｅ

ＩｎＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒｓｏｍｅｏｂｊｅｃｔｓｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｈａｖｅｒｉｃｈｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ．Ｆｏｒａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅｔｈｅｌｉｇｈｔａｎｄｄａｒｋｎｅｓｓｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｃｏｍｍｏｎｂａｔｔｌｅｏｆｇｏｏｄａｎｄｅｖｉｌ．Ｐｅａｒｌｅｘｃｌａｉｍｓ，

Ｍｏｔｈｅｒ，ｔｈｅｓｕｎｓｈｉｎｅｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｌｏｖｅｙｏｕ．Ｉｔｒｕｎｓａｌｗａｙｓａｎｄｈｉｄｅｓｉｔｓｅｌｆ，ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｉｔｉｓａｆｒａｉｄｏｆｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇｏｎｙｏｕｂｏｓｏｍ．Ｎｏｗｓｅｅ！Ｔｈｅｒｅｉｔｉｓｐｌａｙｉｎｇａｇｏｏｄｗａｙｏｆｆ．Ｓｔａｎｄｙｏｕｈｅｒｅ，ａｎｄｌｅｔｍｅｒｕｎａｎｄｃａｔｃｈｉｔ．Ｉａｍｂｕｔａｃｈｉｌｄ．Ｉｔｗｉｌｌｎｏｔｆｌｅｅｆｒｏｍｍｅ，ｆｏｒＩｗｅａｒｎｏｔｈｉｎｇｏｎｍｙｂｏｓｏｍｙｅｔ．（１９）

Ｈｅｓｔｅｒｔｒｉｅｓｔｏｓｔｒｅｔｃｈｈｅｒｈａｎｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｃｉｒｃｌｅｏｆｌｉｇｈｔ，ｂｕｔｔｈｅｓｕｎｓｈｉｎｅｖａｎｉｓｈｅｓ，ｓｈｅｔｈｅｎｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｙｇｏｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｆｏｒｅｓｔａｎｄｈａｖｅａｒｅｓｔ．

ｓｄａｉｌｙｓｔｒｕｇｇｌｅｉｎｌｉｆｅ．ＴｈｅＴｈｉｓｓｈｏｒｔｓｃｅｎｅａｃｔｕａｌｌｙｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓＨｅｓｔｅｒ’

ｌｉｇｈｔｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓＨｅｓｔｅｒ’ｓｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｄｅｎｉａｌｏｆａｃｃｅｐｔａｎｃｅ．Ｈｅｓｔｅｒ’ｓｌａｃｋｏｆｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｅａｎｄｑｕｉｃｋｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｉｏｎｔｏｇｏｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｄａｒｋｆｏｒｅｓｔｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｓｈｅｎｅｖｅｒｅｘｐｅｃｔｓｔｏｂｅａｄｍｉｔｔｅｄ．ＨｅｓｔｅｒａｎｄＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅｍｅｅｔｉｎｔｈｅｓｈａｄ－ｏｗｓｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｒｅｓｔｗｉｔｈａｇｌｏｏｍｙｓｋｙａｎｄａｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｉｎｇｓｔｏｒｍｏｖｅｒｈｅａｄｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｙｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｔｈｅｉｒｐｌａｎｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｆｕｔｕｒｅ．Ｔｈｅｇｌｏｏｍｙｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇｅｘ－ｅｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｓｔｈｅｆａｃｔｔｈａｔｔｈｅｙｃａｎｎｏｔｇｅｔａｗａｙｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｒｅｐｒｅｓｓｉｖｅｆｏｒｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｓ．ＡｆｉｎａｌｅｘａｍｐｌｅｏｃｃｕｒｓｉｎｔｈｅｗａｙＨｅｓｔｅｒａｎｄＤｉｍｍｅｓｄａｌｅｃａｎｎｏｔａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｔｈｅｉｒｌｏｖｅｉｎｆｒｏｎｔｏｆｏｔｈｅｒｓ．Ｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｙｍｅｅｔｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｏｄｓ，ｔｈｅｙｆｅｅｌｔｈａｔ，“Ｎｏ，ｇｏｌｄｅｎｌｉｇｈｔｈａｄｅｖｅｒｂｅｅｎｓｏｐｒｅｃｉｏｕｓａｓｔｈｅｇｌｏｏｍｏｆｔｈｉｓｄａｒｋｆｏｒｅｓｔ．”（２０）Ｔｈｉｓｆｅｅｌｉｎｇｉｍｐｌｉｅｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｙｗｉｌｌｎｅｖｅｒｌｉｖｅｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒｏｐｅｎｌｙｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｈａｓｓｅｐａｒａｔｅｄｔｈｅｍｔｏｏｍｕｃｈｆｒｏｍｎｏｒｍａｌｌｉｆｅ．

Ｔｈｅｏｐｅｎｉｎｇｃｈａｐｔｅｒｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｓｓｅｖｅｒａｌｉｍａｇｅｓ．“Ｔｈｅｆｏｕｎｄｅｒｓｏｆａｎｅｗｃｏｌｏｎｙ，ｗｈａｔｅｖｅｒｕｔｏｐｉａｏｆｈｕｍａｎｖｉｒｔｕｅａｎｄｈａｐｐｉｎｅｓｓｔｈｅｙｍｉｇｈｔｏ－ｒｉｇｉｎａｌｌｙｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ，ｈａｖｅｅａｒｌｉｅｓｔｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｎｅｃｅｓｓｉｔｉｅｓｔｏａｌｌｏｔａｐｏｒｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｖｉｒｇｉｎｓｏｉｌａｓａｃｅｍｅｔｅｒｙ，ａｎｄａｎｏｔｈｅｒｐｏｒｔｉｏｎａｓｔｈｅｓｉｔｅｏｆａｐｒｉｓｏｎ．”（２１）Ｔｈｅｐｒｉｓｏｎｈａｓｒｉｃｈｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｍｅａｎｉｎｇ．Ｆｏｒｅｍｏｓｔｉｔｉｓａｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｖｅｒｉｔｙｏｆｐｕｒｉｔａｎｉｃａｌｌａｗ．Ｔｈｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｉｓｏｎｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｉｔｉｓｏｌｄａｎｄｄｅｃａｙ，ａｎｄｙｅｔｓｔｒｏｎｇｗｉｔｈａｎ“ｉｒｏｎ—ｃｌａｍｐｅｄｏａｋｅｎｄｏｏｒ．”Ｔｈｉｓｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｒｉｇｏｒｏｕｓｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｌａｗｓａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｏｂｒｅａｋａｗａｙｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｍ．Ｔｈｅｐｒｉｓｏｎａｌｓｏｓｅｒｖｅｓａｓｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆｔｈｅａｕ－ｔｈｏｒｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｍｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈｗｉｌｌｎｏｔｔｏｌｅｒａｔｅｄｅｖｉａｎｃｅ．ＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓｔｈｉｓｎｏｔｉｏｎｂｙｍｅｎｔｉｏｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｎａｍｅＡｎｎＨｕｔｃｈｉｎｓｏｎｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｏｐｅｎｉｎｇｐａｇｅｓ．Ｈｕｔｃｈｉｎｓｏｎｗａｓａｗｏｍａｎｗｈｏｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｐｕｒｉｔａｎｉ－ｃａｌｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇｓａｎｄａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｗａｓｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅｄｔｏｄｅａｔｈｂｙｔｈｅｐｕｒｉｔａｎＣｈｕｒｃｈ．Ｈａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｃｌａｉｍｓｔｈａｔｉｔｉｓｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｈｅｂｅａｕｔｉｆｕｌｒｏｓｅｂｕｓｈｇｒｏｗ－ｉｎｇｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙａｔｔｈｅｐｒｉｓｏｎｄｏｏｒｓｐｒａｎｇｆｒｏｍｈｅｒｆｏｏｔｓｔｅｐｓ：

Ｂｕｔｏｎｏｎｅｓｉｄｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｏｒｔａｌａｎｄｒｏｏｔｅｄａｌｍｏｓｔａｔｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｓｈｏｌｄ，ｗａｓａｗｉｌｄｒｏｓｅ－ｂｕｓｈ，ｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ，ｉｎｔｈｉｓｍｏｎｔｈｏｆＪｕｎｅ，ｗｉｔｈｉｔｓｄｅｌｉｃａｔｅｇｅｍｓ．Ｗｈｉｃｈｍｉｇｈｔｂｅｉｍａｇｉｎｅｄｔｏｏｆｆｅｒｔｈｅｉｒｆｒａｇｒａｎｃｅａｎｄｆｒａｇｉｌｅｂｅａｕｔｙｔｏｔｈｅｐｒｉｓｏｎｅｒａｓｈｅｗｅｎｔｉｎ，ａｎｄｔｏｔｈｅｃｏｎｄｅｍｎｅｄｃｒｉｍｉｎａｌａｓｔｈｅｃａｍｅｆｏｒｔｈｔｏｈｉｓｄｏｏｍ，ｉｎｔｏｋｅｎｔｈａｔｔｈｅｄｅｅｐｈｅａｒｔｉｆｎａｔｕｒｅｃｏｕｌｄｐｉｔｙａｎｄｂｅｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｈｉｍ．（２２）

Ｔｈｉｓｉｍｐｌｉｅｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｕｒｉｔａｎｉｃａｌａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙｍａｙｂｅｔｏｏｒｉｇｉｄ，ｔｏｔｈｅｐｏｉｎｔｏｆｏｂｌｉｔｅｒａｔｉｎｇｔｈｉｎｇｓｏｆｂｅａｕｔｙ．

Ｔｈｅｒｏｓｅｂｕｓｈｉｓａｓｙｍｂｏｌｏｆｐａｓｓｉｏｎ．ＰａｒｔｏｆＨｅｓｔｅｒＰｒｙｎｎｅ’ｓｓｉｎｉｓ

ｆｏｒｈｅｒｐａｓｓｉｏｎ，ｔｈｕｓｌｉｎｋｉｎｇｈｅｒｃｒｉｍｅｔｏｔｈｅｉｍａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｒｏｓｅｂｕｓｈ．

ＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅａｌｓｏｉｎｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙｃｏｍｐａｒｅｓＨｅｓｔｅｒｗｉｔｈＡｎｎＨｕｔｃｈｉｎｓｏｎｖｉａｔｈｅｒｏｓｅｂｕｓｈａｎｄａｇａｉｎｍａｋｅｓｔｈｅｓａｍｅｐａｒａｌｌｅｌｉｎ“Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１３ＡｎｏｔｈｅｒｖｉｅｗｏｆＨｅｓｔｅｒ”．Ｈａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｃｌｅｖｅｒｌｙｌｉｎｋｓｔｈｅｒｏｓｅｂｕｓｈｔｏｔｈｅｗｉｌｄｅｒｎｅｓｓｓｕｒ－ｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇＢｏｓｔｏｎ，ｃｏｍｍｅｎｔｉｎｇｔｈａｔｔｈｅｂｕｓｈｍａｙｂｅａｒｅｍｎａｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｒ－ｍｅｒｆｏｒｅｓｔｓｅｒｖｅｓｔｏｆｏｒｅｓｈａｄｏｗｔｈａｔｓｏｍｅｏｆｔｈｅｐａｓｓｉｏｎａｔｅｗｉｌｄｅｒｎｅｓｓｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｏｆＨｅｓｔｅｒＰｒｙｎｎｅ，ｍａｙｈａｖｅａｃｃｉｄｅｎｔａｌｌｙｍａｄｅｉｔｓｗａｙｉｎｔｏＢｏｓｔｏｎ．ＴｈｅｒｏｓｅｂｕｓｈｉｎｆｕｌｌｂｌｏｏｍｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔＨｅｓｔｅｒｉｓａｔｔｈｅｐｅａｋｏｆｈｅｒｐａｓｓｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｃｈｉｌｄｉｓｔｈｕｓｃｏｍｐａｒａｂｌｅｔｏｔｈｅｂｌｏｓｓｏｍｓｏｆｔｈｅｒｏｓｅ－ｂｕｓｈ．

ＩＶＣｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ

ＩｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｓｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｃｏｎｆｌｉｃｔｏｆｈｕｍａｎｈｅａｒｔｗｉｔｈｉｔｓｅｌｆａｎｄｄｅａｌｔｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｔｈｅｍｅｏｆｓｉｎａｎｄｇｕｉｌｔ：ｗｈａｔｓｉｎａｎｄｇｕｉｌｔａｒｅａｎｄｈｏｗｔｈｅｙｃｈａｎｇｅｗｉｔｈｃｉｒｃｕｍｓｔａｎｃｅｓａｎｄｈｏｗｔｈｅｙｃａｎｂｅｒｅ－ｄｅｅｍｅｄｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｍａｊｏｒｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ．ＡｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙａｔｔａｃｋｔｈｅＰｕｒｉｔａｎｔｈｅｏｌｏｇｙ，ｉｔｓｅｖｅｒｅｌｙｃｒｉｔｉ－ｃｉｚｅｓｔｈｅｉｎｊｕｓｔｉｃｅａｎｄｃｒｕｅｌｔｙｏｆｔｈｅＰｕｒｉｔａｎｗａｙｏｆｌｉｆｅ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｕｓｅｓｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｔｏｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｍｅ．ＴｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｒｅａｄｉｎｇｏｆＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒｈｅｌｐｓｔｈｅｒｅａｄｅｒｓｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｍｏｒｅａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓａｎｄｔｈｅｓｏｃｉａｌｈｉｓｔｏｒｙｔｈｅｙｌｉｖｅｉｎ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｃｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ“Ａ”，ｔｈｅｌｉｖｉｎｇｅｍｂｏｄｉｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｓｃａｒｌｅｔｌｅｔｔｅｒ—ｌｉｔｔｌｅＰｅａｒｌ，ｔｈｅｎａｔｕｒａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｔｈａｔｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓｓｉｔｕａｔｅｄ，ｗｅｃａｎｈａｖｅａｄｅｅｐｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｓｍｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ．

ＴｈｅｗａｙｉｎｗｈｉｃｈＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｗｒｏｔｅＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒａｌｓｏｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｓｔｈａｔＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＲｏｍａｎｔｉｃｉｓｍａｄａｐｔｅｄｉｔｓｅｌｆｔｏＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｐｕｒｉｔａｎｍｏｒａｌｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，Ｈａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅｆｕｌｌｙｄｅｓｅｒｖｅｓｔｈｅｔｉｔｌｅ“ｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｈｅｔｏｆｓｙｍｂｏｌｉｓｍ．”ＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒｃｏｍｅｓｔｏｂｅａｗｏｒｋｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ．

ＴＨＥＥＮＤ

Ｎｏｔｅｓ

（１）ＮａｔｈａｎｉｅｌＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅ，（Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ：Ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇａｎｄｒｅ－ｓｅａｒｃｈｐｒｅｓｓ．ＯｘｆｏｒｄＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙＰｒｅｓｓ，１９９４），７９．（２）Ｉｂｉｄ．８１．（３）Ｉｂｉｄ．８４．（４）Ｉｂｉｄ．１６１．（５）Ｉｂｉｄ．１６２．（６）Ｉｂｉｄ．３６．（７）Ｉｂｉｄ．４８．（８）Ｉｂｉｄ．８０．（９）Ｉｂｉｄ．２６２．（１０）Ｉｂｉｄ．２６２．（１１）Ｉｂｉｄ．２６４．（１２）Ｉｂｉｄ．１５３．（１３）Ｉｂｉｄ．１５３．（１４）Ｉｂｉｄ．９６．（１５）Ｉｂｉｄ．１０２．（１６）Ｉｂｉｄ．１７８．（１７）Ｉｂｉｄ．１５３．（１８）Ｉｂｉｄ．２１２．（１９）Ｉｂｉｄ．１８３．（２０）Ｉｂｉｄ．１８７．（２１）Ｉｂｉｄ．４７．（２２）Ｉｂｉｄ．４８

Ｂｉｂｌｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ

１Ｈａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅ，Ｎａｔｈａｎｉｅｌ．ＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒ．Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ：ＦｏｒｅｉｇｎＬａｎｇｕａｇｅｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇａｎｄｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｐｒｅｓｓａｎｄｏｘｆｏｒｄｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｐｒｅｓｓ，１９９４．

２Ｒｕｂｉｎｓｔｅｉｎ，ＡｎｎｅｔｔｅＴ．ＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＬｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅＲｏｏｔａｎｄＦｌｏｗｅｒ．Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ：ＦｏｒｅｉｇｎＬａｎｇｕａｇｅＴｅａｃｈｉｎｇａｎｄｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｐｒｅｓｓ，１９８８．

３Ｃｈａｓｅ，Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ．ＴｈｅＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＮｏｖｅｌａｎｄＩｔｓＴｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎ．ＢａｌｔｉｍｏｒｅａｎｄＬｏｎｄｏｎ：ＴｈｅＪｏｈｎｓＨｏｐ－ｋｉｎｓｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｐｒｅｓｓ，１９５７．

４Ｈａｒｎｏｌｄ，Ｂｌｏｏｍ．ＨｅｓｔｅｒＰｒｙｎｎｅ．ＮｅｗＹｏｒｋａｎｄＰｈｉｌａｄｅｌｐｈｉａ：ＣｈｅｌｓｅａｈｏｕｓｅＰｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｒｓ，１９９０．５Ｊａｍｅｓ，Ｎｉｃｈｏｌａｓ．ＣｌａｓｓｉｃＮｏｔｅｓ：ＡｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｓｕｍｍａｒｉｅｓａｎｄＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ：ＴｈｅＳｃａｒｌｅｔＬｅｔｔｅｒｂｙＮａｔｈａｎｉｅｌＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅ．

１８８

有个红字用什么英文名好篇七
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