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构词法复习课件

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  构词法复习课件(1)

  一.术语:

  l Grammar can be a full description of the form and meaning of the sentences of the language or it covers certain parts of a description, focusing on syntax and morphology.

  l Descriptive grammar(描述性语法)examines the rules or patterns that underlie our use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.

  l Prescriptive grammar(规定性语法)tries to enforce rules about what they believe to be the correct uses of language.

  l Syntax(句法) is concerned with the way words combine to form sentences.

  l Morphology(形态)is related to the form of words.

  l Morpheme(词素) is the smallest meaningful element in grammar.

  l Free morpheme(自由词素):a morpheme that can occur alone.eg:boy, girl, man...

  l Bound morpheme(粘着词素): a morpheme that can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morpheme.eg: im-, in-, -ed...

  l open class words(开放词类): also called lexical words, focus on the form of words. Their membership is fairly open-ended, so we can coin new words to add to them. Eg: N, V, Adj, Adv.

  l closed class(封闭词类): also called grammatical words, focusing on functions of words.Their membership is fixed and no words can be created. Eg: Det, pron, prep,conj, aux.

  二、语法单位的层级结构

  英语句子的结构层次是:分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)、词素(morpheme)

  In writing systems, the hierarchical structure is:

  

Higher A text consists of one or more sentences

 

  A sentence consists of one or more clauses

  A clause consists of one or more phrases

  A phrase consists of one or more words

  A word consists of one or more morphemes

  Lower A morpheme

  三.句子分类(按构成)

  Simple~(简单句):A sentence consists of only one clause.

  Compound~(复合句又并列句):In a sentence containing more than one clause, if the clauses are related to one another by coordination, it is a compound sentence.

  Complex~(复杂句又叫主从句):In a sentence containing more than one clause, if the clauses are related to one another by subordination, it is a complex sentence.

  构词法复习课件(2)

  1.Composition 组合法

  2.derivation 派生法

  3.conversion 转化法

  4.blending 拼缀法

  5.back-formation 逆生法;逆序造词

  6.shortening 缩略法

  7.acronym ['ækrənɪm] 首字母缩写法

  一、术语

  l Word-formation is the creation of a new word. 构词就是新词的创造。

  l Derivation=affixation:it is a combination of a root and one or more affixes.在一个词基(通常是个单词)前面或者后面添加词缀。 如:nation----national

  l Compound: it is a combination of two or more free morphemes. 复合词是两个或者多个自由词素组合而成。如:playboy = play+boy

  l Conversion, is the derivational process whereby an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.(不加词缀,但是词类发生转变) 如answer:v —— answer : n

  l Blending is a process to create a new word from parts of two other words.拼缀词是由两个词的不同部分组成的。 如: smoke(烟) + fog(雾) = smog(烟雾)

  l Back-formation refers to the process of creating a new word by removing actual or supposed affixes.将原来单词的真实或者潜在的词缀去掉,从而得到的新词。 如:work-er —— work

  l Shortening is a process whereby part of a word is clipped(剪切,截除) so that the original word, usually polysyllabic(多音节的), is reduced to a smaller word without a change in its function.将原来的多音节单词的某一部分截除掉,使它成为一个较短的单词,并不改变词的功能。 如:ad = advertisement ,phone = telephone

  l An acronym is a word coined(=created 创造) by putting together the initial letters of a group of words.把一组单词的首字母放在一起而创造新词。如:VIP = very important person

  本章多注意辨别7种构词法并且能够举例说明。

  Chapter 3. Nouns, pronouns and number 名词,代词和数

  一、术语

  l A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, event or idea.

  l A noun phrase has a key element called the head word(中心词) and this may be preceded by a subsidiary element called a modifier(修饰语).名词短语有个重要成分叫做中心词,前面可能有个辅助成分叫做修饰语。eg: a nice girl

  l A pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.The replaced noun is called the antecedent of the pronoun.代词是用来代替名词或者名词短语的一种替代形式。被代替的名词叫做代词的先行词。eg:she, he ....

  l Number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, determiners and verbs in English.数是英语中的名词、代词、限定词和动词的一种特征。

  l A proper noun is a name used for a particular person,place or thing, and spelt with a capital initial letter.专有名词是表示特定的人、地点和事物,拼写时第一个字母大写。

  l A common noun is a name common to a class or people, things or abstract ideas.普通名词表示一般类别、人群、事物或者抽象概念。

  l A countable noun is a noun that has a plural and which can collocate with numbers and with determiners. 可数名词有复数,可与数字和表示数量的修饰语搭配。

  l A non-countable noun is a noun which has only one form and can be used without a determiner.不可数名词只有一个词形,不用与修饰语搭配使用。

  二、名词分类

  名词--|专有名词

  |普通名词--|可数名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns)

  (common n.)| |抽象名词(abstract nouns

  |物质名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns)

  |抽象名词(abstract nouns)

  三、代词分类

  区分人称代词的主格和宾格,形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,及反身代词。

  人称代词主格(作主语):I, you, she, he, it, we, they

  人称代词宾格(作宾语):me, you, her, him, it, us, them

  形容词性物主代词:my, your, his,her, its, our, their

  名词性物主代词: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,theirs.

  反身代词: myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, themselves...

  构词法复习课件(3)

  1.一般情况加 s : book-- books mouth---mouths house---houses girl---girls

  2.以 s 、 sh 、 ch 、 x结尾的加 es : class--- classes box----boxes match----matches

  3.辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 i加es: city---cities country----countries party----parties factory----factories

  4.以f, fe 结尾的 变f或fe为v +es :

  B.不规则变化

  1.man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet,

  2.单复数相同: sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese .

  3.以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.

  man servant—men servants. woman doctor—women doctors.

  !!! 本章注意名词的单复数变化情况,并且根据名词单复数选择合适的谓语动词单复数。完成课后习题II和V.

  Chapter 4. Determiners and genitives 限定词和属格

  一、术语

  Determiners refer to words which are used in the premodification of a noun phrase and which typically precede any adjectives that premodify the head word.限定词指的是用在名词短语前置修饰语中的词,一般在修饰中心词的形容词之前。

  Group genitive refers to the genitive formed by adding ’s to the last element of a postmodified or coordinated noun phrase.

  The double genitive also called “post genitive” because it is a combination of the genitive and the of-phrase.

  双重属格又叫后置所有格,它是所有格和of短语的组合。

  二、限定词:

  1.常见限定词(P91第二段):

  articles冠词,possessive pronouns物主代词, demonstrative pronouns指示代词, numerals数词。

  2.限定词功能:identifier 识别功能 quantifiers 数量功能

  限定词可以表示definite reference 特指 ; indefinite reference 泛指

  3.当多个限定词同时出现共同修饰中心词时排列顺序,如课本(P93表格):

  前位限定词: all, both, twice, many…

  中位限定词: 冠词,指示词,物主代词,所有格…

  后位限定词: 基数词,序数词,many, much, little...

  三.一些限定词的用法

  1.All and both

  Both (两者之间)都; all (三者或者三者以上)都

  2. all, every and each

  All:侧重整体。

  Every:侧重整体中的所有个体。

  Each:侧重整体中的每一个个体。

  eg: ____ the girls like shopping.

  ____ girl likes shopping.

  ____ girl has her own way of shopping.

  3.both, each and either

  Both两者都…;Each 每一个… ;Either…(or) 两者之一

  Eg: Both sides = each/either side

  4. any, either, no (none) and neither

  Any和no (none)三者或三者以上,either和neither两者之间。

  四、属格有以下几种表示方式:

  1.在词尾 's. Eg: Lucy’s book

  2.of 短语的形式。Eg: the cover of the book 书的封面

  3.双重属格的形式。Eg: a photo of Lucy’s 露西照片中的一张

  区分:

  a photo of my brother’s 我兄弟的一张照片(属于他,不一定是他)

  a photo of my brother 一张我兄弟照片(上面就是我兄弟)

  4.Group genitive 集体属格

  若并列的两部分共同拥有某物,则在后一个词后加’s.

  Eg: Lucy and Lily’s room 共有的房间

  若并列的两部分各自拥有某物,则每个词后加’s.

  eg: Lucy’s and Lily’s room 各自的房间

  5.Local genitive 地点属格

  Eg: the bakers’ 面包店 , at Harry’s 在哈利家


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